Black, Maggie (2001). Early Marriage: Child Spouses. Innocenti Digest No. 7. This digest focuses on early marriage–the marriage of children and young people under the age of 18–from a human rights perspective. Research into early marriage has tended to concentrate on specific aspects of its impact, such as the effects on reproductive health and school drop-out. There has been little examination of the practice as a child rights violation in itself. The digest examines the extent of early marriage, its context, its causes, and its impact on every aspect of the lives of those affected–particularly young girls–and on the wider society. It outlines strategies to help those who have been married at an early age, and for the prevention of early marriage through education, advocacy, and alliance building. The digest concludes with a call for more rights-based research on an issue that has far-reaching consequences. Contains data boxes alongside the text and extensive information sources. (BT)…

Clayton, Claude F., Jr. (1973). Equal Protection and Standardized Testing. Mississippi Law Journal, 44, 5, 900-927, Nov 73. Due to the tremendous increase in the use of standardized tests, there have recently been significant developments in the law that have initiated a reevaluation of the social and legal implications of the use of such tests. (Author)…

Roberts, O. D.; And Others (1972). Procedural Due Process: One Institution's Plan and How it is Working. NASPA Journal, 9, 3, 207-214, Jan 72. …

Welner, Kevin (2002). Examining the Present and the Future of Legal Protections for Controversial Teaching in Public Schools. Classroom speech of public-school teachers is a messy subject with regard to the tension between various societal demands and basic rights of students, teachers, and others at school sites. The demands are not always consistent, and rights are subject to different interpretations depending on which court decision forms the underlying basis for a trial's outcome. This paper analyzes the apparent confusion surrounding this issue of controversial pedagogy. The balancing of rights is discussed with respect to court cases in which the integrity of curriculum and concerns of public interest weaken or eliminate teachers' First Amendment protections. School choice affects teacher speech in a variety of ways because policy-making is decentralized, and greater importance is placed on students' and parents' decisions about what sort of educational experiences produce best results. An analytical framework of more comprehensive scope is needed in addressing these cases involving the notion of a…

Buechler, Mark; And Others (1989). The Debate Over Corporal Punishment. Policy Memo Series No. 5. Corporal punishment, the act of disciplining students by inflicting physical pain (usually paddling the child's backside), has recently come under fire due to the public's growing concern over child abuse. Opponents of corporal punishment assert that there is little hard evidence showing that physical punishment promotes character development or produces lasting behavioral change. In fact, opponents claim that corporal punishment can be counterproductive by increasing rather than curtailing antisocial behavior. Corporal punishment supporters believe that coddling students who deserve to be punished is likely to do lasting harm; supporters suggest that children who do not learn that misbehavior has unfortunate consequences may never learn to behave acceptably. Currently, according to federal court rulings, school authorities can use reasonable physical punishment unless board policies or state laws stipulate otherwise. Across the 32 states that permit corporal punishment in their… [PDF]

McLoughlin, Caven S.; Sametz, Lynn (1983). Teachers' Knowledge of the Law as It Affects Children: Technical Note. Perceptual and Motor Skills, v56 n2 p565-66 Apr. Preservice teachers' (n=107) knowledge of children's legal rights was investigated. Responses to The Survey of Children's Legal Rights indicated that teachers' understanding of the law as it affects children is only marginally correct. (Author)…

Veraldi, Lorna (1995). Academic Freedom and Sexual Harassment. Contemporary Education, v66 n2 p74-76 Win. A discussion of sexual harassment on American college campuses focuses on the case of Silva v. University of New Hampshire. The article examines the university's responsibility to protect students from sexual harassment while at the same time protecting freedom of expression. Various examples are presented in an attempt to define sexual harassment. (SM)…

Daly, James K.; And Others (1995). Building Support for Intellectual Freedom. Contemporary Education, v66 n2 p92-95 Win. An analysis of policy documents from six national organizations that promote intellectual and academic freedom for teachers and students supports the need for school systems to develop and articulate guidelines for addressing challenges to instructional methods and materials used in the schools. Recommended actions are discussed. (SM)…

Powell, Brent (1995). Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King, Jr. Lesson Plan. OAH Magazine of History, v9 n2 p47-49 Win. Presents a five-lesson, high school instructional unit on the ideas and activities of Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King, Jr. Includes student objectives, step-by-step instructional procedures, and discussion questions. Provides quotations by Thoreau and King. (CFR)…

(2009). Doorways I: Student Training Manual on School-Related Gender-Based Violence Prevention and Response. US Agency for International Development The Doorways training program was designed by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)-funded Safe Schools Program (Safe Schools) to enable teachers, community members and students to prevent and respond to school-related gender-based violence (SRGBV). \Doorways I: Student Training Manual on School-Related Gender-Based Violence Prevention and Response\ was designed for students to improve their resiliency and self-efficacy and to help them prevent and respond to SRGBV. A glossary is included. Two appendices are included: (1) School-Related Gender-Based Violence: Definition and Types; and (2) Sample Letter to Parents. (Contains 34 footnotes.) [This manual is part of the Doorways program that comprises: \Doorways II: Community Counselor Reference Materials on School-Related Gender-Based Violence Prevention and Response\ (ED507889); \Doorways II: Community Counselor Training Manual on School-Related Gender-Based Violence Prevention and Response\ (ED507887); \Doorways III:… [PDF]

(1977). Race Relations in Britain. This pamphlet outlines activities that the British government has undertaken to provide equality of opportunity to ethnic minorities. Background information is provided through an overview of immigration trends which describes racial and regional distributions of minority groups. Legislation concerning race relations and discrimination is summarized. Descriptions of the Race Relations Act of 1976, the Commission for Racial Equality, the Incitement to Racial Hatred Act, the Race Relations Board and the Community Relations Commission, Community Relations Councils, and early racial legislation are provided. Social policies enacted for the benefit of racial and ethnic minorities are outlined. The policy areas include housing, health, education, employment, media, and police relations. Immigration statistics and listings of departments and organizations concerned with immigration and race are appended. (MK)…

Bryan, Elizabeth, Ed. (2008). Strategies for Promoting Gender Equity in Developing Countries: Lessons, Challenges, and Opportunities. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Over the last several decades a number of strategies have emerged and evolved to promote gender equity in development efforts. Yet debates regarding the relative efficacy of these strategies remain. On Thursday, April 26, 2007, the Woodrow Wilson Center convened a group of experts on gender and development to address the issue of gender inequality from a variety of perspectives. Panelists reflected on past efforts to promote gender equity and discussed effective strategies for the way forward. The first panel discussed the main approaches to promoting gender equity and the progress made towards incorporating gender concerns in development institutions. Laying out the historical context in which the Women in Development (WID) and Gender and Development (GAD) strategies emerged, Jane Jaquette argued that the way in which these approaches evolved has depended very much on the limitations and opportunities available at different points in time. Discussing the effectiveness of gender… [PDF]

Olagunju, Amos O. (2008). Harmonizing the Interests of Free Speech, Obscenity and Child Pornography on Cyberspace: The New Roles of Parents, Technology and Legislation for Internet Safety. Online Submission, Paper presented at the Oxford Round Table on \The Regulation of Cyberspace: Balancing the Interests\ (Oxford, England, Mar 28, 2008). Incorrect access to Web site addresses and spam e-mails are continuing to make pornography rampant on the Internet at schools, homes and libraries. Collectively, parents, teachers and members of communities must become more aware of the risks and consequences of open access to the Internet, and the distinction between censorship and Internet access filtering. Parental involvement is crucial for raising children with healthy Internet access habits to social and educational materials. Although generations have coped with different times and trials, technology is ushering in new trials. Parents and communities cannot ignore the present and future technology ingrained into the lives of children. This paper contends that, parents armed with legislation and technological security devices for access to the Internet, ought to strengthen the character of online Internet safety. The discussion is focused on the roles parents, communities, technology and laws should play in protecting children… [PDF]

Brodwin, Martin G.; Chen, Roy K.; Ong, Lee Za (2008). Making a Global Impact: The United States' Role in Training International Students as Rehabilitation Counselors and Educators. Rehabilitation Education, v22 n3-4 p193-202. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that about 10% of the world's population has some kind of disability (Poverty and Disability, 2000), yet many of the individuals who live in developing nations lack access to rehabilitation services. In this paper the authors share their concerns and rationale regarding the role of the United States in preparing international students. Specific recommendations to promote the growth of international rehabilitation education and collaboration include (a) accelerating collaborative research and training activities, (b) coordinating international scholars exchange and internship programs, (c) advocating disability rights through political activism, (d) encouraging student involvement in non-governmental agencies, (e) emphasizing cultural sensitivity in rehabilitation education curriculum and research activities, and (f) reviving university-based international rehabilitation programs….

Cumbrera, Marco Garrido; Harnois, Gaston; Lecomte, Jocelin; Mercier, Celine; Saxena, Shekhar (2008). WHO Atlas on Global Resources for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities 2007: Key Findings Relevant for Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, v5 n2 p81-88 Jun. The World Health Organization (WHO) Atlas-ID project was designed to collect, compile, and disseminate information on intellectual disabilities (ID) services and resources from across the world. This paper aims at selecting findings in the Atlas-ID that can be used as a tool for advocacy, human rights awareness, development planning, and monitoring changes regarding resources for persons with intellectual disabilities and their families in countries with the lowest levels of income in the world. After consultation with experts in the field of ID, a questionnaire and its accompanying glossary were developed. This questionnaire was completed by national respondents from 147 countries, areas, and territories that are WHO members (response rate of 74.6% corresponding to 94.6% of the world population). Cross-tabulations were calculated according to WHO region that the countries belong to as well as their levels of income. The data from the Atlas-ID allowed for documenting similarities and… [Direct]

Farrall, Kenneth N. (2009). Suspect until Proven Guilty a Problematization of State Dossier Systems via Two Case Studies: The United States and China. ProQuest LLC, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania. This dissertation problematizes the "state dossier system" (SDS): the production and accumulation of personal information on citizen subjects exceeding the reasonable bounds of risk management. SDS–comprising interconnecting subsystems of records and identification–damage individual autonomy and self-determination, impacting not only human rights, but also the viability of the social system. The research, a hybrid of case-study and cross-national comparison, was guided in part by a theoretical model of four primary SDS driving forces: technology, political economy, law and public sentiment. Data sources included government documents, academic texts, investigative journalism, NGO reports and industry white papers. The primary analytical instrument was the juxtaposition of two individual cases: the U.S. and China. Research found that constraints on the extent of the U.S. SDS today may not be significantly different from China's, a system undergoing significant change amidst… [Direct]

Bechard, Amber; Brown, Randy; Gandy, S. Kay; Kruger, Darrell P.; Williams, Diane (2009). Writing a Successful Fulbright Group Projects Abroad Grant: Voices from a Journey to South Africa. Journal of Geography, v108 n4-5 p155-162. The authors share a successful Fulbright Group Projects Abroad grant award. The purpose of the grant was to enhance American educators' experience and knowledge of South Africa, in particular, and sub-Saharan Africa more generally. Toward that end, participants experienced a multifaceted view of South Africa's geographical diversity, both physical and cultural, through visiting three provinces and four major cities. Participants experienced people and places associated with reconciliation, segregation, and creolization, making comparisons with the U.S. historical experience. The program required participants to attend an orientation, participate in predeparture readings and to develop curriculum units that were shared at a national conference. (Contains 1 figure.)… [Direct]

(1995). [First Amendment.]. Update on the Courts, v3 n3 p1-13 Spr. Two articles in this instructional newsletter elucidate rulings by the United States Supreme Court, Circuit Court of Appeals, and District Courts affecting state sponsored school prayer: (1) "First Amendment Prayer Pendulum"; (2) "First Amendment. Rosenberger v University of Virginia." The newsletter provides the facts of the cases, legal precedents, arguments presented by both sides, significance of the decisions, as well as suggestions for appropriate teaching methods. Articles cover the First Amendment issues of school prayer and public funding for student religious magazines through student activities fees. Teaching strategies for examining both of these issues, including student handouts, are provided. (LH)… [PDF]

Wee, Lionel (2007). Linguistic Human Rights and Mobility. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, v28 n4 p325-338. The Linguistic Human Rights (LHRs) paradigm is motivated by the desire to combat linguistic discrimination, where speakers of discriminated languages find themselves unable to use their preferred language in society at large. However, in an increasingly globalised world where speakers may feel the need or the desire to travel across state boundaries, there is a question about the transposability of LHRs. This paper first considers the human rights discourse, and shows that problems in this discourse are inherited by and exacerbated in the LHRs paradigm, in no small part because its conception of language draws on an ideology of monolingualism. But since a world of mobile humans is one that is fundamentally plurilingual, what is therefore needed is a greater emphasis on the notion of a social language, which provides a more robust understanding of the nature of language, especially in a world where people tend to move around a lot. (Contains 18 notes.)… [Direct]

Maddrell, Avril (2007). Teaching a Contextual and Feminist History of Geography through Role Play: Women's Membership of the Royal Geographical Society (1892-1893). Journal of Geography in Higher Education, v31 n3 p393-412 Sep. Focusing on the debate around women's membership of the Royal Geographical Society (UK) 1892-1893, a role play was written using archive and secondary sources and is reproduced here as a resource. In the first instance the role play makes women visible in the late nineteenth-century geographical discourse. It also shows how institutional practices, grounded in prevailing views, excluded women from institutional recognition, but that this was both local and contested. Although place and time specific, the example provided demonstrates the value of using role plays to tackle historical issues within geography. Largely qualitative analysis of student and colleague feedback shows the importance of placing these historical issues, especially gender, in wider socioeconomic contexts and suggests that by taking this approach a time- and place-specific event allows discussion of much wider issues on the nature and practice of geography, including notions of how geographical discursive… [Direct]

Affouneh, Saida Jaser (2007). How Sustained Conflict Makes Moral Education Impossible: Some Observations from Palestine. Journal of Moral Education, v36 n3 p343-356 Sep. This article explores the impact of conflict and war on children's moral education, taking the case of Palestine as an example. It begins by giving a brief background to the emergency situation in Palestine and the impact this has on children. The second section reports research findings about the attitudes of Palestinian teachers, parents and young people towards the effects of the current conflict on children's personal development and towards the possibility of moral education while the conflict continues. The final section discusses the deeper problem of what sort of moral education is appropriate in such a context and examines specific values, such as love, hate, revenge, forgiveness, peace, anger and violence…. [Direct]

(1996). Rights and Wrongs… Update on the Courts, v4 n3 Spr. This serial issue concerns itself with several conflicts between individual rights and allegedly wrongful acts that the Supreme Court has not considered previously. The articles on these topics illuminate the constitutional issues of equal protection, due process, and freedom of expression. Specific issues addressed include: (1) equal educational opportunities for women and the merits of single sex education; (2) prisoners' rights, specifically addressing access to prison libraries; (3) voting rights, specifically the issue of whether the right to significant representation for minorities means that congressional districts may be shaped oddly (gerrymandering) so that the otherwise outnumbered minorities become majorities within them; (4) a recent labor law ruling by the Court; and (5) student rights' pertaining to school uniforms and participation in competitive sports. The document provides the facts of the cases, legal precedents, significance of the issues, as well as suggestions… [PDF]

Hyman, Ronald T. (2002). Protected Classroom Speech of Public School Teachers: Pickering and Its Progeny. The concept of academic freedom originated in situations related to higher education. Although academic freedom may apply to professors, it is far from clear how, and even why, academic freedom applies to classroom K-12 teachers. This paper treats the balancing of teacher and school district rights in suits brought by teachers who claimed that their school districts retaliated against them, thereby violating the teachers' First Amendment academic-freedom rights. Analysis starts by describing current legal aspects of teacher in-class free speech, including significant court decisions, such "Pickering versus the Board of Education,""Connick versus Myers," and "Cockrel versus Shelby County School District" ("Cockrel II," which is still awaiting trial). Courts across the country are split as to which decision they base their judgments on because each decision is based on a different interpretation of teachers' rights, engendering the use of…

Havighurst, Robert J. (1976). Individual and Group Rights in a Democracy. Society, 13, 2, 13,25-28, Jan-Feb 76. Suggests that the decade of the 1970's is experiencing an uneasy equilibrium among three sets of rights–those of the individual, of disadvantaged groups, and of social institutions designed to serve a post-industrial society. No one of these rights are said to have been chosen for preference by American society. (Author/AM)…

Rosenthal, Joel (1975). Southern Black Student Activism: Assimilation vs Nativalism. Journal of Negro Education, 44, 2, 113-129, Spr 75. An historical account of Southern Black student dissent in Black colleges in this century which focuses on the continuing conflict between the traditional forces of integration and the pull of assimilation as opposed to a more recent emphasis on black nationalism and a search for a truly black university structure. (EH)…

Spector, Malcolm (1978). The American Psychiatric Association Decision on Homosexuality. This paper describes the events leading to and the process by which the American Psychiatric Association decided that homosexuality is not itself a psychiatric disorder. This change was an amendment to the official Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The data come from the analysis of documents and unstructured interviews. The role of gay liberation groups and of liberal factions within the American Psychiatric Association are discussed. Possible consequences of the decision are considered. (Author/MC)…

Leon, Jeffrey S. (1977). New and Old Themes in Canadian Juvenile Justice: The Origins of Delinquency Legislation and the Prospects for Recognition of Children's Rights. Interchange, 8, 1-2, 151-75, 77-78. This article provides a social-historical background to the movement for recognition of children's rights in the Canadian juvenile justice system by outlining the origins of existing juvenile delinquency legislation in Canada and presenting the philosophies and assumptions about children that were favored by early twentieth-century Canadian reformers. (MJB)…

Rentschler, Donald R. (1977). Courts and Politics: Integrating Higher Education in North Carolina. NOLPE School Law Journal, 7, 1, 1-20, 77. Examines the impact of court litigation and various political influences on the integration of post secondary schools in the United States, with particular attention to the experience of North Carolina. (JG)…

Hall, Mair; Harris, Perri (1997). Know Your Rights! Working and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). This pamphlet for people with disabilities provides basic information on the provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) that concern protection from discrimination in employment. Using simple language, the pamphlet provides the following information: what the ADA is, who the ADA is for, who the ADA is not for, how the ADA can help the individual with a disability, definitions of terms, what is meant by "working conditions," who a "qualified worker" is, what is meant by "essential functions," what is meant by "reasonable accommodation," what is meant by "undue hardship," the individual's rights when applying for a job, the individual's rights after being hired but before starting working, the individual's rights after starting to work, ideas for reasonable accommodations, the individual's rights regarding wages and benefits, the individual's rights if fired, what to do if the individual thinks he/she is being… [PDF]

Barnhart, William J.; Biggs, Donald A. (1973). Opinions and Attitudes of Urban Citizens Concerning a Campus Disturbance and Campus Dissent. Journal of College Student Personnel, 14, 6, 521-526, Nov 73. Study results show that most citizens did not consider a week-long campus disturbance to be a legitimate form of social protest and that their attitudes toward campus dissent were related to attitudes toward campus freedom of expression and beliefs about campus life. (Author)…