Stern, Ralph D. (1982). The Law and Public Education: Projections for the 1980s. Education and Urban Society, v14 n2 p211-34 Feb. Examines past Supreme Court decisions that have affected public education to explain currently held views concerning the Supreme Court in the 1970s. Observes that the 1980s will be a period of consolidation and clarification of court decisions and legislation of the 1960s and 1970s. (Author/MJL)…

Vernon, John; And Others (1997). Jackie Robinson, President Eisenhower, and the Little Rock Crisis. Social Education, v61 n4 p218-22 Apr-May. Presents background information and instructional materials for a lesson plan concerning the interaction between Jackie Robinson and President Eisenhower regarding the integration of public schools in Little Rock, Arkansas. Robinson chided the President for his cautious response to violent opposition to integration. Includes a copy of the correspondence. (MJP)…

Stearns, Hal (1990). Law, Morality and the Relocation Camps. Update on Law-Related Education, v14 n2 p42-49 Spr. Presents a lesson examining the historical background of the U.S. government's relocation and internment of Japanese-Americans and Japanese aliens during World War II. Asks secondary students to consider both the legal and moral dimensions of the relocation effort and current compensation arguments. Includes handouts and suggestions for role playing and discussion. (DB)…

(1995). The Budget at a Glance, Compared with Fiscal 1995; Proposed Federal Spending on Colleges, Students, and Scientific Research in 1996. Chronicle of Higher Education, v41 n23 pA30-31 Feb 17. Charts and graphs present data on changes in fiscal 1996 funding for the Department of Education and other federal agencies, and tables report dollar amounts of fiscal 1995 actual spending, fiscal 1996 estimated expenses, and fiscal 1996 requested aid for student assistance, graduate support, institutional assistance, research, and other purposes. (MSE)…

Reyhner, Jon (1991). The Challenge of Teaching Minority Students: An American Indian Example. Teaching Education, v4 n1 p103-11 Sum-Fall. Current teacher education programs do not provide appropriate knowledge for teaching minority students. The article focuses on American Indian students as an example. It discusses the value of using students' home language and culture at school, particularly in the early years, and stresses the value of responsive teaching methods. (SM)…

Foos, Donald D.; Pack, Nancy C. (1992). Library Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act. RQ, v32 n2 p255-67 Win. Outlines the provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 in regard to libraries. Discusses the responsibilities libraries have in hiring disabled persons and providing services, accommodations, and telecommunications, and describes ADA compliance activities in Florida. (96 references/notes) (EA)…

Borman, Kathryn M., Ed.; Cahill, Spencer E., Ed.; Cotner, Bridget A., Ed. (2007). The Praeger Handbook of American High Schools. Volume 1. Praeger Written by an interdisciplinary group of experts in education, psychology, sociology, and other fields, this landmark handbook provides a thorough examination of U.S. secondary education from the private academies of Colonial America to the comprehensive high schools and alternative schools of today. This accessible compendium is a treasure trove of reliable and authoritative information for educators, parents, and students. It includes original entries on assessment, architecture, bullying, campus life, censorship, college preparation, desegregation, disabilities, ethnic identity, family and community involvement, finance inequality, gangs, home schooling, homework, immigrants, intelligence, learning styles, magnet schools, mentoring, peer groups and peer culture, prom, reunions, rural schools, school boards, school to work programs, sex education, sports, standardized tests, student rights, teacher certification, teacher shortage, test preparation, violence, vouchers, and… [Direct]

(1992). Wilderness Accessibility for People with Disabilities. A Report to the President and the Congress of the United States on Section 507 (a) of the Americans with Disabilities Act. This federally mandated study summarizes federal policies and regulations and identifies issues relevant to wilderness accessibility for people with disabilities. The report is based on review of existing federal policies and regulations; a survey of federal unit managers of the National Wilderness Preservation System (NWPS); a survey of programs and outfitters that have provided services to persons with disabilities in the NWPS; and a survey of users of the NWPS who have disabilities. The study found that three of the four federal agencies responsible for wilderness management (National Park Service, National Forest Service, and the Bureau of Land Management) have policies allowing the use of wheelchairs within the NWPS, though the Forest Service policy does not allow the use of electric (motorized) wheelchairs. The fourth federal agency, the Fish and Wildlife Service, intends to adopt policies similar to those of the other land-managing agencies. Managers of NWPS units estimated… [PDF]

Landsberg, Brian K. (1995). Affirmative Action: What Is the Law?. This paper outlines and explains legal issues related to race-based affirmative action, which is defined as race-conscious action designed to overcome manifest racial imbalance. The paper highlights the history of affirmative action and its following objectives: (1) to overcome the effects of past discrimination; (2) to ensure against future discrimination; (3) to promote diversity; (4) to overcome a two-class society characterized by racial division; and (5) to provide equitable distribution of economic resources. Sections review constitutional law of affirmative action, federal and state laws bearing on school district use of affirmative action, and the status of challenges to affirmative action. The conclusion highlights situations in which affirmative action is required, permitted, and forbidden. (LMI)… [PDF]

(1992). Section 504: Guidelines for Educators. This manual's purpose is to provide technical assistance to educators regarding their obligations under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which protects persons participating in federally funded programs and activities from discrimination based upon their disability status. An introduction outlines the three major areas of emphasis of Section 504 and presents the definition of "disabled". The manual then presents definitions of relevant terms and examples of persons who are possibly eligible under Section 504. Responsibilities of the school district are reviewed, including provision of a free appropriate education, employment practices, and program accessibility. Section 504 is then compared with the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act; a question-and-answer section on Section 504 issues is presented; and sample policies and forms are provided. Appendices contain information for inservice education, the text of Section 504, Uniform Federal… [PDF]

Hoyle, John R.; McMurrin, Lee R. (1982). Preparing Leaders to Anticipate and Manage the Future: Part II: Critical Challenges for Leaders Who Anticipate and Manage the Future. Six major areas considered most likely to present stern challenges to educational leaders in the final years of the 20th century are: (1) changing demographics, (2) economics, (3) technology, (4) occupational and vocational education, (5) human rights, and (6) family structure. Relying on major reports, current periodicals, and personal experiences, the authors of this monograph identify key information about the six areas and stress the extent to which each area is and will be a challenge to educational leaders. The challenges are first described from a general perspective in each of the six areas and then linked to the urban school district of Milwaukee (Wisconsin). (MLF)… [PDF]

(1982). Teacher Evaluation. A CTF Conference Report. At this workshop, representatives of Canadian provincial teachers' associations came together to share information and discuss appropriate policy directions related to the evaluation and supervision of teachers. This report contains the texts of four major presentations and a summary of a panel presentation made at the meeting. The first presentation, on issues in teacher evaluation, discusses problems with the teacher evaluation process, including techniques, policies and procedures, goals, classroom observation, criteria, and rating forms. The second presentation, on the legal dimensions of teacher evaluation, focuses on the use of a teacher evaluation system to provide a basis for teacher dismissal, citing relevant provincial legislation and court cases. In the third presentation the speaker reviews research on teaching effectiveness and teaching strategies that can be used as a basis for teacher evaluation. The fourth presentation reviews advantages and disadvantages of several…

Sawyer, Kimberly A. (1984). The Right to Safe Schools: A Newly Recognized Inalienable Right. California's Proposition 8, known as "The Victims' Bill of Rights," contains a safe-schools provision that states: "All students and staff of primary, elementary, junior high and senior high schools have the inalienable right to attend campuses which are safe, secure and peaceful." Through extended reference to federal and state case law, this legal comment attempts to prove that this "inalienable" right to safe schools is much more than a statement of policy. The following legal analysis is established. The constitutional amendment gives students and staff members of public schools the right to school campuses free of crime and violence. That right is enforceable by the California courts without implementing legislation. The courts should enforce the provision by imposing on school districts an affirmative duty to make their schools safe. An increase in costs for school districts should not bar the courts from imposing that duty. After establishing…

Malakoff, Eve H., Ed. (1981). School Law Seminar Proceedings: 1981. Eight papers originally presented during the 1981 annual meeting of the National School Boards Association's Council of School Attorneys are collected in this publication. The topics, of interest particularly to school attorneys, include text and library book selection and the First Amendment; the courts' criteria for awarding attorney fees against school districts; recent developments in interpretation of the regulations related to the Education for All Handicapped Children Act; religion in the schools; sexual harassment; school board and school district liability; regulations regarding bilingual education and sex discrimination in schools; and desegregation litigation. (PGD)…

Morris, J. David; Wood, Linda B. (1980). Sex Discrimination in Employment. Research Report No. 171. This report examines the status of women and the laws that have been enacted to protect women from discrimination in employment. Written in lay language, it examines employment and occupational statistics for women in the United States and in Kentucky. Following an introduction in Chapter 1, the report presents four chapters surveying the problem, as well as a chapter of recommendations for action. Material covered in the chapters is as follows. Chapter 2 sets out in detail statistical information on both the nation and the state of Kentucky demonstrating the disparity between the income of men and women, the unequal distribution of women within the workforce, and the position of women in the workforce. Chapters 3 and 4 present a basic primer on sex discrimination. Chapter 3 attempts to set out the illusory nature of stereotypes which engender discriminatory acts against women. Chapter 4 summarizes briefly the body of federal and state law which has been enacted to ensure that women…

Kane, Roslyn D.; And Others (1976). Sex Discrimination in Schools: Evaluating Employment Practices. This guide outlines how school districts can identify sex discrimination against women teachers and women administrators in their employment practices. It offers step-by-step instructions for collecting and analyzing data relevant to hiring patterns, promotional processes, salary, and fringe benefits. The first section of each chapter provides background information to determine why an issue is an important factor in determining if discriminatory practices are occurring. The second section of each chapter serves as an example of a hypothetical school situation. Finally, the third section of each chapter provides specific instructions to follow in an examination of discriminatory practices. Worksheets to record findings are provided. (Author/LD)…

(1975). A Guide for Improving Public School Practices in Human Rights. The guide contains ideas, materials, and suggested practices for teachers and administrators in dealing with human rights issues. It is organized into six parts. Part I discusses the human rights concept, its importance in Western democratic society, its legal bases, racism, and school responsibility. Part II outlines the responsibilities of administrative leadership for appropriate human rights education. Topics include the role of state and educational organizations, and obstacles the school administrator must overcome. Part III deals with methods for increasing teacher competency in human rights. The chapter includes a model for workshops or study groups. Part IV presents material for the study of individual human rights, provides check lists for evaluating human rights behavior, and includes case studies. Part V deals with curriculum development. Topics include social studies and language arts improvement, the study of controversial issues, equality of the sexes in curriculum…

GITTELL, MARILYN; And Others (1967). INVESTIGATION OF FISCALLY INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT CITY SCHOOL DISTRICTS. A TWO-PART COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IS MADE OF LARGE AND SMALL CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. PART I ANALYZES A WIDE RANGE OF FISCAL AND NON-FISCAL VARIABLES ASSOCIATED WITH FISCAL STATUS OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. IT COVERS THE 2,788 CITY SCHOOL DISTRICTS IN THE UNITED STATES WITH ENROLLMENTS OVER 3,000. COMPLEX INTERRELATIONSHIPS SURROUNDING FISCAL STATUS IN COMMUNITY AND GOVERNMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS ARE IDENTIFIED. THE STUDY ALSO IDENTIFIES APPROPRIATE COMBINATIONS OF POLITICAL AND FISCAL CONTROLS FOR DISTRICTS OF VARYING SIZE. THE COMBINATION OF FISCAL INDEPENDENCE, PUBLIC VOTE, AND SCHOOL BOARD ELECTIONS IS FOUND TO BE FAVORABLE FOR ADEQUATE FINANCING. PART II PROBES INTENSIVELY INTO THE FISCAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE OPERATIONS OF SIX LARGE CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS (BALTIMORE, CHICAGO, DETROIT, NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, AND ST. LOUIS) TO IDENTIFY THE CONDITIONING ROLE OF FISCAL STATUS AND TO DEVELOP A DESIGN FOR FURTHER RESEARCH. IT ALSO MEASURES THE OUTPUTS OF INNOVATION AND FLEXIBILITY AS REFLECTIVE OF… [PDF]

Gappa, Judith M.; Uehling, Barbara S. (1979). Women in Academe: Steps to Greater Equality. AAHE-ERIC/Higher Education Research Report No. 1, 1979. A review of current research and literature about women in higher education is presented in this monograph in the context of equality of opportunity. The following areas are addressed: the status of women students, institutional practices that affect the participation of women students, the socialization process, women's studies and women's colleges, women faculty and administrators, academic careers, legislation pertaining to the rights of women in higher education and current enforcement efforts, and recommendations for the future to achieve greater equality. The research indicates that there have been and continue to be powerful constraints affecting the participation of women; the status of women as students and employees is still not equal to that of men. Reasons for the discriminatory situation are documented and examined, although there are limitations in the information provided by available research. Recommendations consist of five steps that institutions, agencies, and…

Abou, Selim; And Others (1978). Minorities linguistiques et interventions. Essai de typologie (Linguistic Minorities and Interventions. Towards a Typology). This volume contains six major papers on the following topics: (1) the concept of linguistic minority; (2) juridical approaches in linguistics; (3) a typology of interventions in the public sector; (4) a typology of interventions in education; (5) the use of language in private enterprise; and (6) the concept of ethnic group. The necessity of securing the collaboration of various backgrounds in the study of linguistic minorities is noted. Each paper is followed by commentaries. The contributors to the volume are: Jean-E. Humblet, Guy Heraud, Jean Poirier, Alain Prujiner, Servio Salvi, Peter Pernthaler, Alberto Escobar, Marc Lengereau, Rudolph Viletta, Guy Plastre, Heinz Kloss, Fried Esterbauer, Alain Fenet, William F. Mackey, Pierre Maranda, John Macnamara, Guiu Sobiela-Caanitz, Gerardo Alvarez, Jacques Brazeau, Pierre Laporte, Toussaint Hocevar, M.P. Herremans, Selim Abou, and Jean-Marc Leqer. (Author/AMH)… [PDF]

(1970). Dissent and Discipline in Secondary Schools. Course Materials. This collection of eight articles focuses primarily on the nature and extent of legal involvement in secondary school dissent and discipline. In the first article, the problem of school decentralization is viewed in terms of the conflicts which it creates. Another article presents the relevant legal decisions which aid in clarifying just what is included in the concept of constitutionally protected free speech. In three related articles, the following areas are dealt with: (1) the significance of the Tinker vs. Des Moines Schools decision (the black arm-band case) in expanding the applicability of constitutional free speech guarantees to the public school setting; (2) three constitutional theories under which the validity of public school regulations of students' hair styles may be attacked; and (3) the test of reasonableness as applied to long hair bans in public schools. In contrast to the dominant current focus, a lengthy article concerns itself with the non-constitutional limits…

Mayer, Martin (1969). The Governing Board. In late spring of 1967, the New York City Board of Education recognized an experimental school district, comprised of two junior high schools and six elementary schools, in the Ocean Hill-Brownsville area of New York City. The prime impetus for this experiment in community involvement in decentralized school administration stemmed from a coalition of parents residing in the community and teachers belonging to the United Federation of Teachers. Representatives of this coalition were members of the district's initial planning council, and later comprised the majority of the members of the district's Governing Board. This experiment immediately faced large obstacles and consequent frustrations stemming from at least three sources: (1) Intercoalition dissension, heightened by the city-wide teachers strike of 1967, (2) the city Board of Education's refusal to allocate authority to the local Governing Board, and (3) widespread dissension and insecurity throughout the total staff of the… [PDF]

Gould, S. J. (1973). Social Control and Violence–The Student Case. Student violence reflects conflicts of interest on the matter of political choice and is symptomatic of current reevaluation of the meaning of choice. The rationale for violence varies: Marcuse suggests that government, law and order, are disguised forms of violence; Fanon regards violence as a necessary act of cleansing and self restoration; psychiatrists Laing and Cooper view society as violence but do not see violence as an end in itself. The need to transcend personal anxieties, making use of such rationale, acts along with the rationale itself to erupt both collectively and publicly. The possibility of violence appears contingent upon the strength of the assumptions that specific aims are not subject to compromise and that moderate tacticsare too slow, or upon the agents of social control responding to or initiating violence. The vast supply of literature on student unrest allows for exploration of the interplay between intra-university and national issues and the overlap… [PDF]

Pinkney, Alphonso (1969). Black Americans. Ethnic Groups in American Life Series. Relations between black and white Americans have never been amicable, but at few points in history have they been characterized by greater strain than they are now. This study attempts to present a complete picture of the status of black people in the United States at the present time. It begins with their first arrival in 1619 and continues up to the present crisis in race relations. The major emphasis of this sociological study has been placed on an analysis of the forces in American society which have been responsible for creating and maintaining the subordinate position of black people. The following topics are covered: (1) historical background; (2) characteristics of the population; (3) characteristics and development of the black community; (4) socioeconomic status; (5) social institutions; (6) social deviance; (7) black contributions to American life; (8) assimilation into American society; and, (9) the present and future status of blacks. (Author/SB)…

Buckner, Donald R.; Samuels, William M. (1975). Minority Barriers Identification Conference (Arlington, Virginia, December 15-17, 1975). Final Report. Papers, workshop reports, and pertinent recommendations from a conference concerned with barriers faced by minorities seeking training in the allied health professions are presented. Data provided for the conference, gathered from Northeast, Southeast and Southwest United States during a 2-year period, related to barriers encountered by Black, Indian, and Spanish-surnamed students attempting to enroll in allied health professions in their geographical areas. These barriers were validated and placed under the major headings of need for financial assistance, need for role models, poor academic preparation and lack of tutorial services, lack of career information and counseling, and cultural and social gaps. Five priority recommendations for attacking the barriers were presented: (1) Initiation of a national comprehensive allied health manpower development program, (2) development and enforcement of a strategy to identify and remove culturally biased admissions criteria and procedures,…

(1976). Colleges and Universities Speak Out on Cost of Federal Compliance in Higher Education. A Special Report. The Commission's study, one of a number of examinations of the Federal Government's impact of education, calls on the Carter administration and the 95th Congress to begin an era of cooperation in curtailing the enormous growth of federal regulation in higher education. The statement affirms the commitment of the member institutions to the social goals of fair and equal opportunity and treatment, to health and safety protection for their people, and to fair wage standards, but protests those regulations and directives that seem to endanger the quality of higher education. Selected quotes from respondents are included in this report on the effects of compliance. A summary of institutions reporting unfair treatment is also provided. (LBH)… [PDF]

Dorsey, Holda; Kissam, Ed (1997). Renting a Place to Live. Tierra de Oportunidad Module 9. LAES: Latino Adult Education Services Project. This module, which may be used as the basis for a workshop or as a special topic unit in adult basic education or English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) courses, focuses on renting a place to live. The following items are included: module overview; list of basic, thinking, interpersonal, information utilization, and other skills addressed in the module; teaching points (minimum legal standards for rental housing, landlords' and tenants' rights, rental housing and immigration status, California and federal legislation concerning housing discrimination, rental agreements, immigration law and married women, immigration law and battered women, immigration status and access to education and health care); sample learning activities; list of Internet and organizational resources and commercial textbooks; sample lesson plan; transparency masters; student activities; excerpts from the Fair Housing Act; sample rental agreement; pre- and postmodule student surveys; and scoring directions. The… [PDF]

Rutter, Jill (2001). Supporting Refugee Children in 21st Century Britain: A Compendium of Essential Information. This book provides information on the most recent groups of refugee children in British schools, including children from Albania, Eastern European Roma, the former Soviet Union, Iraq, Kurdistan, Algeria, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Kenya, Nigeria, and many other countries. Because educational provisions for students from refugee communities have progressed, the book describes new approaches that have proven effective. The 14 chapters are: (1) "Who are Refugees?"; (2) "Refugees in the United Kingdom"; (3) "The Rights and Entitlements of Asylum-Seekers and Refugees"; (4) "The Reception, Settlement and Integration of Asylum-Seekers and Refugees in the United Kingdom"; (5) "Towards an Education Policy for Refugee Students"; (6) "A Warm Welcome: Admission and Induction"; (7)"Supporting Children Whose First Language is Not English"; (8) "Home Language Maintenance and Development"; (9) "The Psychological…

Joffee, Elga (1999). A Practical Guide to the ADA and Visual Impairment. Designed to be used as a companion to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), this guide provides information on how the law applies to individuals with visual impairments. Section 1, "The ADA and Visual Impairment," gives an overview of the Americans with Disabilities Act and discusses visual impairment and accessibility. Examples of unlawful practices under the ADA are provided, along with guidelines for providing auxiliary aids and services. Section 2, "A Customer Service Guide to Accommodating People Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired," contains checklists and tips to guide in the evaluation of public facilities and services that must accommodate the access needs of people with visual impairments. Checklists are provided for communicating with people with visual impairments, for providing orientation and mobility, for giving directions, providing auxiliary aids and services, and for cash and credit transactions, food services, environmental design, and…

Sendor, Benjamin B. (1997). A Legal Guide to Religion and Public Education. Second Edition. Monograph Series, No. 59. This book, an update of the 1988 edition, gives readers a basic grasp of the general legal principles controlling the role of religion in public education with the goal of applying those principles to typical church/state issues. Chapter 1 offers the background of general legal principles needed to understand specific church/state issues. Chapter 2 examines student religious activities, including prayer, religious clubs, display of religious symbols, holiday observances, and distribution of religious literature. Chapter 3 considers religious objections to secular activities, such as pledging allegiance to the flag. Chapter 4 helps to distinguish between courses about religion and those disseminating religious beliefs, and offers advice on teaching evolution, sex education, and other topics frequently of concern to religious groups. Chapter 5 surveys religious activities of school personnel, such as apparel and religious leave. Chapter 6 explores other religious activity on school…