Shoop, Robert J. (2006). Religious Expression in Public Schools. A Legal Memorandum: Quarterly Law Topics for School Leaders. Vol. 6, No. 2, Winter 2006. National Association of Secondary School Principals (NASSP) The question is not, Will religious controversy hit your school? but rather, Will you be adequately grounded in knowledge about the law when it does? As communities have become more culturally diverse, the number of disagreements regarding the role and place of religion in schools has increased. Consequently, every principal must know the current legal status of religious expression. This \Legal Memorandum\ highlights the most likely focal points of this conflict. [This \Legal Memorandum\ is adapted from \The Principal's Quick-Reference Guide to School Law\ (2nd ed.) by Dennis R. Dunklee and Robert J. Shoop (Corwin, 2006).]… [Direct]

(2006). Adult Financial Capability Framework. Second Edition. Basic Skills Agency Both the Financial Services Authority and the Basic Skills Agency are committed to supporting those individuals and organisations working to improve the financial capability of themselves and others. The development of the National Strategy for Financial Capability, coordinated by the Financial Services Authority, and the commissioning of a baseline survey into the financial capability of the UK, will both contribute strongly in shaping future progress in this area. Following the recommendations of the Adult Financial Literacy Advisory Group and "Skills for Life", the national strategy to improve adult literacy and numeracy, they were keen to develop a framework that outlined the skills and competences that were deemed necessary for financial capability. The result, the Adult Financial Capability Framework, launched for the first time in 2003, is a document which covers a broad range of money management and consumer issues. This current version is an update of the original… [PDF]

Dalbera, Claude, Ed.; Friboulet, Jean-Jacques, Ed.; Liechti, Valerie, Ed.; Meyer-Bisch, Patrice, Ed.; Niamego, Anatole, Ed. (2006). Measuring the Right to Education. UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (NJ3) Amartya Sen defined development as the creation of capabilities or capacities. One of the crucial capacities is basic education. With no access to writing, reading and numeracy, people are unable to fight against poverty and to build their lives in the current global environment. In this perspective, the right to education cannot be conceived only in a subsidiary or ancillary way. The realisation of the right to education is an essential pre-condition for human dignity and for development. But how does one measure this reality? This book presents a methodology for observation and analysis that is informed by an array of indicators designed to measure the four capacities of the educational system: acceptability, adaptability, availability and accessability. This innovative methodology has been developed in a partnership between the Interdisciplinary Institute for Ethics and Human Rights (IIEHR) at the University of Fribourg in Switzerland and the Association for the promotion of… [Direct]

Brown, Tony N.; Lesane-Brown, Chase L. (2006). Race Socialization Messages across Historical Time. Social Psychology Quarterly, v69 n2 p201-213 Jun. In this study we investigated whether the content of race socialization messages varied by birth cohort, using data from a national probability sample. Most respondents recalled receiving messages about what it means to be black from their parents or guardians; these messages were coded into five mutually exclusive content categories: individual pride, racial group pride, deference to and fear of whites, color-blind, and whites are prejudiced. We examined three birth cohorts: pre-\Brown v. Board of Education,\ protest, and post-protest. The content of messages varied significantly by cohort. For example, messages conveying deference to and fear of whites were more likely to be transmitted to children coming of age during the pre-\Brown v. Board of Education\ era. We also found that respondents' current racial attitudes were correlated with messages they received during childhood. (Contains 3 tables.)… [Direct]

Chitiyo, Morgan (2006). Special Education in Zimbabwe: Issues and Trends. Journal of the International Association of Special Education, v7 n1 p22-27 Spr. Following a massive educational expansion initiative by the government of Zimbabwe since 1980, the country has achieved one of the highest literacy rates in Africa. There is legislation in Zimbabwe which makes education a right for every child. In spite of this legislation, special education in Zimbabwe still lags behind the entire educational system. This paper identifies some factors that could be hindering the progress of special education in this southern African country. The paper also examines the implications of these factors on the future of special education in the country…. [Direct]

Kay, William K.; Ziebertz, Hans-Georg (2006). A Nine-Country Survey of Youth in Europe: Selected Findings and Issues. British Journal of Religious Education, v28 n2 p119-129 Mar. A nine-country survey of the life orientations, values and institutional trust of 8948 young people at the upper end of the secondary school age range was set up at the University of Wurzburg in the year 2000. Key findings demonstrate that these young people value personal autonomy and are orientated to success in their professional lives and that they especially trust human rights and environmental groups. Religion is associated positively with humanitarianism and in some countries negatively with modernity. These findings provide an indication of the typical life stances of future opinion-formers and illustrate methodological issues thrown up by international research. (Contains 1 table and 5 notes.)… [Direct]

Igwebuike, John G. (2006). Legal and Policy Implications for Faculty Diversification in Higher Education. Negro Educational Review, The, v57 n3-4 p189-201 Fall. The Supreme Court has established that diversity is a compelling state interest with regard to student body diversity in the higher education context, namely medical school and law school. Many educators and higher education organizations view racial and ethnic diversity among faculty as an important educational objective. Faculty diversity is also considered critical to achieving student body diversity, which the Court has held to be a compelling state interest. However, the Court has neither articulated whether a diverse faculty is a compelling state interest, nor discussed what affirmative action policies are sufficiently narrowly tailored to achieve the diversity. Legal and policy-based arguments are made with respect to race as a factor in faculty hiring decisions. Also, arguments for university efforts to foster faculty diversification and consider race as a factor in employment are made…. [Direct]

Akinlo, Ambrose; Ogunjuyigbe, Peter O.; Ojofeitimi, Ebenezer O. (2006). Science Education in Nigeria: An Examination of People's Perceptions about Female Participation in Science, Mathematics and Technology. Journal of Science Education and Technology, v15 n3-4 p277-284 Oct. The paper brings to focus people's perception about female involvement in science, mathematics and technology (SMT). Data for the study were obtained from a survey conducted in March, 2005 in two Local Government Areas of Osun state, Southwest Nigeria. The paper reveals that: (i) about 57% of household heads, 45.6% of mothers and 57.6% of the children are of the opinion that both boys and girls are given equal right to SMT education (ii) social forces play an important role in determining people's attitude to SMT (iii) though, parents and stakeholders perceptions about girls' participation in some professions is changing, however, socio-cultural and economic factors still determine which sex to encourage to read SMT…. [Direct]

Vernon, McCay (2006). The APA and Deafness. American Psychologist, v61 n8 p816-824 Nov. Until the 1960s, people who were Deaf and mentally ill lacked access to psychological treatment. Few mental hospitals and clinics had interpreters available, and few psychologists and mental health professionals had knowledge of sign language. Major court decisions and federal laws have effected change, culminating with the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990. This legislation gave people who are Deaf the right to equal access to mental health care as well as a host of other opportunities they had been previously denied. New access laws allowed Deaf students to become educated as psychologists, and a number of hearing psychologists who knew sign language entered the field of deafness. These two groups assumed vital roles within the American Psychological Association in addressing the issue of mental health access for people who are Deaf…. [Direct]

Shariff, Shaheen (2006). Balancing Competing Rights: A Stakeholder Model for Democratic Schools. Canadian Journal of Education, v29 n2 p476-496. In this article, I discuss a Canadian public school controversy and Supreme Court of Canada decision involving competing stakeholder rights to freedom of religion, safety and equality. Policy considerations that allowed one group of stakeholders to express their constitutional rights raised concerns among other stakeholders. A policy vacuum and a lack of guidelines for educational policy-makers exist as Canadian schools become increasingly diverse, and as more individuals assert their rights under the Canadian "Charter of Rights and Freedoms." I have provided a Stakeholder Model to help school officials navigate competing rights through non-arbitrary and constitutionally compatible policy decisions…. [PDF] [Direct]

Arnold, David W.; Thiemann, Alan J. (1992). To Test or Not To Test: The Status of Psychological Testing under the ADA. This paper assesses the impact of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) on preemployment psychological testing. The paper discusses rules and related guidelines of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and relevant case law under the Rehabilitation Act. EEOC rulings clarify the scope of what is intended to be included in the definition of mental impairment, indicating that the only limitation on the use of any preemployment psychological test is that the test may not disclose a mental or psychological disorder. The definitive resource on what constitutes a mental or psychological disorder is the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (Third Edition, Revised). Tests or scales whose purpose is to disclose an impairment may only be used after a conditional offer of employment has been made. However, tests used to assess personality traits, behavior, attitudes, or propensity to act, when these are not symptoms of a mental disorder, may be used… [PDF]

(1995). National Council on Disability. Annual Report, Volume 15. Fiscal Year 1994. This annual report describes major activities of the National Council on Disability (NCD) for Fiscal Year 1994. Activities included: conducted a summit meeting on the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA); held health care reform town meetings; communicated with the Health Care Financing Administration concerning reimbursement of medical rehabilitation services; held health care meetings and a news conference; celebrated the fourth anniversary of the ADA; communicated with the U.S. Department of Transportation concerning accessibility of buses; met with Microsoft Corporation concerning access to Windows-based software; and held an ADA Watch Roundtable. Research was conducted in the areas of education and health care reform, and NCD served as part of the U.S. delegation to the Commission for Social Development of the United Nations. The report also notes Congressional testimony, liaison with the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, information dissemination,… [PDF]

(1991). Step by Step: A Guide to Colorado's Developmental Disabilities System. This guide explains, in simple language, the procedures for utilization of Colorado's developmental disabilities system. It begins with a definition of developmental disability and then explains how to contact a Community Centered Board to determine eligibility for services. The guide outlines the processes of applying for services, receiving services, and ending services; presents a timeline of actions during the application process; describes case management services; describes types of services offered by age; and outlines the conflict resolution process. The guide concludes with a list of the rights of individuals with developmental disabilities; a glossary; an organizational chart of Colorado's developmental disabilities system; and lists of Colorado departments and agencies, statewide organizations, and Community Centered Boards. (JDD)…

Divoky, Diane (1976). Mainstreaming: Moving Special Ed Out of the Basement. Compact, 10, 1, 2-5, Feb 76. Backed by court decisions and state legislatures is the belief that handicapped students have a right to, and would benefit from, participation in the \least restrictive\ educational program they can manage. (Author/MLF)…

Candee, Dan (1975). The Moral Psychology of Watergate. Journal of Social Issues, 31, 2, 183-192, Spr 75. States that if conventional moral reasoning led the Watergate characters to err, they were not alone; three hundred and seventy people, predominantly college students drawn from a variety of New England and Midwestern campuses who had been given Kohlberg's Moral Judgment Interview, were asked to decide some of the same dilemmas which confronted the Watergate participants. (Author/JM)…

Hall, P. Quick; And Others (1976). Conference on Minority Women Scientists. Science, 191, 4226, 457, Feb 76. Minority women in science met to discuss ways to eliminate discriminatory practices in education, business, and the professions. (MLH)…

(1974). Gay Students Organization v. Bonner: Expressive Conduct and First Amendment Protection. Maine Law Review, 26, 2, 397-414, 74. In Gay Students Organization v. Bonner the GSO sought judgment on the constitutionality of the University of New Hampshire's ban on its dances. The court afforded the dances First Amendment protection as a right attaching to University recognition of the GSO. This note proposes a first amendment analysis focusing on the dance as communicative conduct. (JT)…

Schimmel, David (1975). The Question of Academic Freedom — The Bill of Rights and the Public Schools: Change and Challenge. Social Education, 39, 4, 206-213, Apr 75. Four court cases which expanded freedom of expression in public schools and suggestions for reducing the gap between law and practice in the schools are provided in order to stimulate teachers to shoulder their responsibilities in upholding the principles of the Bill of Rights. (Author/DE)…

(1975). National Council for the Social Studies Position Statement on Student Rights and Responsibilities. Social Education, 39, 4, 241-45, Apr 75. …

Fiss, Owen M. (1974). The Fate of An Idea Whose Time Has Come: Antidiscrimination Law in the Second Decade after Brown v. Board of Education. University of Chicago Law Review, 41, 4, 742-773, Sum 74. …

Green, Winifred (1975). The Children of the South: School Desegregation and Its Significance. Journal of Law and Education, 4, 1, 18-24, Jan 75. Discusses white society's reaction to the 1954 Brown decision and cites gradualism, delay, hate, fear, and distrust as the intervening problems in the creation of equal education in an integrated society. (Author/DW)…

McDonald, Laughlin (1975). "The Song Has Ended but the Melody Lingers On". Journal of Law and Education, 4, 1, 29-32, Jan 75. A case history of desegregation at Strom Thurmond High School, Edgefield, South Carolina, reveals that traditions are a source of racial conflict and suggests that a reluctance to change traditions hinders equal education. (DW)…

(1975). Those Sex Discrimination Regulations Look Different the Second Time Around. Updating School Board Policies, 6, 1, 1-2, Jan 75. More comments on the regulations covering equal treatment of the sexes under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. (Author)…

Davis, Janet; McKitric, Eloise (1986). Small Claims Court. The study examined individuals and companies who used small claims courts and the results of decisions reached in small claims cases. A review of studies including an empirical study of two Ohio small claims courts monitored for 12 months made it clear that small claims courts need to be examined to determine if utilization and accessibility to this court system has improved for consumers. This study focused particularly on the activities of one small claims court in Wood County, Ohio from 1980 to 1985 where a random sample of 10% of the cases filed was examined. Questions were raised concerning who filed the complaints, the types of complaints, the winners, the magnitude of awards, and the information needed to utilize the system. The findings indicate that 58% of the plaintiffs were businesses while 98% of the defendants were individuals. In most cases, the judgement was in favor of the plaintiffs. The findings were similar to those of previous studies. The report offers some…

Higginbotham, A. Leon (1984). The Roots of Separate and Unequal: The Virginia and West Virginia Heritage–17th to 20th Century. Analyses of the Brown decision often overstate its importance. For centuries before it was handed down, white Americans regarded blacks as inferior. During the time of slavery, white men (including those of apparent stature, such as Jefferson and Lincoln) felt that for some reason society could do to black people that which it could not do to any other major group. This cruel rationale lay behind the exalted Emancipation Proclamation (which, contrary to popular belief, permitted slavery to continue in some regions in West Virginia), and was furthered by the "separate but equal" doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson. Historically, white Americans have valued advanced learning, and yet they once made it a crime for a black person to read and write. Racial integration, as promoted by the Brown decision, cannot be a panacea for America's problems. Integration must be accompanied by respect for pluralism, for ethnic and racial diversity, and for the de-escalation of hatred and racial…

Berger, Dale E.; Berger, Peggy M. (1988). Deterring Drinking and Driving: The Australian Approach. This paper begins by noting that recent efforts in the United States to reduce the incidence of alcohol-impaired driving have not been very effective and suggests that for efforts to be effective, they must raise the actual risk of punishment to a level that cannot be ignored by potential offenders. It then describes an effective system of controls on alcohol-impaired driving begun in Australia which includes extensive use of random breath testing for all drivers. Discussion is focused on efforts in three Australian states where 70% of the population resides. Approaches adopted by Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland are described and data on fatal road crashes in each state over the past 15 years are presented. It is noted that when the program was implemented in New South Wales in 1982, road crash fatalities dropped 20% and the rate has remained at this lower level for the past 5 years. An important factor in the success of the program is the perception of increased risk of… [PDF]

Brownlee, Don (1984). The Continuing Application of the Fighting Words Doctrine. The doctrine of "fighting words" was first articulated by the United States Supreme Court in 1942 in the case of Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire when it declared one classificaton of language as outside the bounds of constitutional guarantees. Since then the Court has continually redrawn the line defining which speech is constitutionally protected, narrowing the nature of fighting words in the process. At various times the Court has equated fighting words with language that inflicts injury, incites a breach of the peace, provokes retaliation or violent action, or is calculated to offend sensibilities. The Court has also found it necessary to consider other contextual factors, such as the cultural milieu and geographical location, in rendering its decisions concerning fighting words. The problem appears to be the vagueness of the doctrine. Given this vagueness, and the resulting inability of authorities to agree on where to draw the line, continuing revision of the doctrine… [PDF]

York, Kenneth M. (1987). Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: A Policy Capturing Approach. In 1980, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) published the Guidelines on Sexual Harassment, specifying that sexual harassment is a kind of sex discrimination under Title VII and is an unlawful employment practice. While the determination of the behaviors that constitute sexual harassment would enable employees to write more effective policy statements, research has shown individual differences in the perception of sexual harassment. This study used policy capturing to examine sexual harassment judgments of 15 Equal Employment Opportunity Officers at midwestern colleges and universities and 79 university students. Subjects were given 80 incidents of possible sexual harassment and were asked to make judgments on each as to whether the incident represented a case of sexual harassment and whether EEOC charges should be filed. The results revealed that subjects were moderately consistent in their sexual harassment judgments and in their judgments as to whether or not… [PDF]

Smith, William E. (1987). Privacy and the Private Eye in Space. Land remote-sensing satellites are developing as a commercial communications technology after years under a government monopoly. The shift to the private sector and improving quality of the pictures produced have given rise to increased concerns about the potential for violations of privacy rights. Although satellites can currently photograph only fairly large objects, improvements in satellite technology invite claims based on unreasonable searches by the government, tort privacy law, and tort trade secrets law. Two separate cases, brought by the Dow Chemical Company and by a California marijuana grower, in which the courts decided that the photographs produced by satellites were not injurious to the defendants, have strengthened the arguments of the government to use remote-sensing satellites despite Fourth Amendment challenges. Moreover, it appears that most news media use of satellite images would resist privacy claims in the United States if the freedom were practiced with some…

(1983). Basic Facts about the United Nations. The work of the United Nations is described in summary form. Material is divided into sections on the origin, programs, purpose, principles, and structure of the United Nations; the United Nations at work for International Peace; the United Nations at Work for Economic and Social Development; The United Nations at Work for Decolonization; the United Nations at Work for Human Rights; the United Nations at Work for International Law; and Intergovernmental Agencies. Each section contains paragraph overviews of relevant issues, developments, and United Nations efforts. For example, the section on international peace contains short descriptions of peace efforts in Afghanistan, Kampuchea, the Middle East, Cyprus, South Asia, the Congo, and Korea as well as discussions on disarmament, outer space, and the law of the sea. The section on international law includes coverage of judicial settlements, codification of international law, and international trade law. Appendices include a list of…