Wilson, Richard J. (1997). Legal Careers in Criminal Justice. Update on Law-Related Education, v21 n2 p46-48 Spr. Considers the broad range of jobs in law enforcement, the courts, and the correctional systems. Discusses the various paths of education and training leading to these jobs, the most preeminent being law school. Considers opportunities in growing fields such as international criminal law. (MJP)…

Banton, Michael (1996). The International Oversight of Ethnic Relations. American Behavioral Scientist, v40 n1 p86-101 Sep. Discusses the lessons that can be drawn from the attempted implementation of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD). Examines the role of ICERD in Yugoslavia, Rwanda, and Burundi. Assesses those situations and states where ICERD was most and least effective. (MJP)…

Wilson, Margaret Bush (1994). Brown v. Board of Education: A Pictorial History of Public School Desegregation. Update on Law-Related Education, v18 n2 p32-38 Spr. Examines the U.S. Supreme Court "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka" decision and its impact on education and national history. Includes 16 photographs representing various aspects of the history of public school desegregation. (CFR)…

Patrick, John J. (1991). Rights and Liberties at Risk. Update on Law-Related Education, v15 n1 p3-5,44-45 Win. Reaffirms the importance of civic education and active learning about the Bill of Rights and attendant civic responsibilities. Identifies four categories of knowledge deficiencies about the Bill of Rights. Explores four key ways to improve teaching and learning about the Bill of Rights. Stresses connections between civic knowledge and the vitality of liberty. (CH)…

(1994). Recruitment, Admissions, and Students with Disabilities: A Guide for Compliance with Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and Amendments of 1992 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Third Edition. The third edition of this guide on serving postsecondary students with disabilities reflects the language of the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) as well as that of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. An introduction briefly describes both the ADA and Section 504 regulations, noting their close coordination. A section on persons to whom the law applies presents the definition of a handicapped person under Section 504 and an opinion of the Attorney General on the inclusion of alcoholics and drug addicts. The bulk of the guide considers how the law applies to various college admissions activities, including: (1) recruitment, (2) publications, (3) application forms and related topics, (4) admissions tests, (5) financial aid, (6) orientation, and (7) registration. Information provided for each area includes regulation, clarification, what is imperative, and suggested activities. A checklist for development of recruitment and admissions policies and practices by… [PDF]

Brylinsky, Jody (1994). Diffusing of Gender Equity in Sport: Using Innovation vs. Compliance. This paper examines how treating equity conflicts in sports through an emphasis on compliance with Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 has actually hindered the mass adoption of gender equity in sport and proposes that applying the principles of diffusion would allow desired change to occur as an innovation and therefore be more readily accepted. The nature of such a paradigm shift is considered and support is offered for the perceived failure of the compliance approach due to violation of such theoretical principles as obtaining the understanding and support of administrators and providing real consequences for not changing behaviors. Societal reasons for the unacceptability of the compliance approach are identified, such as the need for the innovative idea to demonstrate an advantage and social support of the idea. In contrast, changing the paradigm to that of innovation is seen in terms of commonly accepted equity principles. Possible system failure points for… [PDF]

Brandt, Bonnie Biel (1995). Employment Power: An Employer Awareness & Training Program. Facilitator Manual [and] Participant Manual. This training package includes a Facilitator Manual and a Participant Manual designed to provide information and instructional tools necessary to train Guam employers on awareness and skills related to the successful employment of individuals with disabilities. Module 1 dispels misconceptions and stereotypes related to disabilities. Attitudes and values which support and enhance inclusion and acceptance of persons with disabilities are presented, as well as appropriate language and terminology. Participants are provided with overviews of disabilities and practical suggestions for ways to work with persons who experience various disabling conditions. Module 2 provides information on local and federal laws and regulations related to employing persons with disabilities, particularly provisions of Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Module 3 presents practical ideas and strategies to successfully employ persons with disabilities, including developing effective recruitment… [PDF]

(1995). Women's Education & Fertility Behaviour: Recent Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys. This study is part of an ongoing research program concerned with the linkages between women's status and fertility. Among the various dimensions of women's status, education deserves special attention, since it largely conditions the quality of women's lives and is highly susceptible to improvement through policy intervention. Although women's education should be promoted primarily on human rights and social justice grounds, it is widely recognized as one of the most promising catalysts of sustained fertility decline. Knowledge on the casual linkages between education and fertility can hence serve as a valuable policy instrument in the context of development planning. This report is a follow-up to an earlier United Nations study in the late 1980s and updates existing knowledge on the direct and indirect linkages between women's education and fertility. The contents of this study include: (1) Introduction; (2) "Data and Methodology"; (3) "Women's Education: Levels and…

Layman, Nancy S. (1994). Sexual Harassment in American Secondary Schools: A Legal Guide for Administrators, Teachers and Students. The purpose of this book is to familiarize middle and high school administrators, teachers, and students with the laws concerning sexual harassment and strategies for dealing with it. The book can also help educators avoid liability for sexual harassment. Part 1 defines sexual harassment and emphasizes that men and women may perceive the same behavior in different ways. It also discusses the effects of sexual harassment and suggests appropriate behavior in the school setting. Part 2 explains laws applicable to sexual harassment–federal, civil, and criminal–and the liability that schools and individuals may incur for disregarding the laws. The third part discusses preventive measures that schools must take to comply with federal laws, as well as other optional measures. Suggestions for dealing with incidents of sexually harassing behavior and steps for preventing recurrence are offered in part 4. Finally, the appendices contain a list of selected resources, names and addresses of…

Kaufman, Hattie E. (1991). Access to Institutions of Higher Education for Students with Disabilities. This brochure addresses federal laws, regulations, and litigation that dictate how colleges and universities must accommodate the needs of students with disabilities. Emphasis is on the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504. A summary of the laws' definitions of "handicap" or "disability" reviews litigation concerning the importance of the perception of handicap or disability and special problems with the conditions of drug and alcohol addiction. Requirements for federally assisted programs and activities are noted. Consideration is then given to specific student issues including admissions, adjustments to the academic program, auxiliary aids, student housing, financial aid, student employment, career counseling, placement, physical education and athletics, and health care and health insurance. Other aspects summarized include requirements for physical accessibility and transportation systems. Attached are a checklist of…

Podell, Sara (1992). Confronting the Crisis in the Criminal Justice System. Technical Assistance Bulletin No. 5. Experts agree that the U.S. criminal justice system faces a crisis, yet there is a broad range of views as to its sources, consequences, and solutions. There seems to be a public perception that the individual rights guaranteed accused criminals by the U.S. Constitution prevents the criminal justice system from functioning properly. It is generally accepted among persons involved in the legal system, however, that constitutional rights are not undermining the system. Most experts believe that one of the greatest challenges facing the criminal justice system is the nation's illegal drug problem. Yet there is much disagreement as to how much attention and spending should be devoted to law enforcement as opposed to education. One inescapable fact is that a lack of funds has weakened the justice system. Prosecutors, public defense attorneys, and courts are overwhelmed and generally underpaid. Jails and prisons are terribly overcrowded. Many experts feel that it is important that the… [PDF]

Blanck, Peter David (1994). Communicating the Americans with Disabilities Act. Transcending Compliance: A Case Report on Sears, Roebuck and Co. This report examines the employment practices of Sears, Roebuck and Company, before and after the implementation of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). By studying the corporate behavior of Sears, which employs an estimated 20,000 people with disabilities, the report attempts to stimulate discussion of the communication issues that Sears and other companies face regarding ADA implementation and identify the implications of Sears' ADA-related experiences, policies, and philosophy for other companies as they attempt to meet and transcend ADA compliance. The following implications are drawn from Sears' experiences: (1) the impact of the ADA on American business is evolutionary, not revolutionary; (2) universal design and access, not retrofitted technology, fulfill the objective of including people with and without disabilities in productive work force participation; (3) education of management about the ADA and capabilities of people with disabilities must not be based on… [PDF]

Dewart, Janet, Ed. (1990). The State of Black America 1990. This report, the 15th in a series, contains papers by 10 outstanding scholars concerning the state of black America in 1990; it concludes that while many African Americans have made significant economic and political gains, half of the black population is still mired in poverty, joblessness, and hardship caused by racial discrimination. The convergence of such factors as the end of the Cold War, the realignment of the global economy, and the changing demographics of the nation's work force have created conditions in which the moral imperative to close the racial gap is also an economic imperative. Racial parity should be the national goal for the next decade, including dismantling remaining discriminatory barriers and investing in programs that help make people independent earners in a high technology economy. The 10 papers, which are preceded by brief biographies of the contributors and by an introductory overview, "Black America, 1989," by National Urban League president…

(1997). World Programme of Action Concerning Disabled Persons. Third Review and Appraisal. Disabled Persons Bulletin, n3 p1-11. At its 52nd session, the United Nations General Assembly considered the report of the Secretary-General on the review and appraisal of the World Programme of Action concerning Disabled People, and 44 governments sponsored a draft resolution of further action. The draft was adopted by the Assembly on December 12, 1997. The resolution includes the following recommendations, which: (1) encourage governments and the non-governmental community to examine key social and economic policy issues related to the equalization of opportunities for persons with disabilities; (2) urge governments to cooperate with the Statistics Division of the Secretariat in the continued development of global statistics and indicators; (3) urge relevant bodies and organizations of the United Nations' system to work together in the promotion of the rights of person with disabilities by sharing experiences and findings on disability issues; (4) invite governments, non-governmental organizations, and the private… [PDF]

Gottlieb, Stephen S. (1992). Teaching about the Constitutional Rights of Students. ERIC Digest. This ERIC digest presents a rationale for teaching students about their rights and responsibilities as citizens under the U.S. Constitution. Social studies teachers have a special role in shaping the lives of young citizens and influencing whether students become politically involved adults. Specific constitutional rights such as the right of a criminal suspect to legal representation and the bar on the imposition of cruel and unusual punishment are raised as important subjects for students to understand. Methods of teaching about these rights are suggested. Student rights and responsibilities under the U.S. Constitution also are discussed. (DB)… [PDF]

Fairfax, Jean (1991). A Perspective on the Continuing Struggle for Equity. This publication contains a speech on the continuing struggle for equity in education for African Americans presented to the Southern Education Foundation (SEF) by Jean Fairfax when she received the John A. Griffin Award for Advancing Equity in Education. In the speech, Fairfax addressed disagreements within the black community over educational issues that have accelerated in scope, intensity, and anger since the 1960s. Covered are disagreements over integration implementation methods, the Atlanta (Georgia) school court case, the "Adams v. Richardson" suit of 1970; and the impact of the suit on traditionally black public colleges. In particular, the Adams experience is described as a possible model for confronting issues in the future as it was a conflict around which pragmatic, workable consensus developed. The future demographic diversity of the United States is described, and consequent educational issues are predicted, including multiculturalism, conflict among…

Flicker, Barbara, Ed. (1990). Justice and School Systems: The Role of the Courts in Education Litigation. The effectiveness and deficiencies of judicial intervention in solving the problems of discrimination in the nation's schools are examined in this book. Case studies, surveys, and interviews with lawyers and judges involved in the leading cases are presented in nine chapters by nine contributors, each of whom is a recognized authority in educational or constitutional law, the judiciary, or other pertinent field. Unresolved critical issues of educational litigation of the last decade–racial desegregation, inclusion of bilingual education, education of the disabled, and sex discrimination–are addressed. Court solutions, outcomes, and factors involved are also analyzed. Part 1 consists of an overview of judicial activism in education litigation by Howard I. Kolodner, and part 2 consists of two chapters by Michael A. Rebell examining educational opportunities for children with handicaps. Focus is on special education reforms in New York City and Boston, respectively. Equal educational…

Reichman, Henry (1988). Censorship and Selection: Issues and Answers for Schools. Censorship is the removal, suppression, or restricted circulation of literary, artistic, or educational material–of images, ideas, and information–on the grounds that these are morally or otherwise objectionable in the light of standards applied by the censor. Few in our society advocate the banning of all but a tiny handful of materials from sale, circulation, or display to adults; however, the commitment to free expression is not so clear where minors are concerned, and the picture becomes more clouded still when the issue of schooling enters. The purpose of education is not only to communicate factual information, but to develop in the young the ability to discriminate and choose. This, of necessity, involves some selective transmission of values. As a resource providing educators and citizens with essential information to help them deal effectively with censorship challenges and academic freedom, this document covers: (1) censorship in the schools; (2) areas of conflict; (3)…

Boothroyd, Paul; And Others (1989). Housing for the Physically Disabled: A Commentary, Resource Guide and Selected Bibliography. Prepared for the Coalition of Active Disabled of Chester County, Inc. This document on housing for the physically disabled contains four parts: a commentary; a list of bibliographical references for the commentary; a resource guide; and a selected bibliography of government publications. The commentary portion discusses the psychological, social, and physical problems which physical disability presents to the individual; describes the effect of affordable, accessible housing on that individuals' well-being; and describes relevant federal and state (Pennsylvania) legislation from 1954 to 1988 with emphasis on the Fair Housing Act of 1988. In addition, reasons for lack of effectiveness of earlier legislation, such as lack of protection against discrimination, are summarizes; an illustrated description of adaptations to wheelchair living designed into a model home by the South Carolina Vocational Department is provided; and the concepts of universal design, adaptable housing, design for the life span, and alternative living arrangements are explained….

(1984). Contribution to the Appraisal of the United Nations Decade for Women and to the Design of Strategies for the Future. Prepared to support the efforts of a series of international conferences on the economic and social status of women, this report focuses on Latin American and Caribbean issues and reviews conference directives and goals. Calling attention to the difficulties relating to the evaluation of the status of women, the report mentions the political and social changes which have occurred in the region and which make the situation more complicated. The indicators that are available concerning achievements made by women during the past decades are reviewed. The report discusses the main obstacles to the integration of women, reviews some aspects of planning and social policies, and makes some remarks on the future, including the possible updating of the Regional Plan of Action on the Integration of Women into the Economic and Social Development of Latin America and the Caribbean. (SY)…

(1982). Women: Know Your Rights. Revised Edition. The booklet furnishes general information to the women of Maryland about the Equal Rights Amendment of the Maryland Constitution. One hundred and three questions and answers concerning women's rights are organized into four topics: (1) employment, including employment rights, labor laws, workmen's compensation, unemployment insurance, pregnancy disabilities, and social security; (2) marriage and divorce, including property rights, and transmission of property upon death; (3) finances, including credit, consumer laws, and housing; and (4) health, including health services and medicare/medicaid. Additional information sources are listed under the headings of discrimination, employment, legal matters, credit, consumer protection, family matters, health, and housing. (TRS)…

Abrams, J. Marc; Goodman, S. Mark (1988). End of an Era? The Decline of Student Press Rights in the Wake of the Kuhlmeier Decision. A student's right to freedom of expression was well-protected by twenty years of legal history until the United States Supreme Court in its 1988 decision Hazelwood School District, et al. v. Kuhlmeier, et al. sharply limited this right by approving a school district's censorship of a high school newspaper. Prior to the Kuhlmeier decision courts often used the "public forum" doctrine to uphold freedom of speech or expression. No censorship of expression occurring in a public forum is allowed. School publications were held to be public forums, and absent a showing of "material and substantial interference with school work or discipline" schools could not restrain the full First Amendment rights of their students. The Kuhlmeier decision held that the school newspaper was not a public forum because the school exerted control over it, and therefore the school's actions were justified as long as they were "reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical…

Pullin, Diana; Zirkel, Perry A. (1987). Testing the Handicapped: Legislation, Regulations and Litigation. The widespread use of testing to make critical individual decisions concerning education or employment opportunities, coupled with growing vigilance by the handicapped community, may mean increased legal scrutiny regarding this type of testing. The measurement community is also aware of difficult, perhaps unresolvable psychometric problems associated with testing handicapped persons. The past decade has seen new federal and state statutes designed to ensure handicapped persons' free and equal access to education, employment, and public services and to afford legal sanctions against inappropriate discrimination. This paper reviews legal issues concerning the testing of handicapped students and employees in schools and colleges. Part I summarizes the major specialized sources of applicable statutory and administrative law, focusing on two federal laws: (1) Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which provides a wide definition of handicap and includes numerous testing… [PDF]

Bender, Louis W.; Richardson, Richard C., Jr. (1987). Fostering Minority Access and Achievement in Higher Education: The Role of Urban Community Colleges and Universities. Two overlapping nationwide studies, one funded by the Ford Foundation and the other by the U.S. Department of Education, provide information covering policies, procedures, and practices that enhance or impede the academic success of minority students in universities and community colleges. Topics include understanding the problem of minority underrepresentation in today's higher education; barriers to cooperation between universities and community colleges; the urban community college's role in educating minorities; effecting the transition to urban universities; the states' role in improving minority education; what community college students expect from higher education; how transfer students evaluate their educational experiences; improving transfer programs and practices; assessing the urban educational pipeline; and helping minorities achieve degrees (recommendations for community colleges, universities, and state boards). Appended is a seven-page questionnaire on transferring…

(1988). Fundamentals of U.S. Foreign Policy. Public Information Series. Designed to explore the interests and objectives of U.S. foreign policy, this book addresses: (1) national security and arms control; (2) economic programs and trends; (3) human rights efforts; (4) science and technological developments; (5) relationships with various world regions; and (6) the need for an adequate foreign affairs budget. Chapter 1, "The Interests and Objectives of American Foreign Policy" considers the Reagan administration's role as a global force for prosperity, security, and democratic change. Chapter 2, "National Security and Arms Reduction," focuses on efforts at preserving a peaceful and stable world environment. U.S. efforts in promoting human rights, counterterrorism, narcotics' eradication, and refugee relief are described in chapter 3, "The Human Dimension." Chapter 4, "The Economic Dimension," discusses efforts to achieve a strong and prosperous U.S. economy. Specific environmental concerns are considered in… [PDF]

Irvin, Larry K.; Singer, George S. (1984). Human Rights Review Manual: Behavioral Treatment and Review System. Human rights review is a process by which agencies assure that an intrusive behavioral program is appropriate in a given case. Methods are described for local education agencies to accomplish human rights review of proposed and ongoing intrusive behavioral treatment with students who have severe behavior problems. One approach to human rights review is to utilize the existing Individual Education Plan (IEP) process as much as possible, as the IEP is already in place in special education settings and some of its components address human rights concerns. It is recommended that education agencies develop a Human Rights Committee to ensure due process and to safeguard the rights of students and educators. IEP teams and Human Rights Committees should use the least restrictive alternative as a guiding principle and should distinguish between intrusiveness and restrictiveness. The "Human Rights Review Case Presentation Form," which should be completed for documentation of each…

Dai, Sheila; Papalia, Anthony S. (1982). Counseling Perspectives on Sexual Harassment in Industry. This report focuses on the problem of sexual harassment in industry. Prior research documenting such harassment is cited, and the ability of the counseling profession to address the issue is discussed. Results of the authors' survey of salaried women (N=85) from a large industrial firm are reported; the demographic data and information on sexual harassment indicate that 46% of the women surveyed experienced sexual harassment while working. Results of a survey conducted by the Women's Issues Advisory Committee which confirm these findings are also reported. The need for change in the workplace, based on such data, is discussed. The legal response to sexual harassment is outlined, including the guidelines of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Issues which have yet to be clarified by the courts are explored, including the right to sue because of sexual coercion, and the rights and circumstances involved in filing a Title VII claim. The varying roles of counselors in…

(1988). Self-Determination. Transition Summary, n5. This issue of \Transition Summary\ contains articles about self-determination and becoming a good self-advocate, with each article reflecting the experience of someone who has grown up with a disability. \The Many Facets of Self-Determination\ (Michael Ward) discusses the concept of self-determination; offers an historical perspective of the disability rights movement; and outlines the parents' role during the critical stage for self-determination, adolescence. \Who Chooses?\ (Bill Mitchell) discusses the need for young people with disabilities to be involved in making decisions that affect their lives, and describes three barriers that restrict their opportunities to learn decision-making: overprotection, low expectations, and lack of stable support systems. \Self-Determination and Normalization among Adolescents: The Family as a Crucible of Values\ (Rita Varela) outlines the role of the family in teaching values, the roadblocks facing disabled youth, and the strategies families… [PDF]

(1987). Hearing on Discrimination against Cancer Victims and the Handicapped. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Employment Opportunities of the Committee on Education and Labor. House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, First Session. This hearing was held to receive testimony on private-sector employment discrimination against individuals with cancer and individuals with handicaps. The testimony related to two bills: H.R. 1546, to prohibit discrimination against cancer patients, and H.R. 192, to prohibit employment discrimination against individuals with a disability or a perceived disability. The hearing transcript contains the oral statements, prepared written statements, letters, and supplemental materials from: (1) Mario Biaggi and John Moakley, Representatives in Congress; (2) representatives from private organizations, including National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship, Metropolitan Washington Area Candlelighters, and CANCERVIVE; (3) representatives from colleges, including Gallaudet University and the Training and Research Institute for Adults with Disabilities at Boston College; (4) government agencies, including the Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination and the Niles Township Sheltered… [PDF]

(1988). Title IX: A Practical Guide to Achieving Sex Equity in Education. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 is the principal federal law which prohibits sex discriminaton in education. This monograph sets forth the extent of Title IX's coverage by subject area, describes the obligations of covered institutions, and explains how victims of discrimination can enforce their Title IX right. While dealing with legal issues, the discussion is not designed to be a technical, legal one. Subjects covered include: (1) sex discrimination in admissions to educational institutions; (2) discrimination on the basis of pregnancy and marital status; (3) employment discrimination; (4) Title IX and sports; (5) sexual harassment in educational institutions; (6) student services; (7) Title IX in vocational education; (8) Title IX enforcement; and (9) affirmative action. (JD)… [PDF]