Bandaranaike, Sirimavo (1975). Equality in the Buddhist Tradition–a Personal Account. Prospects, 5, 3, 343-6, 75. Recounts the equal role of women in Sri Lanka, due both to Buddhist tradition and to the Prime Minister encouraging women to enter and contribute to public life. (ND)…

Kirk, William J., Jr. (1976). Juvenile Justice and Delinquency. Phi Delta Kappan, 57, 6, 395-398, Feb 76. Presents information on the changing scene of juvenile justice. Includes information on recent court decisions, the disposition of offenders in juvenile court, and recent legislation. (IRT)…

Olendzki, Robert K. (1975). Retroactivity and the Equal Employment Opportunity Act. University of Illinois Law Forum, 1975, 1, 106-16, 75. Section 2000e-16 of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 adopted the provisions of President Nixon's 1969 executive order barring discrimination in federal employment and added a provision for judicial review. The author reviews the various conflicting judicial decisions regarding the retroactivity of section 2000e-16. (JT)…

Sammons, Jeffrey L. (1975). I am a White Male. Crisis, 82, 8, 292-296, Oct 75. Suggests that competence and merit are elements in need of examination, and gives four reasons why being a woman, black, or Spanish-American is a qualification for academic appointment. Stresses that energy ought to be directed to increasing support of colleges and universities and not to fighting affirmative action. (Author/AM)…

Fuerst, J. S. (1976). Quotas as an Instrument of Public Policy. Society, 13, 2, 11,18-21, Jan-Feb 76. Suggests that key question is not whether quotas are right or wrong but at what level particular quotas should be set, what the rate of change to achieve a particular goal should be, when to increase or eliminate them, and the establishment of procedures and personnel used for executing them. (Author/AM)…

Ringer, Benjamin B. (1976). Affirmative Action, Quotas, and Meritocracy. Society, 13, 2, 12,22-25, Jan-Feb 76. Suggests that proportionality is the natural and logical outcome of a merit society in which race and ethnicity are irrelevant for eligibility, allocation of position, and distribution of rewards. (Author/AM)…

Holman, Ben (1975). National Trends and Student Unrest. Security World, 12, 8, 43-44, Sep 75. Points out tension-breeding factors that underlie school racial unrest; suggests ways for school security officers to define their role; and lists some features of a crisis contingency plan. (Subscription $14.00 yearly, 2639 S. La Cienega Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90034.) (MLF)…

Demirarslan, Sibel (2004). Disabled Persons and Their Position at the Construction Education. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology – TOJET, v3 n2 Article 2 p8-15 Apr. Nowadays, we can hear the word "quality", many different times and subjects, in our daily life. For example, business, education etc. To provide quality at the education and business life, firstly it must be realized this slogan "suitable work, suitable person". In this paper, firstly disabled persons and after relation between construction sector have been examined. Choosing conscious job isn't only a paper which is calling "diploma", at this situation it can be said easily that "it will never use, for a work" after graduation. The aim must be a suitable job for him/her and their ability, wish and also their physical position. Afterwards, can be formed output at the education and business life. Therefore, in this paper these important subjects have been examined: (1) Disabled persons, disability varieties and definitions; (2) Disability in the law; (3) Business areas for disabled persons; and (4) How to fix selected types of disability,… [PDF]

Mathews, John (1975). Busing Is Stopped at the City Line. Journal of Law and Education, 4, 1, 199-202, Jan 75. Presents the Supreme Court rationale for the Milliken v. Bradley decision not to enforce interdistrict busing for purposes of integration. (DW)…

Harvey, William; Washington, Valora (1989). Affirmative Rhetoric, Negative Action. African-American and Hispanic Faculty at Predominantly White Institutions. ERIC Digest. The digest is based on a full length report (with the same title) on African-American and Hispanic faculty at predominantly white, four-year institutions of higher education. The full report provides a definitive review of the literature and institutional practice on the topic. Three topics are discussed: (1) how necessary affirmative action really is, noting that it continues to be necessary because of its limited success and because of the pluralistic nature of society); (2) why more progress has not been made in hiring diverse faculty (e.g. lack of accurate availability data, political and philosophical dominance of issues related to merit and standards for qualification rather than equity, and a focus on regulation and compliance rather than on advocacy in affirmative action operations); and (3) what can be done to increase employment opportunities for African-American and Hispanic faculty (e.g. adopting proactive rather than reactive approaches to seeking such faculty, more use… [PDF]

Weil, Jonathan S. (1988). The United States and the Indian Constitution. India, a huge land with the second largest population in the world, socially and economically poor, and culturally and linguistically diverse, became the largest democracy in the world on November 26, 1949 with the adoption of the Indian Constitution. The goals of that constitution are: (1) the achievement of national unity and stability; (2) the promotion of democratic political behavior based on parliamentary procedures; (3) the protection of minority interests; and (4) the expression of general principles and humanitarian sentiments. In many ways, the Indian Constitution, its language and provisions, are remarkably similar to the U.S. Constitution. A radio telecast from August 15, 1947 (S. Radhakrishnan) illustrates some of those similarities, as does a side-by-side comparison of parts of U.S. and Indian Constitutions (preamble, rights to equality, freedom, and constitutional remedies). An article by Salman Rushdie, "After Midnight," is included as an appendix, and… [PDF]

Steuernagel, Trudy (1989). Gender Neutrality: Women's Friend or Foe?. Gender neutral public policies are those that are either silent on the question of the existence of significant gender differences or incorporate a perspective which mandates that such differences be ignored. Prominent voices today contend that gender neutrality favors males and have held the male standard as the one for which women should aspire. Others argue that gender neutrality has denied the role of the family in women's lives and ignores the needs of women who reject the feminist movement. Historically, feminism has been of two types: (1) individualist, which ignores gender and makes no attempt to favor the mothering role over any other; and (2) relational, which defines women in terms of childbearing and/or nurturing capacities. One must keep in mind that the apparent dichotomy is not shaped by innate distinctions in how people think about women's lives or in how women live their lives, but by the manner in which the U.S. public policy system operates, forcing people to… [PDF]

(1989). Employment Equity Act. Annual Report = Loi sur l'equite en matiere d'emploi. Report annuel. This second annual report on employment equity in Canada in 1989 describes the representation of designated groups in the work force of employers covered by the Employment Equity Act and assesses the degree of change since last year's report. It is presented in both English and French. The following designated groups are examined: (1) women; (2) aboriginal peoples; (3) disabled persons; and (4) members of visible minorities. Reports from 374 employers were analyzed and compared with the previous year's reports, and employers were ranked according to their performance by industrial sector. Although the representation of designated groups in the work force under the Act is lower than their representation in the Canadian labor force, the following positive changes are reported: (1) the reported representation of each of the four designated groups improved since the first reporting year; (2) the gains in representation were more substantial and consistent across the industrial sectors…

Manuto, Ron (1987). The Life and Death of Rajneeshpuram and the Still Lingering Dilemma of the Religion Clauses of the First Amendment. The town of Rajneeshpuram, Oregon, was incorporated for the purpose of achieving the religious vision of the Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, just as the Mormons established communities around the teachings of Joseph Smith. The incorporation of Rajneeshpuram was challenged on the basis of the First Amendment, however, raising new questions in regard to the tension between the First Amendment's establishment (of religion) clause and free exercise clause. On March 27, 1984, Oregon's State Attorney General filed a complaint in Wasco County Circuit Court seeking declaratory relief from giving legal recognition to the City of Rajneeshpuram. At issue was the claim of "excessive entanglement" between religious and secular action. Attorneys for the Rajneeshees argued that the State of Oregon was in clear violation of the free exercise clause of the First Amendment and that the defendants were being singled out solely on the basis of religious affiliation. In December 1985, after an…

Neal, John A.; Neal, Kay (1983). The Development of Protection of Political Expression in Wisconsin Supreme Court Cases: 1848-1925. Most communication courses and research involving freedom of speech examine issues by reviewing the decisions of the United States Supreme Court and the federal appelate courts. However, the high visibility of the federal courts can lead to a misguided emphasis by students of the history of free speech. Research into the development of present legal protections should concentrate on early decisions of state courts. For example, a review of the development of Wisconsin's interpretation of its constitutional provisions on free speech shows that many hundreds of cases before 1925 dealt, at least tangentially, with some aspects of free speech or free press. The most important aspect of its decisions was the degree of protection it afforded for criticism of public figures. By 1925, the court had provided itself with a number of precedents which it could choose to consider dominant in any particular case and may have been determined by the balance the court thought wise between the free… [PDF]

Bagenstos, Naida Tushnet (1988). Preparing Minorities and Women as Researchers: Have We Learned Anything?. The concern over the numbers of minority and women educational researchers is based on the importance of including minorities and women in the educational research endeavor (and all other endeavors) and the epistemological premise that a researcher's perspectives on the topic affect the questions asked, data collected, and interpretation and analysis. It is important to ask new questions to guide the research about the schooling failures of minority group members (disproportionately to their numbers in the population), and preferably, these questions should be asked by members of the minority groups. Data on earned doctorates for 1976 (4,067 males and 1,735 females) and 1987 (3,037 males and 3,565 females) show the potential pool of educators is becoming more female. However, there has been a decline in the numbers of minority group members (e.g., 492 Blacks in 1976, 421 Blacks in 1987), except Hispanics (87 in 1976, 188 in 1987) receiving doctorates. "Learnings" include:…

Withers, Nancy A. (1987). Sexual Harassment: An Overview. Monograph. Volume 2, Number 1. Sexual harassment is a problem in high schools, on college campuses, and in the workplace, although unclear definitions and misinterpretations of sexual harassment have led many to believe that the amount of sexual harassment that occurs is minimal. Sexual harassment has been defined as a continuum of behaviors, with physical sexual assault at one extreme and nonverbal, sexually suggestive behavior at the other extreme. Studies suggest that more females than males are victims of sexual harassment. Sexual harassers are usually males in a position of authority who can force the cooperation of the victim by coercion. Sexual harassment leads to fear, anxiety, guilt, and anger for the victims; many victims feel they should have done something to prevent the harassment. Persons who feel they are being harassed should take immediate, firm steps to stop the behavior. They should document the incidents in case a suit is filed. They can complain to the appropriate officers in their… [PDF]

Head, L. Quinn (1983). The Presentation of Statistical Analysis of Data as Evidence in Litigation Involving Sexual and Racial Discrimination. This research illustrates how statistical analysis of data was presented by the plaintiff's attorneys as evidence in litigation involving sexual and racial discrimination in the case Green v. City of Gadsden. Bar graphs depict the sexual and racial compositions of (1) members of the Gadsden Police Department (GPD), (2) members of the GPD in relation to their respective group within the Gadsden, Alabama population based on the 1980 census, (3) examinees taking the GPD written examination from 1980 to 1982, (4) examinees passing the GPD exam during the aforementioned years, (5) all applicants employed with the GPD from 1980 to 1982, (6) only applicants passing the GPD exam from 1980 to 1982 employed with the GPD during these years, as well as (7) all applicants offered employment with GPD from 1980 to 1982, and (8) only applicants passing the GPD test from 1980 to 1982 offered employment with the GPD during these years. Additionally, a table which exhibits several frequency…

Carter, George E. (1980). Ethnicity and Human Rights: An Organizational and Individual Perspective. Despite the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations in 1948, the issue of the human rights of ethnic minority groups is widely ignored in the United States–both in policy and as an issue worthy of examination. In this country and abroad, violations of human rights continue to take place regularly; minority group members are denied many of the basic rights, such as the right to health, to food, to clothing and housing, to free expression, and to self determination. At present, there are three major organizations that address the concern for ethnicity and human rights worldwide: the Anti-Slavery Society, the Minority Rights Group, and Amnesty International. In addition, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights and its subcommission on slavery and native peoples deserves mention. As the social and demographic trends of urbanization and urban decay threaten the very existence of ethnic minority populations, it is imperative that more individuals and…

Caplan, Gerald A. (1984). First Amendment Claims by Public Employees. The First Amendment free speech right is one of the most frequently asserted constitutional challenges to dismissal or discipline of a school district employee. In any employee's claim of violation of free speech right by a public employer, a threefold process of review should be made: (1) Was the conduct in question constitutionally protected in that it affected matters of legitimate public concern? (2) If so, was the school district's action in response to the conduct justified in light of the district's interest in the efficiency, integrity, and discipline of its operation? (3) Was the school district's action motivated by the employee's protected conduct or were there other, constitutionally neutral factors that would have caused the action in the absence of the protected conduct? The recent Supreme Court decision in "Connick vs. Myers," by establishing that First Amendment protection extends only to matters of public concern, provides the basis for summary dismissal…

Gaylord-Ross, Robert (1988). An Aversive Issue…Which Refuses To Go Away. Chronic self-injury is a psychopathology which afflicts some persons with severe mental retardation. The self-injurious acts may be carried out to avoid completion of a task, or the behavior may be intrinsically reinforcing. Professional responses have included use of restraints, psychopharmacology, placement in more restrictive settings, and engaging the children in alternative activities. If all reasonable positive approaches have been tried and found to be unsuccessful, aversion techniques are called for, such as the SIBIS cloth helmet which delivers a shock to the arm following a self-injurious act. In many facilities, de facto elimination of the use of aversives has occurred due to the facilities' fear of lawsuits against them. A careful weighing of costs and benefits should be done on a case-by-case basis to ensure that the client's right to treatment and a better quality of life are not denied. A two-phase process is advanced to maximize the chance of treatment success and…

Crisci, Pat Eva; Tutela, Alfred D. (1987). Program Development Trends and Issues: The Cleveland Leadership Academy. This paper focuses on public school program development to correct the effects of segregation. It suggests concrete measures and plans for the Cleveland Leadership Academy, which is designed to enhance instruction and access. Cleveland City School District's Remedial Order is a court-approved blueprint for desegregation that mandated management and leadership training for all school district staff, including staff administrators, supervisors, and principals. Five developmental programs promote the administrative leadership of both practicing and prospective administrators: (1) the Administrator Preparation Program provides comprehensive training for personnel who are seeking administrative promotional opportunities; (2) the Administrator Renewal Program furnishes specific leadership and management skills; (3) the Administrator Retraining Program addresses the needs of administrative underachievers; (4) the Future Leaders Preparation Program identifies and encourages potential…

Santana, Raymond A. Nava (1982). Legal Theory in Support of Bilingual Education. A review of the national and state legislation dealing with bilingual education is presented in the context of an introductory history of the bilingual movement in the United States. This history falls into two periods; the first from 1840-1920, and the second from 1960 to the present. The goal of bilingual education, to teach English without sacrificing the home language and culture, is the backdrop for the examination of the laws governing it. First, federal bilingual policy mechanisms are examined from the initial constitutional mandate resulting from the Brown v. Board of Education case to action of the Reagan administration in 1981 withdrawing proposed Lau regulations. In each case the legislation is criticized in terms of its impact on equal educational opportunity for limited English speaking minority children. Following this section, the response of the Los Angeles Unified School District to the 1974 Supreme Court decision in the Lau case is presented and an outline of major…

(1974). Women's Record. Integrated Education, 12, 3, 49-51, May-Jun 74. Deals with sexism and racism in education, emphasizing the interrelations between the two with particular emphasis on the minority women, including material on textbooks and classrooms. (Author/JM)…

(1974). Job Opportunity for Females: Fairy Tales and Wishing Wells. California School Boards, 33, 10, 16-23, Nov 74. Presents facts and figures disputing many of the traditional sex stereotypes of working women. (WM)…

Nichols, John E. (1977). The Tinker Case and Its Interpretation. Journalism Monographs No. 52. In 1969, in the case of Tinker vs. the Des Moines Independent Community School District, the Supreme Court ruled that if student speech acts did not interfere, or threaten to interfere, with the operation of the school, the acts could not be banned. This study is an analysis of the Tinker decision and of the ways it has been applied to court cases involving the high school and college student press. The first section discusses the facts in the Tinker case, lower court decisions regarding it, the arguments before the Supreme Court, the Supreme Court's decision, and the theory behind the case. The second section discusses court cases since the Tinker decision that have involved student press rights and have dealt with the following questions left vague or unanswered by the Tinker decision: What is "material and substantial interference" with school activities? When do forecasts of interference justify sanctions? Does the Tinker decision authorize prior restraint? Does the…

Murphy, Michael W. (1975). Measured Steps toward Equality for Women in Ireland: Education and Legislation. Convergence, 8, 1, 91-8, 75. …

Goddlett, Carlton B. (1975). Needed: A Black Ideology and Agenda. Journal of Intergroup Relations, 4, 3, 16-21, Jul 75. Asserts that the probable reason for a lack of a black political ideology is the failure of blacks in America to realize who they are and what they must be about, and proposes that only two instruments can penetrate the present socioeconomic system — (1) strong economic power (which blacks will not in the foreseeable future obtain, it is stated here), and (2) strong political power. (Author/JM)…

Myer, William E. (1975). Students' Rights A Long Time Coming. Journal of the International Association of Pupil Personnel Workers, 11, 4, 223, Sep 75. Discusses the history and development of laws protecting children's rights up to the recent Goss vs. Lopez decision on suspension. (EJT)…

Greenberg, Jack (1975). Legal Problems – North and South. Integrated Education, 13, 3, 6-7, May-Jun 75. The focus of this testimony, presented to a public hearing before the New York City Commission on Human Rights in May 1974, is on the legal differences between attacks upon discrimination in the north and in the south; it is noted that the legal problems facing the north and the south have been becoming more and more the same. (Author/JM)…