Hancock, Charles R.; Jones, Janine Hancock (2005). Brown V. Board of Education at 50: Where Are We Now?. Negro Educational Review, The, v56 n1 p91-98 Jan. On May 17, 2004, our nation celebrated the 50th anniversary of a landmark decision, Brown versus the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. This U.S. Supreme Court decision was an impressive unanimous vote. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the "separate but equal" doctrine of "Plessy v Ferguson" that the Court had rendered in 1896. The Court concluded that in the field of public education, the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place and separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. The primary goal of this article is to build the case that Brown was and remains an important watershed moment in U.S. history, especially for those whose job it is to educate the next generations of collegiate Americans in small private institutions of higher learning and large public ones alike. This article first presents a brief historical recap of what happened in 1954 and then explores and presents answers to some questions such as, How far have… [Direct]

(1986). Preventing and Defending Actions by School District Employees. NSBA Council of School Attorneys Seminar. These legal documents and discussions represent a variety of litigations concerning state statutes and federal regulations. Part A, "Preventing a Law Suit," offers suggestions for avoiding employee termination lawsuits and presents documents for teacher evaluation and for teacher termination and grievance hearings. "New and Emerging Issues in School Employment Law," part B, includes eight sections: (1) guidelines, complaint procedures, and court decisions affecting Title VII and sexual harrassment; (2) two reports about preventing First Amendment problems and about employee discipline; (3) federal and state handicap statutes' limitations on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) policies; (4) implications of alcohol and drug abuse for the workplace; (5) significant court decisions concerning discipline of teachers for reasons of immorality; (6) enforcement of the state Public Employee Labor Relations Act; and (7) the status of part-time workers, or…

(1995). Harm's Way: The Many Faces of Violence and Abuse against Persons with Disabilities. The information in this book came from a Canadian survey of people with disabilities, along with interviews and focus group discussions with service providers, police, advocates, and family members (total n=120) and a review of the literature, case law, and statutes. The study focused on violent or abusive circumstances experienced by individuals with disabilities and the impact of those acts on their lives. Factors that can contribute to violence and abuse are identified, including negative social stereotypes concerning disability and having caregivers who may lack adequate training or support. Types of violence and abuse identified by persons with disabilities included: physical violence; denial of rights, necessities, privileges, and opportunities; verbal and emotional abuse; and failure to respond to their complaints of abuse and violence. Also considered are: issues of disclosure and identifying violence and abuse; responses after the problem has been identified; Canadian…

Sandler, Bernice Resnick, Ed. (1996). About Women on Campus, 1996. About Women on Campus, v5 n1-4. This quarterly newsletter provides information about the programs, issues, and concerns of women students, faculty, and administrators in higher education. Each of these four issues (comprising 1 year's worth) presents brief summaries of news items or reports in regularly appearing sections covering campus news, the workplace, sexual harassment, sexual assault, violence on campus, women in athletics, and women's studies. Other regular sections list the resources available (paper and electronic) in areas such as women's health and women in science. A column on the activities of the American Council on Education's Office of Women in Higher Education also appears in each issue. A limited number of employment opportunities are also advertised. (CH)… [PDF]

Bourland, Eric, Ed. (1996). Travel Training for Youth with Disabilities. NICHCY Transition Summary, v9 Jun. This issue consists of a collection of articles that focus on the types of skills and programs that youth with disabilities need to travel independently. Articles include: (1) "An Introduction to Travel Training" (Margaret M. Groce) discusses the support for travel training provided by the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and identifies skills that are required for traveling independently; (2) "What Equal Access to Transportation Means" (April M. Myers) describes the travel experiences of a woman with cerebral palsy and describes where to look for travel training programs; (3) "Travel Training for Persons with Cognitive or Physical Disabilities: An Overview" (Patricia J. Voorhees) outlines phases in a comprehensive travel training program and highlights what to look for when selecting a travel training program; (4) "A Model of a Travel Training Program–The New York City Board of Education Travel… [PDF]

Black, Allison M., Ed.; Feuer, Michael J., Ed.; Lesgold, Alan, Ed. (1997). Transitions in Work and Learning. Implications for Assessment. Papers and Proceedings (Washington, D.C., March 22-23, 1996). These 12 conference papers offer a view of the evolving role of assessment in fostering learning and clearer signaling of individuals' skills. \Introduction\ (Michael J. Feuer, Richard J. Shavelson) is followed by two papers in part I that question whether empirical evidence supports the claim of a skills mismatch in the economy: \Is There a Gap Between Employer Skill Needs and the Skills of the Work Force?\ (Harry J. Holzer) and \Skills and the Economy: An Employer Context for Understanding the School-to-Work Transition\ (Robert Zemsky). Two papers in part II are microlevel explorations of the changing nature of jobs in specific workplaces: \Should Social Skills Be in the Vocational Curriculum? Evidence from the Automotive Repair Field\ (Bonalyn Nelsen) and \Manufacturing the New Worker: Literate Activities and Working Identities in a High-Performance Versus a Traditionally Organized Workplace\ (Glynda Hull). Part III's two papers address implications of changing workplaces for the… [PDF]

Chatman, Steven P.; Smith, Kandis (1998). Can Race-Blind Policies Produce a Diverse Student Body? AIR 1998 Annual Forum Paper. This paper argues that there is reason to reconsider college admissions policies on three levels because: (1) some admissions measures exhibit racial or economic/social status bias, (2) there is evidence that financial barriers exist, and (3) a belief exists that race-blind admissions policies which include adjustments that offset students' social and economic circumstances can yield a more racially diverse student body than those mandated by legislation or judicial action. The first section of the paper examines key judicial and legislative actions to illustrate the evolution of racial preferences in the admissions process. In the next section, the paper reviews the results of research using criterion-related or predictive measures of validity and also looks at selection-bias research. In the next section, characteristics of students in public higher education in Missouri are examined for evidence of economic barriers to access. Finally, a series of race-blind admissions models… [PDF]

Hendrickson, Robert M. (1991). The Colleges, Their Constituencies and the Courts. NOLPE Monograph/Book Series, No. 43. This book defines the relationship between higher education corporations and their various constituencies: federal, state and local governments; employees; and students. The first chapter, "Higher Education Law," details the legal background. The second chapter, "Intergovernmental Relations," discusses litigation which defined the nature of the relationships between branches of government and among levels of government. The third chapter, "Faculty Employment Issues," reviews the case law and legal issues for employee actions surrounding tenure review, contract renewal and related issues as well as issues surrounding employee speech rights. The fourth chapter, "The Quest for Equity in Employment in Higher Education," treats the federal legislation that has molded current practice in this area. Chapter 5, "Collective Bargaining in Higher Education," treats organization, negotiation, grievance, binding arbitration, and the First…

Moore, Cory; And Others (1983). A Reader's Guide for Parents of Children with Mental, Physical, or Emotional Disabilities. An Update. Intended for parents of children with disabilities, the guide lists and provides information on helpful books. Part I presents annotations on books relevant to all disabilities. Topics covered include personal accounts, early intervention at home, special education rights, and disabled adults. Part II focuses on specific disabilities: autism, chronic illness, emotional/behavioral handicaps, epilepsy, hearing handicaps, hyperactivity, learning disabilities, mental retardation, multiple handicaps, physical handicaps, speech handicaps, and visual handicaps. Ten specific topics of interest are addressed in part III: attitudes, behavior modification, death and dying, genetics and genetic counseling, language development, planning for the future, prevention, rights of children, rights of persons with disabilities, and sexuality and sex education. Books for children about children with handicaps are listed in part IV, while references written by people with disabilities are complied in…

Brubacher, John S. (1982). On the Philosophy of Higher Education. Revised Edition. The Jossey-Bass Series in Higher Education. Basic academic issues such as institutional objectives, educational ethics, and methods of academic decision-making are examined in light of significant new social, economic, legal, and educational developments in this revision of the 1977 edition of \On the Philosophy of Higher Education.\ Focus is on the tension between pure research and social involvement, lay versus academic control, and academic freedom. The chapters are as follows: (1) \The Higher Learning\ (philosophies legitimating higher education, conflict of philosophies, and political philosophy); (2) \Academic Autonomy\ (the limits of autonomy, autonomy in academic hierarchy, collective bargaining, and student participation); (3) \Academic Freedom\ (the justifications, limits, and political aspects of academic freedom, student involvement, and civil liberties); (4) \Higher Education for Whom?\ (access to education, meritocracy and egalitarianism, and the quality of higher education); (5) \General and Specialized…

(1977). Second Annual Report, 1976. The annual report reviews the origins, organization, activities, and future plans of the National Advisory Council on Women's Educational Programs during 1976. As described in chapter I, the Council was established by Congress in 1974 for the purpose of stimulating public policies and educational programs for women and girls. Chapter II outlines Council organization and functions in areas of review, evaluation, recommendation, and information dissemination. Chapter III describes Council activities related to the Womens Educational Equity Act, review of HEW's education division, vocational education, rural educational equity, sex discrimination, review of womens studies programs, legislative activities, and career education. Outreach activities of the Council include organizing regional hearings on educational inequity, soliciting ideas from womens' organizations, and cooperation with educational clearinghouses. These are described in chapter IV. Future plans of the Council are…

Wagner, Sherri; Wangen, Nancy Register (1977). Choices: Learning about Changing Sex Roles. Maintaining that sexism wastes talents by limiting an individual's choices, the document presents activities for elementary school students to increase awareness of sex roles and a set of inservice materials for training school personnel to teach about sexism. Activities are presented on two levels. Activities for primary grades deal with self-concept, recognizing sexism, growing up, and choices for the future. These activities involve students in making scrapbooks, filling out charts, drawing pictures, role playing, analyzing advertising material and photographs, and discussing stories and poems read by the teacher. Activities for upper elementary and junior high school focus on family research, historical research reporting, personal attitudes, data analysis, and life choices. Students are involved in keeping logs of personal ideas, tracing family trees, library research, listing various roles an individual might play, and analyzing primary sources such as personal diaries and…

Blanks, Raymond S., Ed. (1982). The Inequality of Justice: A Report on Crime and the Administration of Justice in the Minority Community. This report provides information on the impact of crime and the criminal justice system on minorities in the United States. The report is presented in two parts. Part one focuses on the historical perspective of crime and minority experience concerning crime, law enforcement, and the criminal justice system, with specific reference to blacks, Hispanic Americans, American Indians, and Asian Americans. Part two examines the inequality of justice as practiced in such institutions as the police forces, courts, and correctional facilities, and briefly discusses education, research, and community anti-crime efforts that affect minority groups. The report suggests that: 1) race is an important factor in the operation of the criminal justice system which seems to discriminate against minority racial/ethnic groups; 2) incarceration is applied primarily to the poor and minorities, while diversion, restitution, and other alternative programs are considered more appropriate for whites; 3)… [PDF]

Delon, Floyd G.; Garber, Lee O. (1982). The Law and the Teacher in Missouri–A Handbook for Teachers, Administrators, and School Board Members. Third Edition. This book is designed to acquaint Missouri teachers with the state laws that affect them. Teachers' legal status, their rights, duties, and obligations are defined. Examples are taken from constitutional provisions, judicial decisions, and statutory enactments to show both general aspects of school law for all teachers and specific applications to Missouri teachers. Chapters cover the following information: (1) education in the governmental structure; (2) the purpose of public education; (3) Missouri's governmental structure and its effect on education; (4) legal status of teachers; (5) teachers' certificates; (6) contractual status of teachers; (7) teacher tenure; (8) teacher retirement; (9) tort liability of school districts and school employees; (10) miscellaneous legal rights, responsibilities, and limitations of teachers; (11) collective negotiations in the teaching profession; and (12) ethics for the teaching profession. A bibliography of 11 books on education law is appended….

(1980). Awakening the Slumbering Giant: Intergovernmental Relations and Federal Grant Law. An Information Report. Eight papers from a one-day conference for lawyers, judges, and policy-makers discuss the effects on intergovernmental relations of the emerging body of laws, regulations, and court decisions governing federal grants and their recipients. The expanding importance of federal grants, notes an introduction to the papers, has meant both less leeway for state and local governments to turn down grants and many more court cases involving federal versus state sovereignty. Accompanied by comments and discussion, the first paper examines the current body of federal grant law and its legal and constitutional implications. Three further papers analyze government and private litigation over two large federal programs, the Community Development and Law Enforcement Assistance Administration block grants. A fourth paper gives tips and guidelines to state and local governments for arguing before the U.S. Supreme Court. To exemplify the legal, political, and fiscal implications of federal grant law,… [PDF]

(1981). The Legal Status of Adolescents 1980. This report presents both compilation of recent information on the legal status of adolescents in the United States and a resource for assessing the changes and trends faced by today's adolescents. The first eleven chapters of the report present summary tables and accompanying assessments of the sources of change that occurred in the statutory law of each state from 1975 to 1980, and the effect of these changes upon the current legal status of adolescents. The topics covered by these chapters include: emancipation statutes; commitment of minors to mental health institutions; children's participation in political processes; incarceration of children in adult jails; waiver of juvenile court jurisdiction; deinstitutionalization and alternative placements of status offenders; child voice in custody decisions; community support programs; and laws prohibiting the sexual exploitation of children. A brief summary preceding each chapter highlights the key changes and/or emerging issues… [PDF]

Sanders, M. J. (1978). Human Values and Educational Goals. Four issues concerning human values in America will affect the formation of future educational goals. These issues have impact on the development of a values system and on the analytical thought process. First is the need to choose between an emphasis on liberty and an emphasis on equality. Present confusion in American society is illustrated by the point that those persons who are against allowing individuals to decide on abortions are the same ones who insist on individual rights in regard to housing and the hiring of personnel. Second, decision making needs to include those affected by the results of the decision. Presently, decision making at a national level involves local issues, such as the presence of nuclear energy plants in certain states. Third, we must be aware that some of the decisions we make will affect our children. For example, the highway system of the 1950s immediately alleviated unemployment, subsidized trucking, and increased mobility. However, it fostered the…

Parker, Franklin (1980). Israel, Schools, and Arab Conflict in the Middle East. This paper examines how Israel's educational system attempts to deal with major social, geographic, religious, economic, and political problems. Problems are presented in two main categories–internal and external. Internal problems include high immigration levels, religious and cultural differences among various Jewish sects and between Jews and Israeli Arabs, a high inflation rate, negative attitudes among Israeli youth regarding Israel's social and political policies, and the paucity of Israel's natural resources when compared with her Arab neighbors. External problems center on Israel's location amidst unfriendly Arab nations. Israel's traditional education system consists of free and compulsory education for ages five through 16, free education from ages 16 through 18, vocational schools, professional and technical schools, universities with selective entrance requirements, and education for Israeli Arabs under a separate but equal policy. Many innovations have been developed… [PDF]

MILLER, ELIZABETH (1966). THE NEGRO IN AMERICA, A BIBLIOGRAPHY. MORE THAN 3,500 BOOKS, REPORTS, ARTICLES, AND PAMPHLETS CONCERNED WITH THE RIGHTS AND NEEDS OF THE NEGRO IN AMERICA, AND PUBLISHED SINCE THE 1954 SUPREME COURT SCHOOL DESEGREGATION DECISION, ARE LISTED IN THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY. VARIOUS CLASSIC WORKS AND ESSENTIAL BACKGROUND STUDIES PUBLISHED BEFORE 1954 ARE ALSO INCLUDED. THE BIBLIOGRAPHY CONTAINS ANNOTATIONS, WHICH SPECIFY THE SCOPE OR SPECIAL IMPORT OF CERTAIN WORKS, AND AN AUTHOR INDEX. EACH OF ITS 14 SECTIONS IS INTRODUCED BY A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF THE PARTICULAR ASPECT OF NEGRO LIFE IT COVERS. IN ADDITION TO THE SECTION ON AIDS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH WHICH APPEARS AT THE END OF THE VOLUME, THERE ARE SECTIONS ON RACE, SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND CONDITIONS, INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS, HEALTH, AND INTERGROUP RELATIONS. WORKS OF NEGRO LITERATURE AND FOLKLORE ARE ALSO LISTED. MATERIALS RELEVANT TO THE NEGRO'S SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND POLITICAL PROBLEMS ARE ORGANIZED UNDER SUCH HEADINGS AS RURAL AND URBAN PROBLEMS, HOUSING AND URBAN RENEWAL,…

(1975). Student Rights and the Courts. The Best of ERIC, Number 9. This annotated bibliography includes some of the most recent material on the legal aspects of student rights, especially the constitutional issues that remain unresolved. Many of the articles summarized deal with the relationship between the schools and the courts–a relationship that is constantly being redefined with new court decisions affecting school policy. Fourteen documents and journal articles indexed in Resources in Education and the Current Index to Journals in Education are annotated. (Author)…

(1975). Before the Federal Communications Commission in Re Applications of Alabama Educational Television Commission. Arguments on the application of the Alabama Educational Television Commission (AETC) for license renewal of eight educational television stations were heard before the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Individuals from Black Efforts for Soul on Television and the National Association of Black Media Producers opposed the renewals, claiming that programing offered by AETC did not serve the needs of Alabama's minority population. The commission found the licensee had under-represented blacks at both production and planning levels, and excluded most black-oriented programing available from other sources. The AETC disclaimed responsibility for programing decisions of contract stations and maintained it had been unaware of discriminatory policies. The FCC held the AETC accountable, and though noting improvements since the end of the license term, denied renewal on the basis of performance during the term. The AETC was granted interim authority to continue station operation, until… [PDF]

Sedlacek, William E.; And Others (1972). Black and Other Minority Admissions to Large Universities: Three Year National Trends. The purpose of this study was to survey the large primarily white universities concerning freshmen entering in the fall of 1971 in order to note trends and changes in enrollment and admissions predictors. Sample population included black, American Indian, and Spanish Surname students. Returns were received from 99 percent of the admissions officers at institutions surveyed. Three year trends which have emerged indicate that black freshmen enrollment has leveled off to 4 percent in 1970 and 1971, after a rise from 3 percent in 1969. Despite the apparent intentions of many colleges and universities, fewer blacks are entering college. This study was intended: (1) to examine the amount of social change in our society as reflected by the number of blacks and other minority students entering primarily white universities as freshmen; and (2) to determine what universities are actually employing in selecting black and other minority students in order to shed light on the relationship… [PDF]

Clark, Todd, Ed. (1976). Supreme Court Highlights. Bill of Rights in Action, Vol. X, No. 3. The student-oriented newsletter provides learning activities, background information, resources, teaching techniques, case studies, and other sources to help high school teachers develop, plan, and implement a course on the Supreme Court in a legal education program. The first chapter examines the role of the Supreme Court in American life, selected cases decided by the Court in 1975-76, and methods used by the justices in considering issues. The second chapter discusses the death penalty as a legal concern and presents arguments in favor of and against the death penalty. A death sentencing simulation is presented in the third chapter, followed by description of fair trial procedures in the fourth chapter. Exercises for understanding the Right to Privacy as guaranteed by the Bill of Rights are incorporated into chapter five. A self-incrimination game is described in chapter six, followed by three case studies and background information on abortion in chapter seven. The last chapter… [PDF]

McCullough, Julie, Ed. (2004). Our Documents: A National Initiative on American History, Civics, and Service. Teacher Sourcebook, Volume III. National Archives and Records Administration Thousands of educators are using America's most important historic documents to help students learn the story of their nation and its citizens, thanks to the Our Documents initiative. This was one of the main objectives of Our Documents, which is part of the \National Initiative on American History, Civics, and Service,\ launched by President George W. Bush in September 2002. It is co-sponsored by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), National History Day (NHD), and the USA Freedom Corps. Since the launch, teachers around the country have been tapping into the resources on the \Our Documents\ web site, directing their students to it, and encouraging students to produce National History Day projects based on the documents. The \Our Documents\ web site (www.ourdocuments.gov) features full-color images of one hundred milestone documents, drawn primarily from the holdings of the National Archives; transcriptions; brief essays that place the documents in their… [PDF]

(2004). Diversity in BC Schools: A Framework. British Columbia Ministry of Education Diversity in BC schools is an overarching concept that reflects a philosophy of equitable participation and an appreciation of the contributions of all people. It is a concept that refers both to our uniqueness as individuals and to our sense of belonging or identification within a group or groups. Diversity refers to the ways in which we differ from each other. Some of these differences may be visible (e.g. Race, ethnicity, gender, age, ability), while others are less visible (e.g. Culture, ancestry, language, religious beliefs, sexual orientation, socio-economic background). The purpose of this document is to: (1) assist the school system in meeting its obligations under the Constitution Act, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the BC Human Rights Code, the Multiculturalism Act, the Official Languages Act, the Employment Equity Act, and the School Act; and (2) assist the school system in its ongoing efforts to create and maintain learning and working environments that are… [Direct]

Reschly, Daniel J. (1997). Disproportionate Minority Representation in General and Special Education: Patterns, Issues, and Alternatives. This monograph addresses issues concerned with the disproportionate representation of minority students, especially black students, in special education programs. It reviews the nondiscrimination legal requirements and protections as well as litigation in the federal courts. After a "warm-up exercise" in the form of a pre-test, an overview section reviews the history of disproportionate representation of minority students in special education. Part 2 discusses legal standards that require nondiscrimination in the assessment, classification, and placement of children with disabilities and reviews existing case law. Part 3 emphasizes the need to distinguish between different ways to analyze program representation statistics and notes that some of the problems of disproportionate minority representation arise from misunderstandings of these statistics. Part 4 reviews a variety of criteria and guidelines for analysis and decision-making. Part 5 looks at the prevention of… [PDF]

Martz, Carlton (2003). The Bill of Rights in Action, 2002-2003. Bill of Rights in Action, v18-19 2002-2003. This document includes the following issues of this journal: volume 18, number 3, Summer 2002; volume 18, number 4, Fall 2002; volume 19, number 2, Spring 2003; and volume 19, number 3, Summer 2003. The summer 2002 issue of "The Bill of Rights in Action" views problems related to victims of war. It focuses on the internment of Japanese Americans in camps during World War II, the court case that upheld it as constitutional, and subsequent attempts to compensate those held in the camps; examines the massacre of Chinese by Japanese troops just before World War II, and at the war crimes trial following the war; and examines how victims of World War II are attempting to get compensation through lawsuits. Each article includes questions for discussion and writing, a central activity, and a list of book for further reading. The Fall 2002 issue examines issues related to the environment; shows that humans have been experiencing environmental problems since the agricultural… [PDF]

Baker, Scott (2000). A Paradigm of Paradox: Race, Class, and Desegregation in the South. This paper explores paradoxes of southern school and university segregation, analyzing how National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) litigation and local African American activism altered southern public education. The paradoxes first surfaced in the 1940s, when the constitutionality of separate and unequal salary schedules for black and white teachers was challenged. Though NAACP-sponsored litigation forced changes, other types of discrimination surfaced (e.g., salaries based on test scores). The constitutionality of segregation in higher education was challenged in the 1930s-40s, but this created a new racial order in education where access was increasingly shaped by class. As black students won educational rights, university authorities adopted new requirements limiting their access. States began requiring students to pass standardized tests, which hindered lower class black students and permitted token numbers of middle class black students. Significant… [PDF]

Sgritta, Giovanni B. (1997). Inconsistencies: Childhood on the Economic and Political Agenda. Childhood: A Global Journal of Child Research, v4 n4 p375-404 Nov. Maintains that discriminations against children have increased recently, despite Convention on the Rights of the Child. Examines present condition of childhood in different countries of the ex-Communist bloc and Western world, particularly the levels of well-being and poverty. Attempts to understand the events that have marked reforms of the last decades in light of liberal ideology and theory. (Author/SD)…

Lipset, S. M.; Nevitte, Neil; Rothman, Stanley (2002). Diversity and Affirmative Action: The State of Campus Opinion. Academic Questions, v15 n4 p52-66 Sep. In December 2000, a U.S. District Court judge ruled that the University of Michigan could provide preference in admission policies to minority students. He relied partly on expert social science testimony, which concluded that such policies advance racial and ethnic diversity and improve the education of all students, not just the minority students admitted under the policy. Shortly thereafter, however, another District Court ruled that preferences by the University of Michigan law school, designed to achieve the same goal, did not pass Constitutional muster. In his decision, the judge accepted some "facts" about the possible beneficial consequences of diversity, but he expressed doubt as to whether such facts "trumped" constitutional notions of equal protection. He was later overruled. It is unclear how much of a role social science evidence will play in the forthcoming Supreme Court decision that is expected to address these inconsistencies. However, key… [Direct]