Lehman, Harold D. (1989). Accommodating Religious Needs: The Mennonite and Amish Perspective. Religion & Public Education, v16 n2 p267-77 Spr-Sum. Discusses legal issues concerning the First Amendment rights of Amish and Mennonite students and parents. Focuses on court decisions that upheld their rights of religious liberty and reviews the origins of their beliefs. Contends that most of the government decisions regarding religion and education reflect a fundamental respect for the religious beliefs of minorities. (DB)…

Nelson, Joel I. (1992). Social Welfare and the Market Economy. Social Science Quarterly, v73 n4 p815-28 Dec. Reports on a study that questions whether private enterprise can maintain quality while reducing costs of providing social welfare services. Reviews three aspects of privatization: (1) competitive markets; (2) rationality; and (3) cost reduction. Concludes by questioning a central claim of economic theory: that free markets and private firms are the most effective and efficient mechanisms for producing and distributing all goods and services. (CFR)…

Sandler, Bernice R. (2000). "Too Strong for a Women": The Five Words That Created Title IX. Equity & Excellence in Education, v33 n1 p9-13 Apr. Describes the experiences and reactions of one female doctoral student/part time college teacher who encountered sex discrimination on campus, examining how she participated in a national campaign to end discrimination in education which led ultimately to the passage of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. (SM)…

Wickham, Parnel (2001). Idiocy and the Law in Colonial New England. Mental Retardation, v39 n2 p104-13 Apr. A review of laws and records of the courts of colonial New England indicates early laws of Massachusetts extended certain rights to idiots: they authorized the transfer of property, exonerated idiots who committed capital crimes, and extended relief to impoverished idiots. The relationship between colonial laws and present legislation is examined. (Contains references.) (Author/CR)…

Steinberg, Stephen (1996). "An American Dilemma": The Collapse of the Racial Orthodoxy of Gunnar Myrdal. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, n10 p64-70 Win 1995-96. Gunnar Myrdal's "An American Dilemma," revered as a monumental work on race relations, benefited from uncanny historical timing. As it repudiated racism and second-class citizenship, it also stayed within safe political limits for the time. The author never committed to policies that would secure real citizenship for African Americans. (SLD)…

Latham, Patricia H.; Latham, Peter S. (2000). Documenting Adult Learning Disabilities: A Legal Overview. Learning Disabilities: A Multidisciplinary Journal, v10 n2 p85-100 Spr. This article reviews the Americans with Disabilities Act and case law to examine who meets the standard of "qualified individual with a disability" and thus cannot be excluded from participation in the services, programs, or activities of higher education institutions. Requirements for disability documentation are addressed. (Contains references.) (CR)…

Bloom, Leslie Rebecca (1998). The Politics of Difference and Multicultural Feminism: Reconceptualizing Education for Democracy. Theory and Research in Social Education, v26 n1 p30-49 Win. Demonstrates how a theoretical framework that includes a politics of difference and multicultural feminism may help reconceptualize democracy in general and education for democracy specifically. Indicates how universality has failed in practice, posits "equivalent rights" instead of "equal rights," and discusses instructional strategies to facilitate education for democracy. (CMK)…

Chilisa, Bagele (2002). National Policies on Pregnancy in Education Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Botswana. Gender and Education, v14 n1 p21-35 Mar. Critiques pregnancy policies in sub-Saharan Africa's education systems, examining expulsion, reentry, and continuation policies for students who become pregnant. Argues that both expulsion policies and reentry policies violate students' rights to education, suggesting that continuation policies provide the most opportunity for gender equity. Notes the close relationship between a country's sociopolitical environment and the type of policy adopted. (SM)…

Williams, Charles F. (2000). At the Supreme Court. Update on Law-Related Education, v23 n2 p24-26 Win 1999-2000. States that in the past juvenile courts afforded children with fewer rights than criminal courts accorded to adults accused of the same crimes. Reviews three U.S. Supreme Court cases that affirmed the constitutional rights of juvenile offenders and changed juvenile court proceedings. Discusses whether the juvenile death penalty violates international law. (CMK)…

Lemann, Nicholas (1999). The Three-Cushion Shot That Won Colin Powell's Support for Affirmative Action in Higher Education. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, n26 p102-104 Win 1999-2000. Presents the story of how General Colin Powell was persuaded to make a strong statement in support of affirmative action in higher education rather than supporting the Republican Party's nationwide legislative ban on affirmative action, patterned after Proposition 209 in California. (SM)…

Diniz, Fernando Almeida; Netto, Gina (2001). Researching "Race," Racism and Antiracism: The Development of an Ethical Code. MCT, v20 n1 p15-19 Aut. Black researchers collaborated to establish the Scottish Association of Black Researchers (SABRE) and developed "An Ethical Code for Researching Race, Racism and Anti-Racism in Scotland." Highlights the neglect of this issue by mainstream research, the importance of research on race in Scotland, and fundamental questions about the ideological framework of research. Presents the Code and information about SABRE. (SM)…

Stone, James (2004). The Coming of Age of the Civil War Novel. Social Studies, v95 n1 p40 Jan-Feb. The Civil War novel for children has come of age. Although Civil War novels with little substance remain in print, more recent novels are serious in tone and readily available for classroom use. This article briefly summarizes a few Civil War novels that would be good in the classroom….

Sandmann, Alexa (2004). Literature that Promotes Justice for All: Justice Is Indiscriminately Due to All, without Regard to Numbers, Wealth, or Rank. Social Education, v68 n4 p254 May-Jun. In the afterword of the re-released biography "Farewell to Manzanar," just months after September 11, 2001, the authors of the book comment that these attacks, seen by some as the Pearl Harbor of the twenty-first century, give Farewell to Manzanar a new timeliness. The authors observe that this is a dramatic change, one clearly in the tenor of what it means to be a democratic nation. However, this article asserts early responses to September 11 moved the nation to consider all Arabs a threat, just as the nation did with the Japanese in 1943, means that the nation still has issues of justice to address. The moral imperative of educators is to see all children as precious and recognize that they will inherit a world of baffling complexity. The nation's responsibility is to respect and support the dignity of the individual, the health of the community, and the common good of all. The article concludes that this responsibility demands that students be taught to recognize and…

Anyaso, Hilary Hurd; Commodore, Felecia (2004). 2004: A Year in Review. Black Issues in Higher Education, v21 n23 p40 Dec. The 50th anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education and, of course, the hotly contested U.S. presidential election were just two of the events that dominated the headlines in 2004. Throughout the year, colleges and universities, as well as other educational institutions across the country, commemorated the Supreme Court's landmark case by convening lectures, conferences and symposiums. This article reflects on the most memorable moments of 2004 in higher education. Lists of significant headliners and milestones for the year are included….

Sabri, Aisha (2004). Realising Rights: Poverty and Adult Literacy in a Globalising Arab Region. Convergence, v37 n3 p75-87. A consideration of the Arab world illustrates the fact that there can be riches and "growth" with slow or stagnating human development and with significant levels of poverty, and that growth might "perhaps" be an engine of human development if there is "good governance." Good governance refers to the existence of means and mechanisms to ensure that a country is moving towards the principles set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and to the demonstrable ability of citizens of any nation to hold accountable those who govern their well-being and control the mechanisms that impact their lives and those of future generations. This article, by considering briefly some aspects of the Arab region, aims to: (1) Confirm that adult illiteracy is one of the conditions characteristic of the state of poverty "and" of the dynamics of exploitation and deepening impoverishment, and that where illiteracy rates are high the potential to move toward… [Direct]

Eckes, Suzanne E. (2004). The 50th Anniversary of \Brown\: Is There Any Reason to Celebrate?. Equity and Excellence in Education, v37 n3 p219-226. The \Brown v. Board of Education\ decision remains one of the most important legal decisions in history. Although there were local schemes used to avoid desegregating public schools after the decision, black students experienced declining segregation from the 1950s to the late 1980s. During the 1990s, however, a series of Supreme Court decisions stymied desegregation efforts. As a result, some scholars would argue that many of the changes that \Brown\ began are now becoming undone. Given this reality, the 50th anniversary of \Brown\ will not be as celebratory as it might have been. This article examines the impact of \Brown\ and its progeny…. [Direct]

Grady, Marilyn L.; LaCost, Barbara Y. (2005). Shirley Chisholm Had Guts. Journal of Women in Educational Leadership, v3 n1 p1-2 Jan. This article profiles Shirley Chisholm (1924-2205), a 1993 inductee to the National Women's Hall of Fame. Born in New York, she was the oldest of four daughters. Her father was from British Guiana and her mother was from Barbados. In 1927, she was sent to Barbados to live with her maternal grandmother. She was educated in the British school system until she returned to New York in 1934. She attended Girls High School in Brooklyn, graduated cum laude from Brooklyn College in 1946, and received a masters degree in elementary education from Columbia University. She worked at Mt. Calvary Childcare Center in Harlem, was the director of the Hamilton Madison Child Care Center (1953-1959), and was an educational consultant for the Division of Day Care (1959-1964). She served in the New York General Assembly from 1964-1968, and was a founding member of the Congressional Black Caucus. Chisholm was described as a passionate and effective advocate for the needs of minorities, women, and children… [Direct]

Gunter, Helen N.; Reid, Scott A.; Smith, Joanne R. (2005). Aboriginal Self-Determination in Australia: The Effects of Minority-Majority Frames and Target Universalism on Majority Collective Guilt and Compensation Attitudes. Human Communication Research, v31 n2 p189-211 Apr. In the context of Aboriginal-Anglo Australian relations, we tested the effect of framing (multiculturalism versus separatism) and majority group members' social values (universalism) on the persuasiveness of Aboriginal group rhetoric, majority collective guilt, attitudes toward compensation, and reparations for Aboriginals. As predicted, Anglo Australians who are low on universalism report more collective guilt when presented with a multiculturalist than a separatist Aboriginal frame, whereas those high on universalism report high levels of guilt independent of frame. The same pattern was predicted and found for the persuasiveness of the rhetoric and attitudes toward compensation. Our data suggest that (a) for individuals low in universalism, framing produces attitudes consonant with compensation because it produces collective guilt and (b) the reason that universalists are more in favor of compensation and reparation is because of high collective guilt. We discuss the strategic use… [Direct]

Schaub, Diana J. (2002). Abraham Lincoln and the Pillars of Liberty. Academic Questions, v16 n1 p23-31 Dec. In this essay, Diana Schaub, associate professor and chair of the Department of Political Science at Loyola College in Maryland, asserts that the 9/11 attack on America showed students the fallacy not of relativism, but of toleration. They are now aware that there are limits to toleration. By giving such a vivid display of the horrors of fanaticism and extremism, the terrorists may actually have strengthened the relativism of America's youth. She believes that the present moment is an auspicious one for prompting students to question their ingrained relativism, and harks back to Abraham Lincoln's admonition that \time and usurpation\ are America's greatest enemies, against which only virtue and reason (education) will prevail. (Contains 15 notes.)… [Direct]

Munro, Kate (2005). The Public Sale of Funds for Indigenous Education: A Perspective from Tranby Aboriginal College. Australian Journal of Adult Learning, v45 n2 p251-266 Jul. The discussion begins with an overview of the historical struggle for independence in Indigenous education and highlights the success in the provision of quality education by the community-controlled sector, and more specifically, Tranby. The right to self-determination is then contextualised against a backdrop of the Royal Commission Into Aboriginal Deaths In Custody (RCIADIC) and within a framework of international legal authority. Finally the diminution of funding for Indigenous education is discussed with reference to the Indigenous Education (Targeted Assistance) Amendment Bill 2005, and its potential impact on Tranby and the community-controlled sector…. [PDF]

Nelson, Pamela A. (2005). Preparing Students for Citizenship: Literature and Primary Documents. Social Studies and the Young Learner, v17 n3 p21-29 Jan-Feb. History and literature contain the keys to understanding oneself and others. Studying these subjects helps young people realize how the world they know evolved and how people like them coped with challenges, sometimes successfully, sometimes not. These subjects introduce students to models of achievement and courage, but they also provide cautionary tales of human evil, error, and cruelty. Most recently, Keith Barton and Linda Levstik asked educators to consider how the study of history will help young citizens act in a democratic republic in the present and the future? What materials, methodologies, and experiences will involve students with history so that it contributes to their lives as citizens? In this article, the author would like to highlight the role of literature, primary-source materials, and history workshop in helping students learn about the past in preparation for the present and the future. Secondly, the author would like to supply suggestions of notable literature,… [Direct]

Eisenmann, Linda (2005). A Time of Quiet Activism: Research, Practice, and Policy in American Women's Higher Education, 1945-1965. History of Education Quarterly, v45 n1 p1-17 Spr. This article reflects on three narratives that affected American women's participation in higher education during the first twenty years after World War II. In hindsight, the educators of the 1950s and early 1960s may seem gratuitously meek and self-effacing. In comparison to later efforts, their activism can appear unnecessarily limited and too adaptive. Yet, the nature of the advocacy practiced by these postwar educators suited itself to the opportunities and the thinking of an era filled with ambivalence about how women should balance home with career, community work with national service, and personal fulfillment with societal expectation. (Contains 44 footnotes.)… [Direct]

Johnstone, Jodi (2005). Employment of Disabled Persons in the Academic Library Environment. Australian Library Journal, v54 n2 p156-163 May. Academic libraries are the cornerstones of universities in providing information resources for the students and staff of the university. Indirectly, they may be instrumental in the development of beliefs and attitudes regarding the employment of disabled people. In 1998, the Australian Bureau of Statistics conducted a study into the status and wellbeing of disabled people, including employment restrictions. The percentage of the population who are disabled had risen from 15 per cent to 19 per cent in 17 years and half of these are unemployed or have restrictions on their employment…. [Direct]

Permuth, Steve; And Others (1981). The Law, the Student, and the Catholic School. Providing explanatory information regarding the legal principles and issues affecting Catholic school educators, this handbook summarizes student rights, contractual arrangements, and state and federal requirements as they apply to parochial schools. The legal issues involved in torts of negligence, including establishment and violation of educators' duties toward students, proximate cause, and injury, are discussed. A further section reviews specific topics such as discrimination, law enforcement, restraint and corporal punishment, school records, search and seizure of student property, free speech, student publications, and suspension and expulsion. Each topic is accompanied by discussion questions, hypothetical examples, and case citations. The book closes with suggestions for the development of due process policies. (JEH)… [PDF]

Kimmelman, Paul (1982). School Public Library Censorship and the First Amendment. Censorship has become a significant problem for public school libraries and has been addressed in several court cases, including Pico v. Island Trees Board of Education, the first such case to be heard by the Supreme Court. In this case, to be decided in the summer of 1982, the school board voted to remove a group of books from school libraries, despite the recommendations of a committee appointed by the board, on the basis of charges raised against the books by a conservative parents' organization. From a review of the major earlier cases it would appear that the most equitable and efficient approach to the book removal controversy involves balancing the student's right to receive information with the school board's right to select curricular materials free from judicial intervention. (Author/PGD)… [PDF]

(1974). Student Records: Protection of the Rights and Privacy of Parents and Students. The information presented here describes the Federal and State Laws that school officials must adhere to with respect to student records. The sections of the Education Amendment Act of 1974 that deals with the maintenance and release of student records, protection of the rights and privacy of parents and students, protection of pupil rights, and limitation on withholding of Federal funds are listed. The Nebraska State Statutes also delineate specific responsibilities that school district employees accept when student records exist. These deal with such aspects as: listings under everything in the folder, parents may challenge records, personally identifiable records, data-gathering, over 18 children, parents must be told of rights, experimental programs and limitations. Suggested guidelines accompany each category of law. Included under guidelines complying with Nebraska State Law are sections on categorizing student records, academic records, behavioral/disciplinary reports,… [PDF]

Eaneman, Paulette S.; And Others (1974). Juvenile Rights. Second Edition. These classroom materials are part of the Project Benchmark series designed to teach secondary students about our legal concepts and systems. This unit focuses on juvenile rights and responsibilities under the law. The materials outline juvenile rights and responsibilities in the areas of parental control, education, free expression, search and seizure, marriage, work, legal contracts, torts and liability, automobile law, criminal law, and drug and alcohol law. The second section briefly outlines the jurisdiction and procedures of juvenile court. Suggestions are included for a sample lesson requiring students to play roles of a juvenile bill-of-rights convention in which eight freedoms are determined. (DE)…

Moody, Charles D., Sr., Ed.; And Others (1974). Student Behavior, Rights and Responsibilities and the Fair Administration of Discipline. Conference Proceedings, April 1-2, 1974. These conference proceedings explore three major themes on student rights and responsibilities in public secondary schools, with the stated intent of facilitating progress toward an integrated school environment in which each student is (1) encouraged by a multiracial staff to participate fully, and (2) made to feel welcome as an equal member of the school. The first section examines the fair administration of disciplines and includes such topics as psychological perspectives, a principal's viewpoint, and the politics of administering a student discipline code. Under the general rubric of the present scope of school authority and student rights, the second portion considers various substantive and procedural issues such as changes in special education, student records, fact finding techniques, attendance policies, alternative placement, due process, police-school contacts, juvenile courts, and public schools. Three models focusing on curriculum, school policies, and inservice… [PDF]

Reinfeld, Patricia M. (1974). Woman: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow. This booklet on the status of women, aimed at raising the consciousness of female college students, provides an orientation to feminism and references for further pursuit of the areas covered in the following sections. \On Woman and Her Role\ sets the stage with selected quotations, expressing conflicting views of woman's role. \What It Is All About\ gives the reader an answer to the question \What do you think of women's lib?\ by outlining the various aims and grievances of feminists and the action they have taken to improve their condition. \Women and the Law\ deals with the various laws that can be used to achieve equality and provides an address for securing further interpretations of the laws. \Women at Work\ provides a non-restrictive outlook on jobs with suggestions for obtaining more specific information. \The Women Who . . .\ describes women in education, abolition, women's suffrage, religion, social and civic reform, labor, science, business, sports, the arts, and many…

Didion, Catherine Jay (1997). A Report Card on Gender Equity on the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of Title IX. Journal of College Science Teaching, v27 n2 p97-98 Nov. The Association for Women in Science (AWIS), in conjunction with the National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education (NCWGE), published a report card on how women have fared over the past 25 years since the passage of Title IX. The report card gave mathematics and science a C+. Recommends ways of encouraging active participation of women in classes. (PVD)…