HANSEN, CARL F. (1957). MIRACLE OF SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT–DESEGREGATION IN THE WASHINGTON, D.C. SCHOOLS. FREEDOM PAMPHLET SERIES. THE BULK OF THIS PAMPHLET IS A RECOUNTING OF THE HISTORY OF THE DESEGREGATION OF THE WASHINGTON, D.C. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. MANY ANECDOTES ILLUSTRATE THE PROCESS OF COMMUNITY ADJUSTMENT. SPECIAL ATTENTION IS GIVEN TO DISCIPLINE, SOCIAL ACTIVITIES, ATHLETICS, AND INSERVICE TEACHER EDUCATION IN THE INTEGRATED SCHOOLS. THE MOST COMMON FEAR OF PARENTS WAS THAT INTEGRATION WOULD LOWER EDUCATIONAL STANDARDS FOR ALL CHILDREN. WHEN 1955 CITYWIDE ACHIEVEMENT TESTS WERE CONSIDERABLY BELOW NATIONAL STANDARDS, ORGANIZED COMMUNITY PARENTS DECIDED TO WORK ON THE PROBLEM BY DEMANDING BETTER FISCAL SUPPORT FOR MORE TEACHERS TO REDUCE CLASS SIZE AND TO SET UP SPECIAL CLASSES FOR THE RETARDED. AT THE TIME OF THE PUBLICATION OF THIS PAMPHLET, A BROAD SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM HAD BEEN DEVELOPED, AND ALREADY COMPLETED CURRICULUM REORGANIZATION HAD RESULTED IN INCREASED HOMOGENEOUS GROUPING AT ALL LEVELS. A SKILLS PROGRAM HAD BEEN RE-EMPHASIZED AND PROMOTIONAL PRACTICES HAD BEEN RE-EXAMINED. EMPHASIS ON… [PDF]

HAVIGHURST, ROBERT J. (1966). EDUCATION IN METROPOLITAN AREAS. THIS BOOK DISCUSSES THE EFFECT OF METROPOLITANISM ON EDUCATION. METROPOLITANISM IS VIEWED BOTH AS A SET OF \EVENTS\ AND AS A SET OF \GOALS\ OR \TASKS\ WHICH CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY SHOULD ACHIEVE. ONE PART OF THE BOOK DISCUSSES THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND GROWTH OF METROPOLITAN AREAS AND THE OPERATION OF METROPOLITAN SCHOOL SYSTEMS. SUCH ISSUES AS SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, RACIAL STRATIFICATION, MOBILITY, URBANIZATION, CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBURBS, SCHOOL SEGREGATION, AND VARIOUS KINDS OF SCHOOLS AND TYPES OF EDUCATION ARE DESCRIBED IN THIS SECTION. ANOTHER SECTION IS DEVOTED TO CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL CHANGES IN WHICH URBAN RENEWAL AND THE NEGRO SOCIAL REVOLUTION ARE PARTICULARLY SIGNIFICANT. BECAUSE THESE SOCIAL CHANGES PRESENT A SPECIAL CHALLENGE TO TEACHERS, ONE CHAPTER IN THIS SECTION DEALS WITH THE SOCIAL ORIGINS, ATTITUDES, PREPARATION, AND MINORITY-GROUP STATUS OF TEACHERS IN BIG CITY SCHOOLS. THE FINAL CHAPTER OF THE BOOK DISCUSSES THE SCHOOL SYSTEM AS A FUNCTIONAL SOCIAL SYSTEM IN THE…

Conte, Jon R. (1980). A Child Welfare Perspective on Children's Versus Parent's Rights in Incestuous Families. The act of intervention into family life creates a conflict between the rights of the sexually abused child and the integrity of the family. From the child-welfare perspective, the conflict consists primarily in the ambiguity of child-welfare values which on the one hand support the sanctity of the family and on the other recognize the child's right to be free from abuse and neglect. Child-welfare professionals have not fully addressed this conflict, which is as significant as the legal conflict between children's and parents' rights. Resolution of this conflict implies support for the child's right to a family that provides the necessary care, nurturance, and socialization. Such a family would by definition be free of exploitive and coercive acts such as sexual abuse. The professional must, therefore, confront the question, "Is sexual abuse of children by parents to be tolerated?" A decision that such behavior is not to be permitted should not alter the view that state…

(1979). The Minority Woman in America: Professionalism at What Cost. Proceedings of a Conference at the University of California (San Francisco, March 16-18, 1979). Proceedings from a conference on minority women in the health sciences are compiled. The conference participants included social scientists, nurses, health educators, physicians, and academic administrators representing institutions and programs throughout the United States. The role of minority women as health care providers was addressed as well as the problems and concerns of minority professional women. The goals of the conference included: assessment of the current state of research and knowledge about professional minority women's experiences, identification of areas for further research, compiling of recommendations, and creating an atmosphere where minority women and men professionals could meet and discuss one another's work and exchange ideas. The following papers are included: \Making Ourselves Visible: Evolution of Career Status and Self-Image of Minority Professional Women\ (Sharon Collins); \The Nature of Professional Training for Minority Women: An Overview\ (Vicki…

(1979). Tennessee Higher Education Commission Staff Study. Re: House Resolution No. 107. The Tennessee Higher Education Commission conducted a study of the salaries of teaching staff and faculty in response to Tennessee House Resolution 107 on sexual discrimination. This study is the first known statewide effort to determine academic salaries. A multiple regression analysis model was used. Among the general findings were that: (1) many institutions indicated that sex was not a statistically significant factor in salary determination; (2) there is considerable variation among campuses on procedures for salary review; and (3) women faculty members are concentrated in the lower paying disciplines (education, home economics, nursing, social sciences, humanities, and fine arts). General recommendations included in part, that each campus should develop systematic methods for annual review of salaries to determine if sex is a discriminatory factor, that women should be encouraged to seek doctoral degrees to enhance their chances of promotion and higher salaries, and that…

(1967). A STATISTICAL SUMMARY, STATE BY STATE, OF SCHOOL SEGREGATION-DESEGREGATION IN THE SOUTHERN AND BORDER AREA FROM 1945 TO THE PRESENT. 16TH REVISION. THE FOLLOWING DATA ARE GIVEN IN THIS REPORT TO INDICATE THE STATUS OF DESEGREGATION IN EACH OF THE SOUTHERN AND BORDER STATES–(1) RATE OF DESEGREGATION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS (ARRANGED BY SCHOOL DISTRICT), PUBLIC COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES, AND SPECIAL SCHOOLS, (2) STATUS OF FACULTY DESEGREGATION, AND (3) NUMBER OF "OTHER" ETHNIC GROUP STUDENTS IN THE SCHOOLS. ALSO INCLUDED ARE DESEGREGATION STATISTICS ON THE SOUTH AS A WHOLE, A DESCRIPTION OF THE STATUS OF DESEGREGATION SINCE 1954, AND A STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENTS SINCE 1954. (EF)… [PDF]

JENKINS, H. HARRISON; MIZELL, M. HAYES (1968). A DIVISIVE ISSUE, FREEDOM OF CHOICE. PRESENTED ARE TWO SEPARATE ARTICLES, ONE CRITICIZING AND THE OTHER DEFENDING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE FREEDOM OF CHOICE SCHOOL DESEGREGATION PLAN IN THE SOUTH. ACCORDING TO THIS PLAN, PUPILS (OR THEIR PARENTS) MAY CHOOSE THE SCHOOLS THEY WISH TO ATTEND WITHIN A GIVEN DISTRICT. IN THE ARTICLE AGAINST THE PLAN, IT IS ARGUED THAT PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL RESTRAINTS MAKE THE SOUTHERN NEGRO'S "FREEDOM" THE FREEDOM TO RISK SOCIAL ISOLATION AND ACADEMIC FAILURE AND THE FREEDOM TO BE DENIED EDUCATIONAL EQUALITY. IT IS FURTHER ARGUED THAT THIS METHOD, WHILE GIVING TOKEN COMPLIANCE WITH THE DESEGREGATION ORDER, ACTUALLY PRESERVES THE STATUS QUO AND ENCOURAGES RESEGREGATION. THE SECOND ARTICLE SUGGESTS THAT A FREEDOM OF CHOICE PLAN NEEDS TIME TO OPERATE EFFECTIVELY, BUT WILL RESULT IN TOTALLY INTEGRATED SCHOOLS. IT IS FELT THAT THE OBLIGATION OF THE SCHOOL SYSTEM IS TO ALLOW A FREE CHOICE TO BE MADE BY ALL, AND THAT THE INTRODUCTION OF A QUOTA PLAN WOULD DENY THE NEGRO HIS DEMOCRATIC… [PDF]

(1965). Space for the Mentally Retarded in South Dakota. Final Report. The 10 priority recommendations for aiding the mentally retarded in South Dakota are presented. Summaries are provided of recommendations for federal and state legislative action and for state agencies, communities, state medical and hospital associations, and private organizations. The State and the method of planning are discussed; mental retardation is defined; and an administrative report is given. Committee reports are included on the following: public health and prenatal care; private medical practice; early diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation; family counseling and assistance; day care; education and training; vocational rehabilitation, occupation, and employment; social development, recreation, and religion; guardianship, and legal protection and processes; geriatrics; dependent living; public and professional information; research and statistics; personnel and manpower; and prevention. The appendix contains a copy of the county questionnaire, a glossary, and lists of the… [PDF]

(1976). Affirmative Action Plan of the New Jersey State Department of Education. This booklet outlines the New Jersey State Department of Education's affirmative action plan to achieve equal opportunity for all employees and applicants for employment in the State Department of Education. The plan calls for compliance with federal and state legislation regulating employment practices and requiring fairness and equity in hiring, promotion, demotion, transfer, recruitment, termination, pay rates, benefits, and selection for training or academic leave. Under the plan, the commissioner of education is responsible for guaranteeing affirmative action compliance within not only the state department, but in all other educational agencies receiving resources from the state, including local school districts. The plan provides for state department personnel, including an affirmative action officer, coordinator, and advisory committee, to oversee its implementation. (Author/DS)…

Fogarty, James S. (1976). Emerging Trends in Court Rulings Affecting Daily Operations of the Schools. Traditionally, the public schools have been primarily within the domain of local administrators; however, over the past two decades, the courts have become involved more and more in decisions that affect daily operational procedures of the schools. The purpose of this paper is to examine current issues in educational law, including suspension, corporal punishment, search and seizure, teacher rights, school desegregation, and homosexual rights. The analysis is directed to a close examination of individual versus corporate rights in order to establish a \tone\ of how the courts have been ruling. This examination allows some predictions to be made about future court actions. Relevant dissenting opinions are noted in the process of establishing the tone. Representative cases have been carefully selected from each area considered. It is not the writer's intent to give indepth coverage of any one topic but, rather, to provide insight based on a comprehensive view. (Author/IRT)…

Hurwitz, Emanuel, Jr.; Tesconi, Charles A., Jr. (1974). Education for Whom? The Question of Equal Educational Opportunity. Basic research findings, concepts, ideas, and insights are explored in considering what is believed to be an old yet still crucial issue today–equality of educational opportunities. This document is said to serve seven purposes; introduction to the issue, analysis and illustration of major elements in the issue, illumination of the major role played by courts, clarification of the emerging and increasingly favored interpretation of the issue among social scientists, illustration of the ways in which concerned citizens and professionals believe that equal educational opportunity can occur, and identification of arenas in which certain interpretations of the issue might raise new educational issues. Each chapter is said to serve a particular function within a four-sided analytical framework. The functions are that of description, illustration, analysis, and projection. Chapters deal with: a description of the educational opportunity conflict, desegregation, and school finance;…

Eaneman, Paulette S.; And Others (1973). Fair Procedures. These materials are part of the Project Benchmark series designed to teach secondary students about our legal concepts and systems. This unit focuses on individual rights and fair procedures under the law. The materials outline the Bill of Rights, due process guarantees, the right to a fair hearing, fair and unfair trials, search and seizure laws, exceptions to the lawful arrest procedure, the necessity for a search warrant, and equal protection guarantees. A case fact sheet, role sheets, case procedures, complaint information, and jury instruction sheet for a mock trial which illustrates these legal concepts are provided. (DE)… [PDF]

(1970). Maintaining Campus Order and Integrity. AASCU Studies 1970/4. To prepare for the possibility of further campus unrest and disorders, the American Association of State Colleges and Universities (AASCU) held a series of regional seminars in the summer of 1970. About 70 presidents and other administrators attended each of the seminars. Their major concern was not the repression of student dissent but finding ways of dealing with disorders so as to protect students' rights and lives and yet satisfy the need for order on the campuses. All seminar discussions were based on the premise that the maintenance of order is an essential obligation of the administration of colleges and universities. The participants discussed ways of preventing disorders before they occur and it was agreed that the most important step is student involvement in decisionmaking. Some specific suggestions included the creation of the office of ombudsman and improving internal communication with such measures as an administration newspaper. Discussion was also concerned with… [PDF]

Marsee, Stuart E. (1975). Notice of Charge of Employment Discrimination–Prelude to Fact Finding or Witch Hunt?. Recent legislation has required affirmative action in the hiring practices of educational institutions. In order to ascertain the effects of equal employment laws on community college administration in California, a questionnaire was prepared and sent to 98 California community college districts; it requested administrators to provide information regarding their personal experiences with Notices of Charge of Employment Discrimination. Of the 74 college districts responding, 28 (37.8 percent) had received such notices; the majority were charges of sex discrimination. Written comments added to the questionnaires indicate the administrators' dissatisfaction with the procedures; they claim that they are assumed guilty until proven innocent, that the paperwork involved in defense is monumental, and that the length of litigation is extensive. According to the author, the federal and state "Guidelines" and "Regulations" were written to direct employers who hire workers… [PDF]

Chalmers, W. Ellison (1974). Racial Negotiations: Potentials and Limitations. The research focused on two questions: (1) Can blacks use the negotiating process to overcome white resistance to institutional change? How much and what kinds of change can be achieved by their use of the negotiating process? In this approach, can they take advantage of pressures for change that exist either inside or outside the institution? (2) Can whites, operating within white-controlled institutions, use the negotiating process to reach an accommodation with specialized black interests and build these interests into institutional functioning? How can such changes affect the general objective of these various institutions? The total project included some 16 different case studies, each compiled by both a black and white scholar who interviewed the principal participants in a recent racial confrontation in which the experimental negotiations procedure was used. Each report sought to describe the relevant events, set them in a larger context, and search for explanations of the…

(1974). Affirmative Action Plan for School Districts. This booklet presents a model for use by any size or type of school district in developing an affirmative action plan. The model is intended to give districts a clear idea of what affirmative action requires and what type of program must be implemented for affirmative action to be successful. Separate sections of the booklet discuss numerical review and analysis of the school district work force; goals and timelines for an affirmative action program; inservice training, negotiation, and implementation of an affirmative action program; grievance procedures; record keeping, monitoring, and evaluation; and guidelines for recruiting, hiring, and retaining minority group employees. The appendix includes an extensive list of ethnic organizations and agencies in the state of Washington for use in recruiting minority group employees. (Author/JG)… [PDF]

Mayer, Martin (1969). The Confrontation. The New York City school teachers strike of 1968 was the outcome of a conflict which had been growing since the establishment of the Ocean Hill-Brownsville experiment in decentralized school administration. This conflict developed over the Local Governing Board's desire to clearly establish its authority to hire and fire employees of the district, and the United Federation of Teachers' contention that their contract with the New York City Board of Education prohibited arbitrary action of this nature by the Local Governing Board. On May 7, 1968, the Ocean Hill-Brownsville Local Governing Board terminated the services of 19 staff members without causal evidence or formal hearings. This action brought about a teachers strike within the district which was still in effect as the school year ended. Attempts at mediation of the dispute were made throughout the summer, but were unsuccessful. The polarization of positions became particularly evident when a court decision denying the Local… [PDF]

Lopez, Andrew (1969). Minority Groups in New Mexico. The employment problem among minority groups (whites with a Spanish surname, American Indians, and Negroes) in New Mexico is the major consideration of this study. Minority groups are defined, and charts, maps, and graphs clarify the definition. The study brings together as much socioeconomic information as possible to aid the New Mexico State Employment Service in meeting the employment needs of minority groups. Two of the key findings isolated by the study were (1) that, despite having equal education, non-whites earned less than whites in New Mexico and (2) that there were factors other than education which seemed to prevent minority group members from obtaining jobs and salaries similar to majority group members with the same educational attainment. The document also includes reviews of basic State and Federal legislation related to equal employment opportunities of minority groups. (DB)… [PDF]

Jackson, Ronald; And Others (1974). A Plan for Advancing Quality and Excellence by the Organization and Management of Public Education. A Report and Recommendations. This report presents the work of the parents, students, citizens, and educators who developed 22 practically, politically, and financially feasible recommendations whose implementation would have a broad and constructive impact on the availability, quality, and cost of educational service in Massachusetts. Recommendations deal with the establishment of regional collaboration services, expansion of school district size, consolidation and regionalization, vocational education, minority and urban issues, and educational finance. (Author/DW)… [PDF]

Bruno, James E., Ed. (1972). Emerging Issues in Education: Policy Implications for the Schools. Contents of this volume, one product of a collaboration between the Carnegie Corporation and Rand initiated in July 1969, include the following papers: \Emerging Issues in Education . . .,\ J. E. Bruno; \Societal Foundations for Change: Educational Alternatives for the Future,\ W. Harman: \Constitutional Aspects of Equality of Educational Opportunity,\ H. Horowitz; \Heritability and Teachability,\ A. R. Jensen; \Community Influence Upon School District Policy: Building Responsiveness in Urban School Districts,\ J. D. Schribner; \Teacher Militancy: An Analysis of the Strike-Prone Teacher,\ H. Zeigler; \School Finance Policy for the Next Decade,\ E. L. Lindman; \Early Education and Child Care,\ R. R. Rowe; \An Analysis of Curriculum Policy-Making,\ M. W. Kirst and D. F. Walker;\Teacher Characteristics and Their Influence on Pupil Performance,\ A. M. Mood; \Technology and Learning: An Analysis of Current Issues,\ C. R. Carpenter; \Issues and Insights into Accountability in Education: An…

Donelson, Kenneth, Ed. (1972). The Students' Right to Read. 1972 Edition. This statement of the NCTE is addressed to the problem of censorship in the public schools, especially censorship in the form of pressure to restrict or deny students access to books or periodicals deemed objectionable by some individual or group on moral, political, religious, ethnic, racial, or philosophical grounds. It is felt that any work is potentially open to attack by someone for some reason and that censorship is often arbitrary and irrational. One part of this statement, \The Right to Read,\ is an open letter to all citizens providing a rationale against censorship, discussing why censorship is a threat to education, and what the community's responsibilities are in supporting free inquiry. Another section, \A Program of Action,\ addressed to teachers of English, librarians, and school administrators, discusses procedures for book selection, some of the legal problems of censorship, and how to defend books against complaints or requests for censorship. A selected… [PDF]

Harrison, Charles H. (1972). Schoolgirl Pregnancy: Old Problem; New Solutions. The school policy of denying a pregnant girl any formal education for months, years, or forever, is the current policy that exists today in the majority of America's school districts. However, court decisions, revised state policies, and changing attitudes of people of all ages are putting more and more pressure on local school boards and administrators to come up with new policies that offer expectant students something better than banishment from education. It appears that schools still have a long way to go before they are far removed from the policy which implies that school-age marriage and pregnancy are evil and insists that school will not see the evil, not hear about it, and not speak about it. This report describes what the schools are moving from and toward, pointing out some of the promising developments and some of the most pressing problems along the way. (Author)… [PDF]

Suggested Goals for Local Human Relations Programs. Info-Item Educators Digest/No. 2071. It is recommended that a human relations program should address itself to developing understanding and acceptance of oneself and others by relating to others on the basis of their dignity and worth. Its primary goals should be: (1) to develop an awareness on the part of educators and students to the need for honest and open expression; (2) to emphasize team problem-solving where intergroup tensions exist; and (3) to develop a crisis prevention mechanism before problems reach crisis proportions. As suggested guidelines for such a program, the document also discusses: (1) considerations in organizing a local human relations committee; (2) a suggested format for local workshops; (3) acceptable human relations strategies; (4) suggestions for creating positive self-images in children; (5) guidelines for effective intergroup relations; (6) a suggested calendar for a local human relations program; and (7) definitions of human relations concepts. (MB)… [PDF]

Toler, Frank (1988). The President and the Constitution. Social Studies Review, v27 n2 p37-49 Win. Intended for ninth grade students, this ten day unit focuses on the constitutional powers of the President of the United States. Included are worksheets, vocabulary, writing assignments, tests, and quizzes. (JDH)…

Organ, Jerome M.; Weeks, Kent M. (1986). Educational Institutions and Comparable Worth: A Doctrine in Search of Application. Journal of Law and Education, v15 n2 p207-28 Spr. Discusses legal and practical problems which prevent the full implementation of the concept of equal pay for jobs of comparable worth. Reviews legislative history of Title VII, the case of "County of Washington vs. Gunther," and other recent litigation, focusing on the impact of comparable worth on educational institutions. (IW)…

Barnett, Marguerite Ross (1985). School Desegregation: A New Perspective. Social Policy, v15 n3 p47-53 Win. Considers school desegregation in light of: (1) its relationship to the structure of American racism; (2) its status as a form of racial public policy; and (3) the shift in public policy toward narrower views of the proper government role. Outlines an interpretation of school desegregation in relationship to broader dynamics of American social change. (KH)…

Epstein, Terrie; Hursh, Heidi (1985). National Organization for Women (NOW) Bill of Rights for 1969. OAH Magazine of History, v1 n1 p27-28 Apr. As early as 1848, women organized into groups to assert their rights as citizens. In 1969, the National Organization for Women developed a Bill of Rights. The document is presented here, accompanied by learning activities, discussion and debate questions, and research topics for use with high school students. (RM)…

Noel, Jana (2004). The Creation of the First State-Supported Colored School in Marysville, California: A Community's Legacy. Online Submission, Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the History of Education Society (Kansas City, MO, Nov 3-7, 2004). This paper presents an historical study of the creation of the first publicly funded "colored school" in Marysville, California, in 1857, focusing on the community's efforts to open the school. The colored school was part of a dynamic Black community full of economic and social vitality, yet was in a time period in which Blacks still could not attend public school with White children. This study documented the individuals and community groups–both Black and White–who participated in the establishment of this colored school, as well as to document the specific efforts and events involved in getting this school funded and opened. This study uncovered the names and backgrounds of people involved, the communities' churches, businesses, interactions between the Black community and the City Council and Board of Education of Marysville, and the chronology and contents of meetings held to further the development of the schools. It details the chronology of the opening of the… [PDF]

Beckham, Joseph C. (1997). Student Searches in Public Schools. Focus on Legal Issues for School Administrators. School administrators sometimes face circumstances in which student searches seem necessary in order to maintain discipline and provide a safe learning environment. This publication provides an overview of recent court cases related to student searches, in an effort to help school officials anticipate and avoid legal problems while they carry out their duties to ensure the safety of their students. Topics include justification for a search, the importance of individualized suspicion, the totality of circumstances, pat-downs and strip searches, and blanket searches. Although students expect privacy in the school setting, the state's custodial and supervisory authority means that students have a lesser expectation of privacy than would an ordinary citizen. Eight specific guidelines are offered. (Contains 31 endnotes). (LMI)…

Forbes, Jack D. (1993). Native Americans of California and Nevada. Revised Edition. This book is designed to provide an introductory synthesis of the history and sociocultural evolution of Native American peoples in the Far West, with strong emphasis on California and Nevada. The book focuses particularly on those historical and cultural experiences likely to have contributed to the present conditions of Native communities and individuals, and on basic concepts related to Indian studies and improvement of Indian education. The book intends to counter widespread "mis-education" about the Native experience in North America, which leaves most non-Indians with a vague idea that Indians were "wronged" at some remote time but no accurate notion of what actually occurred or of the continuing reality of Indian life today. Chapters cover: (1) historical, cultural, and biological (genetic) legacies of American Indians and their significance for U.S. society; (2) the evolution of Native California and Nevada (origin of first Westerners, ancient American…