(1976). Struggle for Equal Opportunity–Strategies for Social Welfare Action. Lutte pour l'egalite des chances–Strategies pour l'action sociale. In this report the concept of equal opportunities and strategies for implementing social welfare programs in Canada are discussed. Existing laws and services are described. Access to services and the extension of welfare rights are considered. Definitions of poverty, strategies for the redistribution of income, and obstacles preventing income redistribution are examined. The question of equal opportunities for minorities, including the French language population, native peoples, women, immigrants, and the poor, is viewed in light of government priorities. Strategies for creating equal opportunities in politics and administration and among geo-political areas within Canada are suggested. International cooperation in the attainment of social welfare rights is explored in terms of the Canadian attitude towards social development. (WI)…

Seifer, Nancy (1976). Where Feminism and Ethnicity Intersect: The Impact of Parallel Movements. Working Paper Series Number 16. In the past five years, the Women's Movement and rising ethnic identity among white and racial minority groups have become facts of life in American society. Both movements challenged the myth of the American melting pot and the promise of \freedom, justice and liberty for all.\ The answer to apparent societal fragmentation may be found in an examination of the reciprocal impacts of cultural diversity and the Women's Movement. In its early years, the Movement's base was narrow, appealing to white, middle class professionals, and frequently alienating the majority of American women. But as the Movement dug deeper into all areas of discrimination, the fight for equal rights gained new adherents and new affiliations with organizations that focused on the needs of working class women. The Movement's impact is visible in such developments as the formation of women's labor unions, innovative education programs sensitive to women's special needs, and women's support groups in ethnic…

Seif, Elliott (1974). Learning Activity Packets for High School Social Studies, American Studies, American History and Low Achieving and Low Achieving Students. Course II. Social studies readings and activities designed primarily for low achieving students are presented. Objectives are to help social studies classroom teachers develop goals which are clear to students, suggest activities which work toward stated goals, offer evaluative measures particularly designed for low achieving students, and present readings which relate American historical and cultural ideas to the students' lives. Materials and activities are organized around the following topics: Constitutional rights, protest and dissent, political parties, organized groups, and influences on thinking and attitudes. In addition to describing each topic, information is presented on skills and tools needed for the unit and general unit objectives. Activities involve students in reading case studies, answering questions which are based on the case studies, defining and learning vocabulary words and phrases, discussing ideas in class, analyzing articles from newspapers and magazines, filling in…

Piele, Philip K., Ed. (1979). The Yearbook of School Law, 1979. This volume continues the series that for 29 consecutive years has given a concise reference to the latest court decisions affecting the operation of elementary and secondary schools in the United States. This \yearbook\ summarizes and analyzes all of last year's state appellate court and federal court decisions and holdings that affect schools, as well as other significant school law decisions of record. These decisions–whether they concern employees, collective bargaining, pupils, or finance–should be instructive and useful to administrators, attorneys, school board members, and others who deal with similar matters in their own schools. The 1979 edition includes all cases relevant to public school education decided during the 1978 calendar year and reported in West's \General Digest,\ up to and including the March 1979 issue, as well as any 1977 cases that were not reported in the 1978 edition of this yearbook. Separate chapters deal with educational governance, employees,…

COLEMAN, JAMES S. (1967). RACE RELATIONS AND SOCIAL CHANGE. BASED UPON AN ECONOMIC MODEL OF SOCIAL ASSETS AND DEFICITS, A NUMBER OF THEORETICAL FORMULATIONS ARE SUGGESTED FOR RESEARCH TO DETERMINE HOW NEGROES MAY ATTAIN POWER OR PERSONAL OPPORTUNITY AND STATUS IN AMERICAN SOCIETY EQUIVALENT TO THAT ENJOYED BY THE WHITE MAJORITY. PRIMARY DEFICITS HELD BY NEGROES IN AMERICAN SOCIETY INCLUDE LIMITATION OF SOCIAL ACTION AS A CONSEQUENCE OF SKIN COLOR, RELATIVELY LOW ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL POWER, COMPARATIVELY LOW FAMILY AND COMMUNITY COHESION, AND THE LARGER SOCIETAL ATTRIBUTES OF WHITE PREJUDICE, LIMITED NUMBER OF JOBS REQUIRING LITTLE EDUCATION, AND THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF LIVING ON A SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY. PRIMARY ASSETS INCLUDE GROWING POLITICAL POWER AND AN EXPANDING NATIONAL ECONOMY WHICH MAKE POSSIBLE THE ALLOCATION OF NATIONAL RESOURCES FOR RAISING NEGRO POWER. RESEARCH IS PROPOSED TO DETERMINE WAYS FOR CONVERTING INTO POSITIVE SOCIAL CHANGE FACTORS A NUMBER OF RESOURCES AVAILABLE TO THE NEGRO COMMUNITY, INCLUDING COMMUNITY TRUST AND… [PDF]

Anastasiow, Mary A. (1980). Models of Advocacy for the School Psychologist. A child advocate, whether parent or designated member of an agency, must be a representative of the child's interests and must ascertain that schools are performing their functions as prescribed by legal, social, and moral standards. The person best situated to assume the role of child advocate in the schools is the school psychologist. Several models of child advocacy are applicable within the educational domain. In the \personal advocacy\ model, the school psychologist remains independent of direct service delivery by connecting the child and family with appropriate agencies, and concentrates on enhancing the child's awareness of his/her needs, interests, and resources. In the \class advocacy\ model, intervention acts to bring about changes desired by persons concerned with issues such as laws affecting children within the schools, and identification and improvement of services required by exceptional children. In each model, the school psychologist functions as the bridge between…

Sinensky, Jeffrey P.; Weisz, Richard A. (1980). Church-State Separation: Recent Trends and Developments. ADL Domestic Report: Law, Vol. VI, No. 1. LAW, v6 n1 Win. Recent trends and developments regarding the practice of religion in public schools are discussed in this report. Topics included are prayer, display of religious symbols and materials, holiday observances, weekend activities, distribution and study of scriptural literature, "parochiaid," and religious discrimination. The author concludes that the Establishment Clause of the U. S. Constitution has been breached with increasing frequency because of a trend towards more conservative attitudes by the public at large who are not tolerant of minority views; the growth of the Christian evangelical movement and its entry into politics; and the apparent willingness of judges to relax previous interpretations of the tri-partite test to evaluate governmental activity challenged under the Establishment Clause. (JEH)…

Badertscher, Jim (1980). The Employment Interview: An Essential Selection Tool. OSSC Bulletin Vol. 23, No. 5. The selection of a highly qualified staff is important to the development of an excellent school. In this article, school administrators are advised in the area of personnel selection about preparations for interviewing, conducting an interview, relevant questioning, and the art of effective listening. A major contribution is a review of what constitutes a lawful interview and the possible repercussions of violating statutes pertaining to the interviewing process. Federal and Oregon legislative acts pertaining to equal employment are summarized and applied to topics that may be discussed at an interview with examples of lawful inquiries and unlawful inquiries. (Author/MLF)…

Jenkinson, Edward B. (1978). "Who Will Control the Minds of the Students" in Warsaw, Indiana? Occasional Paper Number 16. A chronology of the events in a 1977-1978 series of teacher/school board/administrator conflicts in Warsaw, Indiana, is presented in this paper. Newspaper stories, editorials, letters, memoranda, interview statements, legal documents, and minutes of various meetings are cited in accounts of numerous individual events. The events reported involve conflicts regarding the school board's removal of an individually guided elementary education program; the banning and burning of a values clarification book used in the high school; the banning of three books used by a high school teacher, and the teacher's subsequent dismissal; the dismissals of other teachers for nonacademic reasons; the school board-initiated search for "objectionable material" used in classrooms; the discontinuation of a phase-elective program at the high school; alleged administrator intimidation of a student who wrote an editorial supporting two dismissed teachers; and the complaint brought before the…

Gordon, Helen H. (1977). The Effects of Affirmative Action on the Role of the Employment Screening Committee. A selected sample of faculty at Bakersfield College was surveyed to determine their perception of the effects of a district affirmative action policy on the role of the screening committee in the hiring process. It was anticipated that many would perceive the role of the committee to have been diminished and would offer helpful suggestions for improving the screening and hiring processes. Thirteen faculty members with screening committee experience responded to a questionnaire that elicited information on number of times served, perception of the committee's importance and factors influencing its role, awareness and understanding of the district's affirmative action policy, views on the affirmative action officer's role, instances when the committee's choice had been disregarded, views on affirmative action orientation and future role, and recommendations for procedure changes in screening and/or hiring. Contrary to expectations faculty saw the committee as very important; they…

(1974). Commemoration of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., January 15, 1929-April 4, 1968. Revised. Developed in honor of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., this is a short collection of suggested activities to teach black awareness in the elementary and secondary grades through King's philosophy. An introductory biographical sketch of King and an article about his accomplishments are provided. Activities are divided into grade-level ranges for the following areas: exploratory activities, developmental activities, music, dramatic plays, language arts, arithmetic, and culminating activities. An example of a music activity for grades 3-7 is to play recordings of spirituals such as "Go Down Moses" and have pupils interpret the words. An example of a language arts activity for upper grades is to have pupils write original poems around themes of bravery, courage, unity, and brotherhood. Suggestions for evaluation are included. Appendix A contains a list of some of King's speeches and quotations, an excerpt of "I Have a Dream," and parts of his letter from a Birmingham…

Lewiski, Raymond L. Public Policy Concerning the Use of Tests. The article identifies major events that have impacted on public policy toward testing during the last 20 years. Events were classified, and an interpretation of the interrelationship of events was made. Events were classified as stemming from writings of individual authors, publications of professional organizations, and actions taken by the Legislative, Executive and Judicial Branches of government. The publications of the professional organizations and actions taken by the three branches of government were described in detail. The writings of individual writers were acknowledged but not described. The major concerns of the initiators of events were identified as follows: (a) problems generated by the use of tests for making employment decisions, (b) problems of interpretation generated by semantic differences between the psychological and legal disciplines, (c) problems associated with and resulting from the impact of accountability on the test developer and user. A noticable… [PDF]

Yinger, John (1975). An Analysis of Discrimination by Real Estate Brokers. This paper focuses on designing policies to eliminate discrimination in the sale of single-family houses by analyzing the behavior of the agents who actually do most of the discriminating, namely real estate agents. Discriminatory practices are said to be supported by policies of house builders, lending institutions, and government, and by the prejudice of the white majority. The paper analyzes the racial beliefs and practices of real estate brokers in an attempt to understand the economic incentives that lead brokers to discriminate against blacks. It is argued that a broker's job consists of three steps: (1) attracting customers, (2) matching customers with listings, and (3) finding financing for 'matched' customers. It is then shown that at each of these steps the structure of the real estate industry interacts with the racial prejudice of the white community and of brokers to give each broker economic incentives to discriminate against blacks. The techniques used by brokers to… [PDF]

Yinger, John (1975). A Model of Discrimination by Landlords. One crucial step toward an understanding of discrimination against blacks in rental housing is a careful analysis of the landlord's economic incentives. Such analysis does not exist in the literature. This paper develops a model of landlord behavior under perfect competition when both black and white tenants have racial prejudice. This model provides considerable support for open housing legislation and some insight into the design of such legislation. According to this exclusion model, open housing can help eliminate restrictions on the supply of housing available to blacks and reduce the differential between black and white rentals. Open housing will not lead to integration in individual apartment buildings, but this result is due to the prejudice of blacks and whites, not to any deficiency in the open housing approach to discrimination in housing. Furthermore, the exclusion model indicates that open housing will not be a financial disaster for landlords, and that it will not… [PDF]

Carpenter, L. P.; Rank, Dinah (1968). The Treatment of Minorities: A Survey of Textbooks Used in Missouri High Schools. Fifty of the most frequently used social studies textbooks in Missouri are evaluated. The focus of the textbook evaluations is the handling of racial minorities, especially the American Negro. Criteria are outlined for adequate textbook coverage of prejudice, discrimination, and minority groups in the areas of American history and government, world history, and geography. It is felt that inadequate and biased attention has been given to immigration, slavery, resistance to slavery, Reconstruction, segregation, black self awareness and protest, the discrepancies between American ideals and discrimination, non-Western cultures, and the phenomenon of race as a biological and cultural variable. The use of supplementary audio visual materials, and teacher self examination of personal attitudes toward race and knowledge of minority groups in America are recommended. Books about racial minorities for teacher reference are listed. [Appendix III, containing copyrighted reprints of newspaper… [PDF]

LaValley, Joseph F., Jr. (1969). The Vote as a Measure of Participation in American Society. Teacher and Student Manuals. The unit invites the student to consider a variety of viewpoints on what the vote means to Americans, challenging him ultimately to see it as a measure of his own political identity and of his association with or alienation from political society. After an introductory section which frames the question by looking at the role of the vote in Soviet Russia, the student is led to investigate the reasons for alienation and non-voting in the United States. A subsequent section surveys the history of the struggles for woman and Negro suffrage, asking why these groups were fighting for the vote. Designed primarily for slower learners at the high school level, the unit should interest junior high students as well. (See SO 000 161 for a listing of related documents.) (Author/SBE)… [PDF]

Johnson, Harold T.; Tyer, Harold L. (1967). Special Training Institute on Desegregation for Educational Leadership Teams from the School Systems of the First District of Georgia. Reported is a special training institute, funded by the U.S. Office of Education, on school desegregation in Georgia. Participants were school personnel and community representatives from 19 school systems of a single district. The nine-day summer institute sought to provide opportunities for self-examination and for information acquisition about a number of aspects of segregation and desegregation. Also offered were sessions concerned with desegregation plans and compliance status. The institute is said to have been timely, well received by participants, and helpful. (NH)… [PDF]

Scott, Donald (1969). About Epilepsy. Epileptic fits, faints, and falls are described; the causes, sorts, and diagnosis of fits are detailed; and treatment that both doctor and surgeon can provide is reviewed. Further consideration is given to children with fits, the effect of fits on the mind, the care of the epileptic person, marriage and pregnancy, and the prevention of fits. Also treated are the following: epilepsy in history, some historical epileptic people, epilepsy in literature, epilepsy and crime, and epilepsy in the future. (JD)…

Harkins, Arthur M.; Woods, Richard G. (1969). A Review of Recent Research on Minneapolis Indians: 1968-1969. Research conducted during 1968 and 1969 concerning the Minneapolis Indian population is examined in an attempt to describe their characteristics; their relationship to major urban institutions; their employment, health, and housing; and justice, public welfare, and public institutions as related to the Indian. Inequities in the relationship between the community and its Indian residents are examined. Three major problems are focused on in the report: (1) obtaining specific knowledge about urban Indians, (2) application of such knowledge, and (3) inadequate understanding and mistrust of agencies by the Indian. Suggestions are made to remedy these problems. (BD)… [PDF]

Yin, Robert K. (1972). Racial and Ethnic Identities in American Society. The investigation of race relations, of social problems related to race and ethnicity, and of different racial and social groups, all presume prior information about the definition of racial or ethnic group identity, about the formation, maintenance, and dissolution of such identities, and about the importance of such identities in American societies. Put simply, we need to know what constitutes racial and ethnic differences, and why such differences are important. As in the study of the individual in society, there are two basic components in analyzing race and ethnic group identity: the characteristics of the identities themselves and the societal context within which the identities are important. These two components are only distinguishable in an analytic sense. The most important characteristic of these identities is that they are group identities. The distinction between group and individual identity leads to the observation that the assimilation process may be different for… [PDF]

(1971). Emergency School Assistance Program: Background and Evaluations. This compendium of materials concerning the Emergency School Assistance Program, prepared by the Senate Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity, contains the following: (1) An evaluation prepared by the American Friends Service Committee, et. al., Nov. 1970; (2) Department of Health, Education and Welfare report on the program, Feb. 1971; (3) Select Committee staff study of program administration, Jan. 1971; (4) Report to the Select Committee on the need to improve policies and procedures for approving grants under the program, by the Comptroller General, March 5, 1971; and, (5) Text of P.L. 91-380, The Emergency School Assistance Appropriation, and related statements before Congress. In addition, regulations, guidelines, and instructions of D.H.E.W. are listed as follows: (a) program regulations; (b) application for emergency school assistance; (c) instructions for submitting project proposals; (d) general terms and conditions; (e) handbook for public and private… [PDF]

Leone, Richard D. (1970). The Negro in the Trucking Industry. The Racial Policies in American Industry. Unlike many other industries where factory walls can hide the number of Negroes employed, the trucking industry's racial composition is largely open to public view. This study concerns the racial employment practices of interstate common and contract carriers, the for-hire segment of the motor trucking industry, in the driver and other job categories. As the Teamsters' Union exerts a powerful influence on the trucking industry, the organizational structure of this union and the factors bearing on its Negro employment decisions are also examined. The document describes the motor carrier or trucking industry and the scope of Negro employment in it. The study is also concerned with governmental efforts to promote equal employment opportunities among public carriers, the effects of law in this field, and current industrial response. (MF)…

Bloom, Gordon F.; Fletcher, F. Marion (1972). The Negro in the Supermarket Industry. The Racial Policies of American Industry. The supermarket industry is important in the study of racial employment policies of American industry for several reasons: the ubiquitous nature of the industry, its size, the relatively low skill employment requirements, the high percentage of part-time jobs available, and the comparatively attractive employment patterns. The latter include continued growth and relative stability of industry employment, as well as the fact that most supermarket jobs are semi-white collar and reasonably well-paid. This study analyzes the nature of the industry and its various and varying Negro employment procedures and practices, efforts to increase Negro employment, and the difficulties of black entrepreneurs in ghetto supermarket operations. The document concludes that Negro employment in the supermarket industry will continue to expand but that upward movement into managerial positions will be slow, largely because Negro college graduates are not attracted to the business. Coming radical changes…

Tong, Rosemarie (1987). Women, Pornography, and the Law. Academe, v73 n5 p14-22 Sep-Oct. Erotica (love or a creative principle) and thanatica (death or a destructive principle), two sexually explicit forms of speech, are discussed in the context of fighting pornography in the courts. Antipornographers are urged to reexamine their political alliances, legal theories, and philosophical assumptions. (MLW)…

Glazer, Nathan (1988). The Affirmative Action Stalemate. Public Interest, n90 p99-114 Win. People will resist government efforts to improve the position of Blacks more than they will any individual's efforts to improve his or her own condition. The work and efforts of Blacks in an open, prosperous society are more likely to improve their condition than government actions that aim at statistical goals. (BJV)…

Jewell, K. Sue (1985). Will the Real Black, Afro-American, Mixed, Colored, Negro Please Stand Up? Impact of the Black Social Movement, Twenty Years Later. Journal of Black Studies, v16 n1 p57-75 Sep. Presents findings of a study on the impact of the Black movement on the attitudes and behavior of 122 African American and European American undergraduates. Reports that the African American respondents had limited awareness of the conditions that precipitated Black social activism and seem to lack the knowledge and skills necessary to challenge present-day racism. (KH)…

Lowe, Robert; Tyack, David (1986). The Constitutional Moment: Reconstruction and Black Education in the South. American Journal of Education, v94 n2 p236-56 Feb. For a short period after the Civil War, Southern Blacks used their newfound political influence first to build schools and then to establish free and universal public education. Though White supremacists eventually overthrew Reconstruction governments, the Blacks' brief political involvement left an educational legacy vital to the survival and regeneration of Black people. (KH)…

Hijab, Nadia (2003). The Situation of Children in Iraq: An Assessment Based on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. In accordance with UNICEF mandates requiring a situation analysis prior to preparing a new country program, this report examines causes and linkages between problems affecting women and children in Iraq, identifies necessary actions to realize the rights of women and children, and contributes to the country program strategy for priority interventions, future research, and rights-focused advocacy. Following the executive summary, the report's introductory chapter presents the conceptual framework and methodology. Chapter 2 describes the political and socioeconomic context of Iraq, provides demographic and psychosocial profiles, and describes a legislative and institutional framework for children. Chapters 3 through 5 review issues related to children's right to life and survival, children's right to education, and the right of vulnerable children to protection. Chapter 6 addresses the human rights of women. Chapter 7 recommends priority interventions, and suggests areas for future…

(2003). The Supreme Court of the United States Syllabus: Grutter v. Bollinger et al. Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Argued April 1, 2003-Decided June 23, 2003. October Term, 2002. (Slip Opinion.). This legal document presents the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the affirmative action case brought against the University of Michigan's Law School. On June 23, 2003, the Court held in Grutter v. Bollinger et al. that diversity is a compelling interest in higher education and that race is one of a number of factors that can be taken into account to achieve the educational benefits of a diverse student body. The Court found that the educational benefits of diversity are real and had been substantiated by the university and its amici in supporting briefs. It also found that the individualized, whole-file review used in the University of Michigan Law School's admissions process is narrowly tailored to achieve the educational benefits of diversity. The Court held that the Law School's goal of attaining a critical mass of underrepresented minority students does not transform its program into a quota and that its flexible admissions policy does not unduly harm members of any racial… [PDF]

(1997). The Fourth R: Responsibility: Ensuring Educational Excellence through Equitable and Effective School Practices. An Equity Handbook for Learning Communities. Revised Edition. Every learner must be guaranteed access to quality instruction, resources, and assessment. This handbook was designed to assist educators in making responsible local educational decisions with an informed and attuned understanding of equity and effective school practices. The publication is intended to help engage education stakeholders in substantive dialogue about the integral relevance of equity, multicultural education, and equal access to every student and educator. Part 1 identifies the key components of educational equity–access, attitudes, language, interactions, instruction, and materials. Part 2 describes equitable practices and effective practices at the district, school, and classroom levels, and outlines the responsibilities of school staff and other key stakeholders. Training and technical assistance are offered free of charge to public school personnel by the Center for National Origin, Race and Sex Equity (CNORSE) at the Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory…. [PDF]