Atkinson, Donald R. (1981). Selection and Training for Human Rights Counseling. Counselor Education and Supervision, v21 n2 p101-08 Dec. Examines the shortcomings of traditional counselor selection and training procedures, and presents suggestions for improving them vis-a-vis human rights counseling. Discusses recruitment and admission issues in counselor selection and the goals of human rights counseling. (Author/RC)…

Shaw, Dagmar Thorpe (1979). Why America Should Support Native Rights. American Indian Journal, v5 n10 p23-24 Oct. The essay discusses Indian rights in the light of national and international law and describes the struggle for Indian rights as part of an international struggle for human rights and social justice. (SB)…

Garrison, Martha L. (1976). Credit-Ability for Women. Family Coordinator, 25, 3, 241-248, Jul 76. Although the implementation of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act by November, 1975, prohibits discrimination because of marital status or sex, women applicants may need to continue to educate creditors as to their credit-ability. The author offers specific procedures women might follow to establish credit. (Author)…

Pangle, Thomas (1990). The Philosophical Roots of the Bill of Rights: The Federalists' and Anti-Federalists' Conceptions of Rights. Political Science Teacher, v3 n2 p1-4 Spr. Discusses faculty seminars on the philosophical roots of the U.S. Bill of Rights. Explores the argument between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists over respective views on the Bill of Rights. Traces the historical and philosophical origins of Republicanism. Provides an outline of themes and readings for each seminar. (RW)…

Oder, Broeck N. (1998). Teaching the Meaning of the Second Amendment: A Brief Note on Recent Research. OAH Magazine of History, v13 n1 p64-66 Fall. Provides a brief overview of historical and legal scholarship on gun control and the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution. Limits its scope to works by acknowledged legal and historical scholars, avoiding contemporary pro- and anti-gun-control opinion pieces. Includes a bibliography of further resources for teachers. (DSK)…

O'Brien, Edward L. (1998). Teaching Strategy: A New Planet. Update on Law-Related Education, v22 n3 p46 Fall. Presents a lesson for middle and secondary school students in which they respond to a hypothetical scenario that enables them to develop a list of basic rights. Expounds that students compare their list of rights to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in order to explore the assumptions about human rights. (CMK)…

Mugleston, William F. (1999). The March on Washington: A Teacher's Remembrance. Teaching History: A Journal of Methods, v24 n2 p84 Fall. Reminisces about the day of the March on Washington; in particular, the anticipatory atmosphere that swept the city, the fears of what might occur, and the daily plans that ceased to exist. Concentrates on the passion and fervor of the people who participated in the March and listened to Dr. King's speech. (CMK)…

Lo, Leslie Nai-kwai (2007). The Sustainable Development of Inclusive Education. Chinese Education and Society, v40 n4 p44-62 Jul-Aug. The advent of inclusive education has quietly changed the ecology of Hong Kong's educational system. Inclusive education is a product of education in the developed Western nations and has spread at the instigation of international organizations. It is a plan for educational development that is based on the concepts of human rights and peace and stresses respect for differences. However, it is also a means of managing schools that is easier to comprehend than to carry out. This paper attempts to explain the basic concepts of inclusive education, describe its operative elements, and discuss its practical problems. Drawing on research findings and developmental experience gained abroad and locally, the author makes some suggestions for the sustained development of inclusive education. [This report was translated by Ted Wang.]… [Direct]

Moulton, Muriel (1965). Civil Disobedience, 1830-1850, and a Modern Analogy. Teacher and Student Manuals. This social studies unit invites students to consider the philosophical bases of civil disobedience as well as the practical consequences and limits of the use of law-breaking as a means of social protest. The first three sections of the unit focus on the abolitionists' civil disobedience in antebellum America, presenting brief accounts of mob action against \disobedients\ and examining the reason for the attacks. Widely divergent arguments for and against civil disobedience by such men as Samuel Spear, Albert Bledsoe, and William Channing are included, together with a long excerpt from Henry David Thoreau's formal argument on civil disobedience. The final two sections of the unit deal with a modern analogy to the historical situation: the resistance to segregation as well as the view of those \disobedients\ who want to maintain the status quo of the Negro. [Not available in hard copy due to marginal legibility of oroginal document.] (Author/JB)… [PDF]

Swerdlow, Linda Kantor (2006). Operation Day's Work: Students Making a Difference. National Middle School Association (NJ3), Middle Ground v10 n2 p27-29 Oct. In 1994, students from Broad Meadows Middle School met Iqbal Masih, a 12-year-old Pakistani activist who had been sold into bonded labor at age 4 and escaped at age 10. They were moved to take action, and started a letter-writing campaign protesting child labor. When they heard of Iqbal's death later that year, they decided to build a school in his name in Pakistan, using the power of the Internet to raise the required money. By soliciting donations from classes in their school and from other middle schools, and by acquiring outside help from Massachusetts Senator Edward Kennedy and Amnesty International, they eventually raised $150,000–money that was then used to build a five-room school for former bonded laborers and to establish a fund to help Pakistani families buy children back from bonded labor. They also worked with the United States Agency for International Development to co-found a new international aid program, Operation Day's Work. Students in the 15 participating schools… [Direct]

Gordon, Robert (2006). Political Realities: To Get National Standards, Leaders Will Need to Be Bold. Education Next, v6 n4 p56-59 Fall. Politicians, less interested in purity than in popularity, are generally wary of national standards. Yet a standards-based accountability system is the core component of NCLB, and in some ways it has made standards advocates victims of their own success. Now, many activists are agitating to cut back the role of Washington in education, and a politician aiming to expand it with national standards could seem naive or stupid. However, some politicians have been able to take modest steps toward national standards without creating a firestorm. In this article, the author discusses the importance of good leadership in selling a new set of national standards, and describes how politicians on either the left or the right could gain support for federal standards by emphasizing the connection with other significant educational concerns embraced by their constituents: Republicans by linking standards to school choice, and Democrats by linking them to a greater commitment to funding the means to… [Direct]

Bailey, Donald B., Jr.; Barton, Lauren; Bruder, Mary Beth; Carta, Judith; Defosset, Michelle; Greenwood, Charles; Hebbeler, Kathy; Kahn, Lynne; Mallik, Sangeeta; Markowitz, Joy; Spiker, Donna; Walker, Dale (2006). Recommended Outcomes for Families of Young Children with Disabilities. Journal of Early Intervention, v28 n4 p227-251. The Early Childhood Outcomes (ECO) Center was funded by the Office of Special Education Programs to promote the development and implementation of child and family outcome measures for infants, toddlers, and preschoolers with disabilities. An evidence-based process with extensive stakeholder input led to the identification of five outcomes by which the effectiveness of services for families could be assessed: (a) families understand their child's strengths, abilities, and special needs; (b) families know their rights and advocate effectively for their child; (c) families help their child develop and learn; (d) families have support systems; and (e) families are able to gain access to desired services and activities in their community. These outcomes provide a framework by which states and the federal government could document whether early intervention and preschool programs are providing demonstrable benefits for families, and provide the basis for developing measurement systems to… [Direct]

Kristiansen, Stein; Pratikno (2006). Decentralising Education in Indonesia. International Journal of Educational Development, v26 n5 p513-531 Sep. The paper aims to assess the impacts of a dramatic decentralisation reform in Indonesia on access to and quality of primary and secondary education. The research draws on qualitative and quantitative data from interviews, focus group discussions and household surveys in four selected districts. The main conclusions are threefold; the administration of educational services is without transparency and accountability, household expenditures on children's education are high and increasing, and huge social and geographical disparities exist. Policy recommendations include increased government spending to make primary education available to all and improved measures to control public policies and expenditure in this sector…. [Direct]

Minow, Martha (2006). What the Rule of Law Should Mean in Civics Education: From the \Following Orders\ Defence to the Classroom. Journal of Moral Education, v35 n2 p137-162 Jun. Sixty years after the International Military Tribunal opened in Nuremberg to try \major war criminals\, how should soldiers learn not to follow clearly illegal or unconscionable orders? Following the Charter of the International Military Tribunal, judges during the Nuremberg Trials rejected defendants' efforts to avoid punishment on the basis of superior orders. The Cold War stymied subsequent efforts to codify the norm; subsequent tribunals have adopted similar, but not identical, versions of the rule, as have domestic legal systems. Psychological research by Lawrence Kohlberg and Stanley Milgram raises serious questions about whether young soldiers can or will use their own moral assessments to disobey illegal orders or resist engagement in conduct abusing the rights of others. Further adding to the risks of atrocity are the stress and fear of wartime, the ambiguities and complexities of the war against terror, and confusion about the actual standards governing detentions,… [Direct]

De La Caba Collado, Mariangeles; Lopez Atxurra, Rafael (2006). Democratic Citizenship in Textbooks in Spanish Primary Curriculum. Journal of Curriculum Studies, v38 n2 p205-228 Apr. This paper analyses how textbooks deal with the issues of education for democratic citizenship encompassed within the European framework and Spanish educational reforms. The sample comprised the 24 individual texts in social science, natural science, and technology for 6-12-year-olds. This paper delimits and defines the six themes for analysis: responsibility, participation, conflict resolution, diversity, and human rights. It offers a qualitative description of the content of each theme as well as a quantitative assessment of the frequency with which they appear. The results indicate that European ideals of citizenship education are dealt with unevenly, and in some cases barely, in these textbooks. (Contains 4 notes.)… [Direct]

Yates, Lyn (2006). Does Curriculum Matter?: Revisiting Women's Access and Rights to Education in the Context of the UN Millennium Development Targets. Theory and Research in Education, v4 n1 p85-99. This article discusses the relevance of curriculum to current UN Millennium targets to extend access to education and equality in education for women. It argues, firstly, that it is contradictory to be concerned about women's access to education but leave curriculum out of the discussion; secondly, that curriculum is not adequately seen as a choice between imposing new universal values or leaving cultural traditions untouched, but is about choices within a situation where cultural traditions are neither untouched nor monolithic; and, thirdly, that attention to who speaks and who is heard in developing and assessing new practices remains important in any initiatives to extend education rights for women. (Contains 5 notes.)… [Direct]

McCarthy, Martha (2006). The Legality of School Vouchers: Round Two. Journal of School Choice, v1 n3 p17-28. In 2002 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that state-supported vouchers, which parents can redeem in private schools, do not offend the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. Thus, the legality of government vouchers to fund education will be determined primarily on the basis of state law. Specifically, programs are being challenged under state constitutional provisions calling for the legislature to provide for a uniform system of education or provisions prohibiting the use of public funds in sectarian institutions. This article explores legal developments in this regard, with particular emphasis on implications of the recent state supreme court decisions striking down challenged voucher programs. Also addressed is current legislative activity, which will likely generate additional litigation pertaining to school vouchers. (Contains 1 note.)… [Direct]

LeCompte, Karon N. (2006). Conditions of Democracy: Elementary Perspectives. Social Studies and the Young Learner, v19 n1 p28-31 Sep-Oct. Exposure to ideas helps young children articulate their own beliefs and sharpens their connections. Teachers can provide opportunities for children to advance their knowledge about democratic conditions through sustained discourse, or, as described in this article, purposeful class discussions followed by hands-on activities. The author describes classroom activities involving eleven examples of democratic conditions that allow children to build upon one another's ideas, as well as have their own ideas heard. These exercises, which use as examples everyday actions–such as buying items at the local grocery store, using a leash to walk the dog, and obeying traffic signs–allow children to learn about their democratic rights in terms they understand. (Contains 1 table and 11 notes.)… [Direct]

Schmidt, Peter (2006). Supreme Court Shows Increased Skepticism toward Affirmative Action. Chronicle of Higher Education, v53 n17 pA20 Dec. The U.S. Supreme Court provided evidence that its membership had shifted to be more critical of affirmative action as it heard oral arguments last week in two cases involving the race-based assignment of students to public schools. Although the court did not exhibit any desire to reconsider its stand on affirmative action in higher education, the justices could still end up handing down rulings that clarify, alter, or conceivably even reverse its past decisions dealing with race-conscious college admissions policies. Many legal analysts watching the proceedings concluded that the court now has a five-member majority that is unlikely to accept most uses of racial and ethnic preferences in education…. [Direct]

Jean-Marie, Gaetane (2006). Welcoming the Unwelcomed: A Social Justice Imperative of African-American Female Leaders at Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Educational Foundations, v20 n1-2 p85-104 Win-Spr. The social movements during the last 50 years of the 20th century were among the most tumultuous years for people of color. African Americans, as well as other groups, confronted obstacles on what they could be and do. African Americans experienced harsh treatments in educational institutions and had to develop unconventional ways to advocate for themselves and those in their community (Jean-Marie, James, & Bynum, 2006). The purpose of this paper is to explore the experiences of three African-American women leaders in historically black institutions whose leadership practices advance social justice for African Americans who have limited opportunities to pursue higher education. They confronted and disrupted institutions thought to be responsible for their oppression (Jean-Marie, 2005). This paper documents how individuals committed to social justice and racial uplift connect their professional work with social and political activism in the quest for equality and justice for… [PDF] [Direct]

Greenwood, Anne (1993). Children's Rights: The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. AECA Resource Book Series, No. 4. This booklet discusses the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, focusing on the Convention's effects on the rights of children in Australia. It summarizes the main articles of the convention and explains the international legal structures by which the rights of children are protected. The booklet then examines human rights and children's rights, the role of the United Nations in protecting these rights through minimum standards, and the role of the Australian government in protecting these rights through policy. It discusses opposition to the Convention in Australia, voiced primarily by parents who believed that the Convention would abrogate certain parental rights and responsibilities. The booklet then considers: (1) recent developments in Australia that reflect the principles of the Convention; (2) implications of the Convention on early childhood philosophy, policy, and practice; and (3) the prevention of child abuse in Australia. A resource list of 14…

Jastram, Philip S.; McCombs, Guy C., III (1981). Access for Handicapped Students to Higher Education: A Reference Handbook. The manual provides access to provisions of federal law and regulations concerning access by persons with disabilities to higher education programs and facilities. It also includes texts of 11 presentations given at a 1979-80 series of workshops by the American Association of University Professors. An introduction, "The Faculty Role: New Responsibilities in Assuring Program Access" by P. Jastram, introduces Part I, which includes: the text of relevant federal regulations for Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973; a report by the National Association of College and University Business Officers titled "Issues and Answers for Implementing Section 504"; a report on the United States Supreme Court decision in Southeastern Community College versus Davis allowing professional schools to impose physical qualifications for admission; a summary of characteristics and functional limitations of common disabilities; a reference listing of faculty resource persons; a… [PDF]

(1979). Florian Frederick Chess, et al., vs. Gary E. Widmar, et al., Defendants. Memorandum Opinion and Order. In the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri, Western Division. The memorandum opinion and order in the Chess vs. Widmar case is presented in which 11 students at the University of Missouri-Kansas City allege that university officials refused to allow the students (part of a religious group called Cornerstone) to conduct their regular religious services in university-owned buildings. The students contended that the university's refusal to permit their group to use university facilities violated their rights guaranteed by the first and fourteenth amendments to the U.S. Constitution. Facts in dispute included that Cornerstone is an officially recognized student organization, that the persons named as plaintiffs were enrolled students at the university, and that Cornerstone's application for use of university facilities was rejected by the university. The Court found the plaintiffs' argument vague and therefore ordered that the plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment be denied. In denying the plaintiffs' request, the Court held that the…

(1964). Civic and Political Education of Women. "This pamphlet was produced at the request of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women and the Economic and Social Council (of the United Nations)…It was written primarily for the use of leaders responsible for the civic and political education of women, whether governmental or non-governmental, and is intended as a basic document for such persons." It includes several descriptive chapters on certain factors (Such as health, economics, and marriage customs) which influence the status of women in various societies, and on ways of increasing women's participation in public life through national or local projects and through the programs of the various United Nations agencies (UNESCO, FAO, UNICEF, etc.) The annexes (appendixes) of the document include examples of techniques for the civic and political education of women; the Convention on the Political Rights of Women (1952) and information on its signatories; tables of information on the political rights of…

(1968). NOLPE Conference Proceedings, November 1968. This booklet contains the texts of speeches given at the 1968 National Organization on Legal Problems of Education conference on school law. The topics covered in the speeches include student rights, dress codes, defacto segregation, education and religious freedom, doctoral dissertations in school law, master contracts, and teacher strikes. (JF)… [PDF]

Bersoff, Donald N. (1975). Professional Ethics and Legal Responsibilities: On the Horns of a Dilemma. Journal of School Psychology, 13, 4, 359-374, 75. Through a series of fact situations the author demonstrates that reliance by practicing school psychologists on codes of ethics may lead to legal liability. The article concludes with a discussion of why codes of ethics fail to provide adequate support for psychologists and suggests some remedial measures. (Author)…

Berger, Michael L. (1976). Student Rights and Affective Education: Are They Compatible?. Educational Leadership, 33, 6, 460-2, Mar 76. The moral and ethical training of children, previously the sole responsibility of the home, is being transferred to the school, giving rise to the problem that because of increased emphasis on student rights, the school does not have the authority to enforce positive social values. (JD)…

Michaelis, Karen L. (1997). Negotiating the Borders of Adolescence: Eroding the Culture of Disrespect for the Rights of Students. Although most parents want school officials to enforce rules for a drug-free school environment, they often feel differently when their own children are the objects of student searches. This paper argues that as long as searches are directed at \others,\–those who are known or assumed to be guilty of school rule violations or criminal activity–people tend to believe that searches by school officials are justified. The paper describes how and why the concept of the \other\ or enemy is created. School administrators, with the help of the judicial system, have applied that process to certain types of students to justify increasingly intrusive searches by school officials for a wide range of infractions. James Aho's model explaining how enemies are created (1994) is used to compare two strip-search cases decided by the Seventh Circuit Court and similar cases in other jurisdictions. The discussion illustrates changes in courts' handling of school search cases over the last 15 years…. [PDF]

Henderson, Kelly (2001). Overview of ADA, IDEA, and Section 504: Update 2001. ERIC Digest E606. This digest compares the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) as amended in 1997, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Comparisons are provided which look at: (1) the type/purpose of each Act; (2) eligibility for services under each Act; (3) whether the Act requires the provision of a free, appropriate public education; (4) whether federal funds are provided to implement the Act's requirements; (5) procedural safeguards and due process provisions under each Act; and (6) evaluation and placement procedures under each Act. Also included are telephone information lines and Web sites concerning each of the three Acts. (DB)… [PDF]

Ayres, Ted D. (1981). Widmar v. Vincent: The Beginning of the End for the Establishment Clause. Journal of College and University Law, v8 n4 p511-17 1981-82. A Supreme Court decision requiring a state university to allow a student group to hold religious services in campus facilities is reviewed. The decision was admittedly a narrow one, leaving several issues for later consideration, but it does signal a lightening of longtime prohibitions on campus religious activity. (MSE)…