Denham, Alice, Ed. (1985). The Quest for Excellence in the Education of Hispanics: Proceedings of the Texas Symposium on Hispanic Educational Issues (Lubbock, Texas, April 22, 1985). The proceedings of a symposium on Hispanic educational issues, held in Texas in 1985, are collected in this pamphlet. A short preface, a list of participants, and transcriptions of brief welcoming remarks made by a number of officials are provided. Then, three conference papers are presented: (1) "For Whom the School Bell Tolls," by Lauro F. Cavazos, discusses general problems that affect Hispanic students, focusing particularly on the disproportionately high rate of Hispanic dropouts; (2) "Hispanics Creating Excellence," by Norma Cantu, reviews recent legislation and legal cases affecting Hispanic education, actions taken by the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund, and ways in which the political, business, and educational communities might cooperate to better educate Hispanics; and (3) "Economic Challenges of Poor School Districts," by Raul Besteiro, Jr., describes generally the efforts of the Brownsville, Texas, school district to… [PDF]

Carter, Robert L. (1984). Legal Aspects of the Brown Decision. In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the Supreme Court outlawed segregation in the nation's public schools. This decision has not eliminated racial segregation, but it fundamentally altered the psychological pattern of race relations in the United States. Brown concerned a form of racial discrimination that has virtually vanished from American life: racial segregation enforced by law. Before Brown, 17 States and the District of Columbia mandated segregated public schools, under the "separate but equal" doctrine generated by the Plessy v. Ferguson case in 1896. In 1930, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) began a campaign that would bring into effect the 14th Amendment's constitutional guarantee of equality for Blacks. The campaign began in States making no provision for the graduate or professional training of its Black citizens. In the first of these cases, the Gaines case of 1938, the Supreme Court eventually ruled that…

Rodriguez-Fraticelli, Carlos (1986). Education and Imperialism: The Puerto Rican Experience in Higher Education, 1898-1986. Working Paper Series. An integrated historical account of the Puerto Rican experience in higher education is presented by the Higher Education Task Force of the Centro de Estudios Puertorriquenos of Hunter College, City University of New York. The present situation of Puerto Ricans in higher education on the Island and in the United States reflects the plight Puerto Ricans experience at both ends of the migratory circuit. The Island has seen a major expansion of postsecondary institutions and student enrollment, but the system is still in crisis. Advances resulting from student struggles of the 1960s and 1970s are short-lived, and the situation is worsening for Puerto Ricans in the U.S. The present expansion of college opportunities for Puerto Ricans on the Island and their contraction in the U.S. are expressions of the crisis of American capitalism and its impact on a politically and economically subordinated population. An interpretive framework that incorporates the imperialist dimension of the…

(1983). Knowing about Special Education to Help You Help Your Child = Informez-Vous sur l'Education Speciale pour Pouvoir Aider Votre Enfant. This pamphlet is intended to inform both English and French speaking parents of handicapped children in New York State about rights and services of the special education program. Separate sections cover federal and state law, student assessment, individualized education program development under the committee for the handicapped, and parental rights. (DB)…

McCarthy, Greg (1988). A Handbook for Hearing Officers. Revised. The handbook provides information on legislation and litigation pertaining to the education of handicapped pupils in South Carolina, required procedures for ensuring due process, and suggestions for procedures to be followed by Hearing Officers prior to, during, and after a hearing. The opening section on state laws includes definitions of handicapping conditions and the amendment to Act 163 of the Education Finance Act of 1977. Summarized are requirements of the following Federal laws and regulations: Public Law 93-380 (the Education Amendments of 1974), Public Law 94-142 (Education for All Handicapped Children Act), Education Division General Administrative Regulations, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, and the Vocational Education Act. Significant court decisions are noted. The section on procedural safeguards includes information on substantive and procedural due process, and details on state procedural safeguards including evaluation, placement, reevaluation, timeliness…

Lasser, Carol, Ed. (1987). Educating Men and Women Together. Coeducation in a Changing World. Based on essays presented at the Oberlin College Sesquicentennial Coeducation Conference (Oberlin, Ohio, March 11-13, 1983). Twelve essays by contemporary scholars explore, from a historical perspective, the meaning of collegiate coeducation in the United States, including its value, utility, significance, and successes and failures in supplying equal education for both sexes. An introductory first section contains the essay "Coeducation in a Gender-Stratified Society" by Alice S. Rossi. Part two, on what a woman should learn, includes: "'Nothing Useless or Absurd or Fantastical': The Education of Women in the Early Republic" (Linda K. Kerber), and "From Republican Motherhood to Race Suicide: Arguments on the Higher Education of Women in the United States, 1820-1920" (Patricia A. Palmieri). Part three on creating the coeducational model at Oberlin College (Oberlin, Ohio) includes: "The 'Joint Education of the Sexes': Oberlin's Original Vision" (Lori D. Ginzberg); "The Oberlin Model and Its Impact on Other Colleges" (Barbara Miller Solomon); and…

McClain, Janet; And Others (1987). Celebrating the Constitution: An Instructional Unit for Elementary Grades. Because attaining citizenship skills remains the principal goal of social studies, this unit was designed to highlight the founding of the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights in a manner appropriate to both primary and intermediate elementary children. Each lesson includes objectives, materials, and procedures, as well as supplementary materials which may be duplicated for student use. Student awareness of the need for rules and laws is developed through the activities in lesson one. Lesson two helps students recognize reasons for settling the original 13 colonies and identify their locations. Students become informed about the events leading to independence and the contents of the Declaration of Independence in lesson three. In lesson four, students develop the understanding that everyone benefits from cooperation. Students identify events that led to the writing of the U.S. Constitution which developed a strong government in lesson five. An investigation of the purposes and… [PDF]

(1980). Susan B. Anthony Birthday Celebration Kit. This kit was developed as a resource for teachers who wish to supplement their curriculum with activities designed to highlight the contributions to women to U.S. history. Section one contains 11 activities focusing on the life of Susan B. Anthony. The activities were designed to be used in different curriculum areas or independently. In activities focusing on the Susan B. Anthony coin, students are taught to make change and to recognize this coin. Language activities include a crossword puzzle, various types of word puzzles, and letter scrambles. The Anthony trial is highlighted through suggestions for the enactment of a mock trial and an account of the Anthony trial proceedings. Section two is a reference section that contains a background reading for the teacher, along with additional biographical references, and an additional list of suggested activities for classroom, library, and discussion. Appended are keys for the activities. (SM)… [PDF]

Perissinotto, Giorgio (1981). "You Have the Right to Remain Silent." Two Case Studies in Forensic Linguistics Involving Spanish Speaking Suspects. Two case studies involving possible violations of the rights of Spanish speaking criminal suspects are presented. In cases where suspects do not understand English, the Miranda warnings regarding the right to remain silent must be delivered in their native language and in a way that is understandable to the suspects. In the two cases involving Spanish speaking murder suspects who confessed to the murders after receiving the warnings, it is doubtful whether they fully understood the implications of waiving their right to remain silent. An analysis of the recordings of the interrogations reveals that in each case the interrogator spoke a different dialect of Spanish than the suspect or had an insufficient command of Spanish for meaningful communication to have taken place. It is shown that the language used in the warnings was ambiguous to the suspects. Coming from a different culture, it may be difficult for suspects to understand the law's protection of their rights or the fact that…

(1984). Position Statements on Programmatic Issues: A Position Statement of the Association for Retarded Citizens. The position statement of the Association for Retarded Citizens (ARC) addresses issues in the design and delivery of programs for persons with mental retardation. An introductory section presents basic principles and philosophies underlying services, including integration, human rights, equal rights, normalization, and the developmental model. Then, specific issues are examined and positions of the ARC set forth: (1) rights of people who are mentally retarded; (2) the concept of least possible restriction; (3) work and employment related activities (productivity, work activity centers and sheltered workshops, and wages); (4) residential opportunities (in-home and out-of-home care); (5) guardianship; (6) behavior management; and (7) quality assurance. (CL)…

Abeson, Alan (1974). Movement and Momentum: Government and the Education of Handicapped Children-II. Exceptional Children, 41, 2, 109-15, Oct 74. …

(1974). Tribal Jurisdiction and the Future… Education Journal of the Institute for the Development of Indian Law, 2, 6, 10-11, 74. Pending legislation would allow those tribes, who have had their civil and criminal jurisdictional powers taken without their consent, to regain those powers if the tribes so desired. (AH)…

Deming, Caren J. (1976). Broadcast Networks and the Outsiders: Legal Responsibility from Two Perspectives. This paper examines the legal responsibility of networks to fairly represent outsiders in network employment and programming. The outsiders–women, racial and ethnic minorities, homosexuals, older people, members of minor political parties–have been using legal avenues provided by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) as means of affecting the networks. But recent events, such as requests by minor candidates for equal time in the 1972 and 1976 elections, demonstrate the FCC's inability to regulate network activities effectively, either indirectly, through the licensing of stations owned by networks, or directly, through Section 315 (the fairness doctrine and equal-time law) of the Communications Act. The paper also uses a 1975 class-action suit against the National Broadcasting Company as evidence that the EEOC is much better equipped to bring about progress than is the FCC and that a continued assault upon discrimination…

McDonald, Laughlin (1977). Racial Equality. To Protect These Rights Series. A historical review of racial discrimination against Negroes is the scope of this volume, part of a series of six volumes which explore the basic American rights. These include due process of law, freedom of speech and religious freedom. This volume traces the development of racial equality in the legal system, explores the controversies and points of view that surround the issue in contemporary America, and includes a collection of key excerpts from landmark U.S. Supreme Court opinions and other historic documents which explain these rights. Among the topics discussed in this volume of the series are: slavery in the U.S., the Reconstruction years, Jim Crow statutes, disfranchisement, racial reform after the 1920's, school desegregation, enfranchisement, employment, housing, public accommodations, the administration of justice, and current gains in racial equality. (Author/AM)…

(2004). Looking for Leadership: Battles over Busing in Boston. Penn GSE Perspectives on Urban Education, v3 n1 Fall. In 1954, in the "Brown vs. The Board of Education of Topeka" decision, the United States Supreme Court declared that "to separate [black children] from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone." To rectify this injustice, the Supreme Court demanded that schools be desegregated "with all deliberate speed." For the Boston Public Schools, this court order would pose a monumental challenge to citizens and leaders. Desegregation would require a great upheaval in the way in which the Boston School Committee had managed the public education system. Aside from the federal courts, it was unclear who favored the efforts required for systematic desegregation. As the situation became increasingly polarized, few community leaders in Boston actively supported or planned for the desegregation that… [PDF]

Barnett, Cherie P.; And Others (1981). Selected Bibliography of Government Publications about Black Americans Published in 1977-1978. This annotated bibliography of government publications is based on information from the Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications, the Selective List of Government Publications, and the publications lists of individual agencies. All items were printed in 1977 or 1978, and reflect subjects of special interest to black Americans. The bibliography does not include (1) Census Bureau publications except those which deal specifically with the black population; (2) House or Senate hearings except those which dealt in depth with an area of interest such as busing; (3) reprints of articles originally published in the U.S. Government serials or periodicals indexed in one of the standard sources; (4) ERIC documents; or (5) publications sold by the National Technical Information Services which were available only on microfilm or microfiche. Annotations include price and ordering information. There are approximately 150 entries. (Author/JCD)…

McDonnell, James R. (1981). A Systems Approach for Ameliorating Possible Prima Facie Denial of Hispanic/Black Students' Rights Through Disproportionate Enrollment in Special Education. The paper discusses the issue of educational equity, principles of systems analysis, systems approaches in the educational milieu, the evaluation aspect of the systems approach, and application of the systems approach to preventing disproportionate enrollment of Hispanics and Blacks in special education classes in Holyoke, Massachusetts. The literature on the systems approach and its application to education are reviewed. The importance of the evaluation component is stressed with diagrams applying the systems approach to instructional systems. The Holyoke application stemmed from a state requirement that the school system submit a remedial plan designed to address the problem of disproportionate placement of Hispanics and Blacks. The plan's development resulted in determination of eight goals with related objectives. Goals included appropriate identification and referral of minority students to special education and identification of the primary home language of all students. Also…

(1979). Discrimination in Canada: A Survey of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Concerned with Discrimination. To identify attitudes of the Canadian public toward discrimination, the Canadian Human Rights Commission surveyed a representative sample of 2,000 Canadians. This document describes the survey, presents highlights, and explains how the survey is being used. The specific purpose of the survey was to provide information on public opinion regarding discriminatory practices based on factors having nothing to do with the activity from which a person is excluded. Five categories of questions were presented to respondents–(1) knowledge, judgments, and attitudes relative to human rights agencies and legislation in Canada, (2) personal knowledge and experience of discriminatory practices, (3) changes in patterns of discrimination, (4) special programs or affirmative action for disadvantaged groups, and (5) the extent of tolerant attitudes. Findings from analysis of responses to questions in these categories indicated that 68% of respondents considered the commissions effective in removing…

Levine, Jan Martin, Ed. (1980). Mental Retardation and the Law: A Report on Status of Current Court Cases. Brief reports on the status of approximately 75 ongoing or recently decided court cases in states of relevance to the mentally retarded are provided. Cases cover the following issues: commitment, community living and services, criminal law, discrimination, guardianship, institutions and deinstitutionalization, medical/legal issues, parental rights and sexuality, and special education. Provided for each case is the name of the state, name and number of case, names or positions of attorneys involved, references to previous reports about the case, a brief description of the issue, and a summary of the current status. Over half the document consists of a brief filed by Advocacy, Inc. concerning involuntary sterilization. The brief provides an historical background of sterilization, a legal analysis of sterilization, and suggests 14 standards to be applied in applications for involuntary sterilization of a disabled individual. (DB)… [PDF]

(1978). Legal Rights: A Handbook for Parents. Intended for parents of handicapped children, the handbook summarizes information regarding legal rights in the following areas: procedural safeguards (records, program planning, assessments), hearings, resource information, due process rights, local education agency resources, membership in the Maryland State Board of Education, state advisory committees, Maryland information and referral services, direction centers, organizations, and parental involvement in placement procedures. A brief review of pertinent federal legislation is included. Timeline charts regarding the IEP (individualized education program) process and hearing process are provided. The handbook concludes with a glossary of 28 terms, such as "FERPA" (Family Education Rights and Privacy Act) and "state hearing review board". (CL)…

Lenet, Joseph; McConnel, Charles E. (1978). A Statistical Theory of Age-Discrimination in Employment. A tentative theory of age-discrimination is indirectly tested through labor statistics concerning the duration of unemployment. After first reviewing the inadequacies and inapplicability of sex and race discrimination hypotheses derived from the conventional economic models, this analysis synthesizes statistical models of discrimination to explain the negative correlation between age and the duration of unemployment. Under a quasi-experimental model for the varying levels of overall economic activity over the period studied, a statistical explanation is provided for the relative stability in age-related unemployment duration differences and a paradoxical relationship to the general unemployment rate. (Author)…

Brody, Ilene N., Ed.; Vardin, Patricia A., Ed. (1979). Children's Rights; Contemporary Perspectives. This volume emerged as an outgrowth of a conference on Children's Rights and Child Advocacy held at Teachers College, Columbia University, in June of 1977. The contributors include child advocates from the fields of law, education, psychology, and government. The writers maintain several focal points in their papers. Central to their arguments is an acknowledgment of the child as a human being, as an individual to be respected, and as one who is greatly influenced by his or her environment. A second point of focus is on the struggle for an articulation of what the rights of children should be from a humanistic as well as a legalistic perspective. A third crucial issue is a consideration of the guarantee of children's rights. A fourth theme is crisis prevention and prescriptive child advocacy measures. The concluding chapter is devoted to providing an opportunity for children to express their thoughts and feelings about children's rights. (Author/IRT)…

Francesconi, Robert (1980). Justificatory Rhetoric and Institutional Legitimation: A Case Study. To widen the concept of justificatory rhetoric (which has previously been considered as a presidential rhetorical form delivered in a context of foreign policy emergency) and to show some of its inherent hazards, this paper analyzes a 1978 address by Governor James Hunt of North Carolina, in which he justified his decision not to pardon the demonstrators known as the Wilmington Ten but instead to reduce some of their prison sentences. The paper begins by explaining the Wilmington Ten case and the circumstances that led to Hunt's decision to take executive action in it. It then outlines characteristics of justificatory rhetoric–it justifies an action already taken or in progress, it takes place in a context demanding immediate action, the crisis situation is removed in space from those asked to accept the justification, the action is based on little information and contemplation, and its themes are based on the themes of free world leadership and antagonism to Communism–and shows…

HARTMAN, PAUL (1963). THE RIGHT TO EQUAL EDUCATION OPPORTUNITIES AS A PERSONAL AND PRESENT RIGHT. THE 1954 SUPREME COURT DECISION IN "BROWN VERSUS BOARD OF EDUCATION," DECLARING RACIAL SEGREGATION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS DISCRIMINATORY AND IN VIOLATION OF THE EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE OF THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT, IS A LANDMARK IN AMERICAN LEGAL AND POLITICAL HISTORY. IT IS INFERRED FROM THE 1954 DECISION THAT THE RIGHT TO BE FREE FROM DISCRIMINATION WAS A "PERSONAL" AND "PRESENT" RIGHT OF THE INDIVIDUAL. HOWEVER, THE SECOND BROWN DECISION IN 1955 OPENED THE DOOR TO DESEGREGATION PLANS UNDER WHICH THE ACHIEVEMENT OF EQUAL TREATMENT COULD BE POSTPONED. THE SUPREME COURT GAVE THE LOWER COURTS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF REQUIRING SCHOOL DISTRICTS TO MAKE A PROMPT AND REASONABLE START TOWARD DESEGREGATION BUT STATED THAT ADDITIONAL TIME MIGHT BE NECESSARY TO CARRY OUT THE RULING. BY THIS DECISION THE SUPREME COURT ADOPTED THE POSITION THAT A PERSON WHOSE RIGHT TO EQUAL PROTECTION HAS BEEN DISREGARDED BY AN AGENCY OF THE STATE IS NOT NECESSARILY ENTITLED TO IMMEDIATE…

(1967). REPORT ON PROGRESS IN 1966 ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN, THIRD ANNUAL REPORT. THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN TO CONTRIBUTE IN EVERY ASPECT OF NATIONAL LIFE CONTINUED TO EXPAND AND INCREASE AT A RAPID PACE DURING 1966. OF GREAT SIGNIFICANCE WAS THE AMENDMENT OF THE FEDERAL FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT WHICH EXTENDED MINIMUM WAGE AND EQUAL PAY COVERAGE TO AN ADDITIONAL 3.2 MILLION WOMEN EMPLOYEES IN PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT. THE STATE COMMISSIONS ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN WERE INFLUENTIAL IN GETTING MINIMUM WAGE LAWS ENACTED IN THREE ADDITIONAL STATES, EQUAL PAY LAWS IN FIVE, AND AMENDMENTS OF FAIR EMPLOYMENT PRACTICE LAWS IN FIVE. HEALTH AND WELFARE LEGISLATION, OCCUPATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAMS, VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION, BIRTH CONTROL INFORMATION, CONSUMER PROTECTION LAWS, AND AVAILABILITY OF CHILD CARE FACILITIES IMPROVED BOTH WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT POSSIBILITIES AND STATUS AS A HOMEMAKER. AN INCREASED NUMBER OF WOMEN EARNED COLLEGE DEGREES, AND SALARIES OF WOMEN COLLEGE TEACHERS IMPROVED. THE YEAR ALSO MARKED IMPORTANT GAINS FOR DISADVANTAGED GIRLS AND WOMEN. TWELVE JOB CORPS…

NEWMAN, ROGER W., ED. (1967). INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF THE MENTALLY RETARDED, A SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF STATE LAWS GOVERNING ADMISSION TO RESIDENTIAL FACILITIES, AND LEGAL RIGHTS AND PROTECTIONS OF INSTITUTIONALIZED PATIENTS. SUMMARIZING AND ANALYZING LAWS GOVERNING THE ADMISSION OF THE MENTALLY RETARDED TO RESIDENTIAL FACILITIES AND THE LEGAL RIGHTS AND PROTECTIONS OF INSTITUTIONALIZED PATIENTS, THIS REPORT COVERS THE 50 STATES AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA AT THE END OF 1966. AFTER A CONSIDERATION OF THE METHOD OF REPORTING, TERMINOLOGY, AND DEFINITIONS, 13 TABLES AND CHARTS ARE PROVIDED WITH DISCUSSIONS. STATUTORY PROVISIONS TREATED INCLUDE VOLUNTARY ADMISSION (APPLICANTS AND PATIENTS' PROCEDURES AND CRITERIA, RELEASE, AND DISCHARGE), INSTITUTIONALIZATION BY CERTIFICATION (APPLICANTS AND PATIENTS' CONSENT, PROCEDURES AND CRITERIA, REVIEW, RELEASE, AND DISCHARGE), AND JUDICIAL COMMITMENT (PRE-HEARING, HEARING, POST-HEARING, AND DISCHARGE PROCEDURES). ALSO PRESENTED ARE THE PROTECTIONS PROVIDED AND RIGHTS ASSURED INSTITUTIONALIZED PERSONS, INCLUDING CONFIDENTIALITY, COMMUNICATION, TRAINING, TREATMENT, PERIODIC REVIEW, AND CONDITIONAL RELEASE. FOOTNOTES THROUGHOUT PROVIDE REFERENCES OR SUGGEST FURTHER… [PDF]

Rendon, Laura I. (1980). Historical and Political Dimensions of Title III–Strengthening Developing Institutions of the Higher Education Act of 1965. Literature and congressional testimony are reviewed in this examination of the political and social dimensions surrounding the passage of Title III (Higher Education Act of 1965) and its subsequent interpretation through the 1970's. The report first examines the intent of the bill, which was designed to provide financial assistance to developing institutions of higher education, and then discusses the movement for the recognition and improvement of Black colleges which, during the 1950's and 1960's, set the stage for the bill's passage. Problems encountered since 1965 in interpreting the phrase "developing institution" are then discussed, including the debate over whether to include community colleges, the insistence of many Black leaders that priority be given to small, four-year colleges, and the various criteria recommended and/or used to determine institutional eligibility. Next, the report examines alleged abuse of the Title III program, including funding control… [PDF]

(1977). Intellectual Freedom and Racism. Interracial Books for Children Bulletin, v8 n4,5. This issue of the "Interracial Books for Children Bulletin" contains a special section focusing on the film called, "The Speaker". This film purports to deal with an assault on the First Amendment and with the necessity for eternal vigilance in defense of U.S. Constitutional freedom. The setting is an integrated high school which is thrown into turmoil when its current events committee schedules the appearance of a scholar who believes that blacks are genetically inferior to whites. The alleged assault on freedom occurs when the school authorities cancel the event. A comprehensive discussion of the film and related issues is presented in a series of articles. Other articles in this issue deal with: 1)activities conducted by a Boston area group which is working with teachers to promote anti-racist education, 2)a graphic look at the current status of women and minorities on U.S. school staffs, and 3)a teacher offers pointers on what to avoid in classroom…

Mac Donald, W. Scott; Oden, Chester W., Jr. (1978). Human Relations in School Settings. One of 52 theoretical papers on school crime and its relation to poverty, this chapter discusses experiences in the Human Relations Program at the University of Minnesota. The program has developed from one that offers undergraduate and graduate courses in human relations to one that also responds to requests from community agencies other than the schools for service, consultation, and evaluation. The broad range of concerns in the program includes examination of discrimination in laws, traditions, and practices of institutional racism, and how discriminatory attitudes affect both victims and members of the dominant group. The concern in this paper is focused on the attitudes and biases of teachers and how they influence current practices in the classroom and elsewhere in the school. (Author/MLF)…

Coleman, James S. (1975). Compulsory Racial Balance in the Schools. In this paper, the author analyzes what has happened since 1954 in the area of school integration and suggests what he feels are appropriate policies for the future. He identifies two major changes that have affected school integration since 1954–a change in residential patterns that has increased segregation in recent years, and a change in the idea of what constitutes desegregation. The courts have changed the \rules of the game,\ he argues, by confusing the essentially different goals of eradicating legally sanctioned segregation and overcoming the educational handicaps of blacks that have resulted from official and unofficial discrimination. The author asserts that, because of white flight to the suburbs, efforts to achieve compulsory racial balance in the schools will succeed only where there is sufficient community support for the idea. A more realistic alternative, he suggests, is to attack the effects of residential discrimination by adopting a voluntary \integrating… [PDF]