Russo, Charles J., Ed. (1997). The Yearbook of Education Law 1997. An overview of how legal decisions involving education are handed down is provided. Organized into 10 parts, part 1, \Employees,\ (Ralph D. Mawdley) focuses on court actions that addressed school board compliance with district and state policies regarding dismissal, nonrenewal, demotion, and discipline. Part 2, \School Governance,\ (Donald F. Uerling) examines cases involving state boards, commissioners, and departments of education. Part 3, \Pupils\ (William E. Camp) looks at complex issues concerning how to balance the rights of students, the interests of parents, and the duty of the schools to maintain an orderly learning environment. Part 4, \Bargaining,\ (Julie F. Mead) addresses cases involving collective bargaining and labor relations in elementary and secondary schools. Part 5, \Students with Disabilities,\ (Allan G. Osborne, Jr.) deals with legal action that involves students with disabilities including placement, discipline, state laws, and the Americans with Disabilities…

Rullman, Loren J. (1991). A Legal History: University Recognition of Homosexual Organizations. ACU-I Bulletin, v59 n2 p4-9 Mar. This paper discusses the legal precedents that have supported the official recognition of homosexual organizations by universities and colleges. Among the court cases that are reviewed are the following: (1) Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), which ruled that expressions not inciting unlawful behavior may not be subject to government restraint; (2) Healy v. James (1972) and Wood v. Davison (1972), which ruled that First Amendment rights of freedom of association applied to students, and as a result, official university recognition was necessary to protect that right; (3) Gay Students Organization of the University of New Hampshire v. Bonner (1974), which ruled that mere speculation of future illegal activity was an insufficient reason for regulation by the university; and (4) Gay Rights Coalition of Georgetown University (1981, 1983) and Gay Rights Coalition v. Georgetown University (1987), a nearly decade long struggle which culminated in the decision that the Catholic university had… [PDF]

Smith, Melinda, Ed. (1982). Practical Law in New Mexico. This book was written for teachers and students as a New Mexico supplement to "Street Law: A Course in Practical Law" (West Publishing Company, 1980), a text used in many high school law classes. The book may also be used as a teacher and student resource for civics, government, and other courses in the high school curriculum, or lay people might find the book useful as a practical handbook on New Mexico law. The material is current as of January, 1982. The first seven chapters, each of which corresponds to a chapter in the "Street Law" text, deal with the following topics: introduction to law, criminal law, juvenile law, consumer law, family law, housing law, and individual rights law. An eighth chapter dealing with employment law in New Mexico is also included. (Author/RM)…

Flannery, J. Harold (1975). DeJure Desegregation: The Quest for Adequacy. Journal of Law and Education, 4, 1, 141-157, Jan 75. Examines theories developed since the Brown decisions that concern the remedial obligations of school systems found to be illegally segregated. (Author/DW)…

Phay, Robert E.; Rogister, George T., Jr. (1975). Student Distribution of Nonschool-Sponsored Literature. School Law Bulletin, 6, 2, 1-6, Apr 75. Court decisions show that school officials must protect the freedoms guaranteed students by the U. S. Constitution, including the right to distribute unpopular literature excluding material that is obscene or libelous, or that contains fighting words or promotes lawless action. (Available from the Institute of Government, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill) (DW)…

Byman, Abigail (1990). Student v. Union: Colleges at Risk. ACU-I Bulletin, v58 n1 p4-8 Jan. College union administrators should be careful about the use of facilities, particularly in public schools, because of the potential for legal liability. Institutions of higher education today are vulnerable to being sued in regard to issues of free speech, trespass, and religion. Areas of potential liability include (1) serving alcoholic beverages, (2) certain potentially physically harmful activities, e.g., trampolining, (3) structural hazards such as holes in athletic fields and dangerous staircases (particularly a problem when students have become inebriated), and (4) violations of First Amendment rights. The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, although not strongly applying to private schools, is very applicable to public schools. Attempts to restrain, for example, the exercise of free speech during demonstrations, or the banning of activities of certain religious groups must be carefully considered. Additionally, in matters of student discipline, if the institution acts… [PDF]

(1986). Equity: The Critical Link in Southern Economic Development. Cross-Cutting Issue Report No. 2. This report presents a general overview of equity issues in the modern South. It discusses access to such needs as jobs and job opportunities, health, housing, education, government benefits, political power, resources, and protection. Six at-risk groups receive special focus: the poor; Blacks; Hispanics; women; older Southerners; and the handicapped. These major recommendations for increasing equity are offered: (1) dispel myths about the poor and minorities, and utilize their dignity and strengths; (2) educate the public to be aware of the interdependence of society, and to recognize that healthy development is equitable development; (3) involve community based organizations in planning and policy development; (4) coordinate planning in State and local government, and involve all relevant departments under strong gubernatorial leadership and commitment; (5) involve the private sector as a partner; (6) identify and adopt effective models for educational and economic development;…

(1983). The Legal Situation of Latin American and Caribbean Women as Defined according to the Resolutions and Mandates of the United Nations System. Volume II: File Sheets of Resolutions on the Legal Situation of Women. This document contains a systematized inventory of the measures relating to the legal and social status of women adopted in various regional and world forums. The inventory was used to study the legal situation of Latin American and Caribbean women, defined according to the resolutions and mandates of the United Nations system. Organized by forum and in chronological order, the first part includes a summary of the resolutions (conventions, recommendations, declarations and resolutions) dealing with the legal situation of women, while the second summarizes the information included in the Plans of Action referring to the subject. The measures included were selected from the following forums: United Nations General Assembly; Economic and Social Council; International Conference on Human Rights (Tehran, Iran, 1968); World Conference of the International Women's Year (Mexico City, Mexico, 1975); World Conference of the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development, and Peace…

Williams, Colin H. (1985). Language Planning, Marginality and Regional Development in the Irish Gaeltacht. Discussion Papers in Geolinguistics No. 10. This paper explores the relationship between ethnolinguistic maintenance and regional economic development in the context of the regional planning policies of the minority language Gaeltacht areas. The Gaeltacht areas, where the Irish language (Gaeliz) is predominant over English, are primarily found in the extreme western portions of Northern and Southern Ireland and the southern part of Southern Ireland. The current language situation in the Gaeltacht and the roles of language planning policies, government economic policies and planning, industrial development, and educational policy are outlined and examined. It is concluded that substantial improvements in the area's economic future must be tempered by only modest expectations of language survival, despite recent efforts to remedy some policy weaknesses and encourage language maintenance. Greater emphasis in geolinguistic research on the roles of the state, the community, and the individual and his linguistic expectations and…

Tatum, Lyle, Ed. (1987). South Africa: Challenge and Hope. Revised Edition. In South Africa, racial identification determines all facets of a person's life–political, economic, and social. Divided into ten chapters, this book was prepared to increase public awareness of black South Africans' struggle for freedom. Chapter one discusses how the system of apartheid is built on the official identification of all citizens by race; the restriction of voting rights to whites, coloureds, and Asians; a parliament with built-in control for whites; segregated areas for ownership and occupation of land and housing; segregated, unequal education and health systems; and restricted personal and social interaction among groups. Apartheid is enforced by a range of far reaching security laws, applied by police and military forces. The historic forces that molded such a society are explored in chapter two. The resistance by blacks to white domination is the focus of chapters three and four. Chapter five charts the political relations of South Africa with its neighboring…

Berrigan, Carol (1987). Integration in Italy: A Dynamic Movement. The result of trips by American special educators to Italy in 1984 and 1986, this paper reviews laws, public policy, and events in Italy's recent history leading to widespread desegregation of the disabled special schools and other institutions. The review of legislation focuses on National Law 517 (1977) with such specified strategies for pupil integration as the following: maximum size of integrated classes is 20 students; extracurricular activities must include all students; classes tracked by ability are abolished; traditional grading is abolished and replaced by overall assessments. Integration of the disabled is seen to be an ethical issue with segregation effectively intensifying the disability. Supportive elements in the Italian integration movement have included interdisciplinary support teams to help the teacher; a sense of shared responsibility by parents, teachers, and the community at large; a commitment to educating the public; and the influence of strong charismatic…

Tonnesen, Thomas V., Ed.; Van Horne, Winston A., Ed. (1983). Ethnicity, Law and the Social Good. Volume II. Ethnicity and Public Policy Series. This volume examines the relationship between ethnicity and the law, looking at the two, first in principle and then as they relate to education, employment, and neighborhoods. Philosophically, the papers included in the book represent 4 different perspectives: (1) that the law should recognize only individual rights and that membership in an ethnic or racial group is a purely private matter; (2) that the law should grant compensatory recognition of ethnic identity; (3) that ethnicity is of inherent value and that public policy should support ethnic diversity because it contributes to the social good; and (4) that ethnicity is a social problem because complex economic and political forces acknowledge and perpetrate ethnic and racial divisions and also often negatively influence these groups. Authors of articles that represent the various perspectives include Peter J. Kellogg, Raoul Berger, Robert M. O'Neil, Nathan Glazer, Richard Ruiz, Cyrena N. Pondrom, Manning Marable, and Richard…

(1987). Free Press & Fair Trial. Revised Edition. In relation to law enforcement and the courts, the press serves to inform the public about crimes and how government institutions deal with them. The press also plays a crucial role in assuring that the rights of individuals guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment are protected. The issue of prejudice, caused by news coverage of crime and criminal proceedings, has been raised in many appeals by convicted persons. The appellate court has refused in virtually all cases to overturn convictions on grounds of pretrial or trial news coverage. Through an analysis of historical and legal precedent, the summary and five chapters of this book describe the way in which the appellate courts have interpreted these cases. Chapter 1 presents the history of the free press of the United States. Chapter 2 discusses the Supreme Court's interpretation of the First Amendment and the evolution of the rights of the free press. The free press and a free trial as guaranteed in the Constitution's Sixth Amendment…

Blackmon, C. Robert; Broussard, E. Joseph (1977). Do Principals Need Guidelines on First Amendment Rights of the Student Press? Research Report Vol. 7, No. 5. A sample of high school principals, sponsors/advisers, and student editors were surveyed concerning their knowledge of communication law in relation to freedom of the press under the First Amendment. The sample of 126 schools was drawn by random numbers from 202 schools in 31 states. Related court decisions were selected and adapted into ten composite cases and submitted to the sample, along with requests for some additional items related to their opinions and backgrounds. Each respondent was asked to indicate how he thought a judge might decide on each of the case items. Forty percent (151) of the subjects responded. A statistical analysis was computed for the number of correct responses to each case item by class of respondent. Also, for each case item within each of the respondent classes, cross-reference analyses were made in terms of the education, journalism background, and professional education experience of the respondents. (Author/MLF)…

(1977). Toward a New Bill of Rights. The theme of the 1976 Urban League Conference was \a new bill of rights\ for all Americans. Rights of blacks and other minority groups were particularly emphasized. The subject of the right to black representation in the American political system was addressed by Samuel Du Bois Cook. The keynote address by Vernon E. Jordan, Jr. considered such issues as the rights of all citizens to education, economic security, health, family stability, political representation, and the right to safe communities. Andrew Billingsley, James G. Haughton, Andrew F. Brimmer, Edythe J. Gaines, and Thomas A. Bradley all spoke to at least one of these issues. Carla Hill's address reviewed the progress of federal urban programs in the year preceding the Conference. Henry Kissinger spoke about foreign affairs, particularly the U.S. relationship with Africa. W.J. Usery, Jr. and William M. Ellinghaus stressed black participation in the American private enterprise system. Yvonne Braithwaite Burke, Arthur A….

Braden, Carole Lorraine (1978). Compulsory School Attendance Laws and the Juvenile Justice System. Criminal Justice Monograph, Vol. VIII, No. 3, 1978. The study reported here examines the relationship between compulsory attendance laws and the juvenile justice system in the United States. The content is presented in five chapters. The first, an introduction, covers the purpose, limitations, and procedure of the study. Chapter 2 explores the historical development of compulsory school attendance and child labor legislation. The next chapter examines the beginnings of the juvenile court and current problems related to compulsory schooling and the juvenile justice system. Chapter 4, through discussion of court decisions, covers current movements and trends related to children's rights in relation to the school, juvenile justice system, and community. Alternatives to compulsory schooling and correctional intervention with truants are explored in the last chapter. A bibliography is attached. (EM)…

Jamieson, Kathleen (1978). Indian Women and the Law in Canada: Citizens Minus. To be born poor, Indian, and a female is to be a member of the most disadvantaged minority in Canada today. For 109 years the Indian Act of 1868 has discriminated against Canada's Indian women on grounds of race, sex and marital status. It states that an Indian woman marrying a non-Indian man ceases legally to be Indian. She must leave her parents' home and her reserve. She may not own property on the reserve and she may be prevented from inheriting property from her parents. Her children are not recognized as Indian, and she may be prevented from returning to live with her family on the reserve even if she is in dire need, sick, deserted, widowed, separated, or divorced. Indian men may marry whom they please without penalty; their non-Indian spouses and children receive full Indian rights and status. The effects of this legislation on the Indian woman and her children can be very grave materially, culturally, and psychologically. The Indian Act is presently under revision, but…

Parham, David L.; Von Euler, Mary (1978). A Citizen's Guide to School Desegregation Law. These summaries of recent major court decisions related to school desegregation were prepared in an effort to be of assistance to nonlawyers. As an introduction, the workings of the United States judicial system are outlined, and an overview of school desegregation law since 1954 is provided. Recent decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court that set standards for desegregation cases in all Federal courts are explained. Noteworthy Federal cases in which the U.S. Supreme Court did not make significant rulings during the 1976-77 term are summarized. Some important cases that have arisen recently in the California State court system are discussed. Also provided are guidelines for locating texts of court decisions on desegregation. (Author/EB)… [PDF]

Frankel, Charles (1978). Human Rights and Foreign Policy. Headline Series 241. A discussion is presented of the meaning of human rights, implications of human rights for foreign policy, and obstacles to its realization on a global scale. Chapter I identifies human rights as a critical issue, commends President Carter's initiative in this area, and points out difficulties of implementing a human rights policy. Chapter II raises questions about the (1) intellectual background of the human rights concept, (2) concrete meaning of human rights, (3) ability of an American human rights policy to be consistent and principled, and (4) global implications of a human rights policy declared by a world power such as the United States. A historical analysis of the human rights concept is presented in chapter III. The author compares its role in the Judeo-Christian tradition, Roman stoicism, the writings of John Locke, and contemporary philosophy. Chapter IV explores a philosophical rationale for human rights based on religious, metaphysical, utilitarian, and social-contract…

Bartlett, Larry; And Others (1976). Search & Seizure in the Schools. A Model Policy and Rules. The issue of search and seizure in the public schools is clouded by conflicting legal decisions. School policies and rules on the issue should be made only after considerable deliberation and community input. Because of the lack of clarity, this model of search and seizure policy and rules is intended only as a basis for consideration of the topic. In making search and seizure policies, a balance must be maintained between an individual student's rights and the school's responsibility to maintain an environment conducive to learning. The basis for protection from unreasonable searches and seizures is the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution. The importance of the school's responsibility for maintaining an environment conducive to learning is evident in recent Supreme Court decisions involving short-term suspension of students and corporal punishment. The search and seizure policy suggested here is a short general statement of district direction concerning the policy. Numerous rules… [PDF]

Remy, Gwendolyn Mikell (1979). Brown V. Board of Education: 25 Years Toward Equal Educational Opportunity. An Educational Staff Seminar Forum to Assess Equality of Educational Opportunity. The effects of the Brown decision on equal education for minority groups in America and the contemporary social context in which the decision is applicable are the subjects of this paper. The author contends that as we have not yet reached the stage in American society where equal opportunity exists and race ceases to be a factor in the distribution of social and economic resources, the Brown decision is still relevant to current educational issues. In this context, she discusses (1) strategies that can be employed by minority group leaders to achieve equal educational access; (2) expansion of the implications of the Brown decision beyond a black/white issue, to include Native Americans, Hispanics, and other minorities; (3) competition for educational resources between different"special needs" populations; (4) problems of equal access particular to urban areas; (5) the issue of postsecondary desegregation with regard to black colleges; and (6) the question of race versus…

RECORD, WILSON (1964). CHANGING ATTITUDES OF SCHOOL PERSONNEL. MORE THAN IN ALMOST ANY OTHER PROFESSIONAL GROUP, THE ATTITUDES OF SCHOOL PERSONNEL ARE INFLUENCED BY COMMUNITY FACTORS. GENERAL ATTITUDES OF WHITE PUBLICS WILL CERTAINLY BY SIGNIFICANT FOR SPECIFIC ATTITUDES OF SCHOOL PERSONNEL TOWARD INTEGRATION. MOST SCHOOL PERSONNEL ARE MEMBERS OF THE MIDDLE CLASS. THEIR CLASS VALUES AND STATUS CONCERNS ENTER INTO THEIR CONFRONTATION WITH WITH INTEGRATION ISSUES. OF MAJOR CONCERN IS SCHOOL PRINCIPALS', TEACHERS', AND COUNSELORS' LACK OF ENCOUNTER WITH MEMBERS OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES AS EQUAL AND AS PARTICIPANTS IN SHAPING THE ACTIVITIES OF THE SCHOOL. THE ATTITUDES OF SCHOOL PERSONNEL ARE NOT EASILY CHANGED, BUT THEY ARE NOT IRRETRIEVABLY FIXED. TO FACILITATE INTEGRATION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS, EDUCATORS SHOULD IDENTIFY THOSE ATTITUDES WHICH ARE DETRIMENTAL TO PUBLIC PRINCIPLES OF EQUAL EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES AND SEEK TO MODIFY THEM. AN ANALYSIS IS PRESENTED OF THE SPECIFIC ATTITUDES AND TYPES OF INDIVIDUALS FOUND AMONG SCHOOL…

SWEENEY, GEORGE C. (1965). THE SPRINGFIELD RULING. CONCLUSIONS OF JUDGE SWEENEY'S REVIEW OF THE SPRINGFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS, RULING ARE PRESENTED. THERE WAS NO DELIBERATE INTENTION OF THE SCHOOL AUTHORITIES TO SEGREGATE THE SCHOOLS. SEGREGATION RESULTED FROM A RIGID ADHERENCE TO THE NEIGHBORHOOD PLAN OF SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, WHICH HAD BEEN IN EFFECT SINCE THE LATTER PART OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY IN SPRINGFIELD. THE SCHOOLS WITH A MAJORITY OF NEGRO STUDENTS RANKED LOWEST IN ACHIEVEMENT RATING BASED ON THE IOWA TEST OF BASIC SKILLS. WHEN STUDENTS TRANSFERRED FROM THESE SCHOOLS, THEY HAD DIFFICULTY KEEPING UP WITH OTHER STUDENTS. HE ALSO STATED THAT RACIAL CONCENTRATION WAS AN EDUCATIONAL AS WELL AS A CONSTITUTIONAL PROBLEM. THEREFORE, THE SCHOOL SYSTEM SHOULD PRESENT A PLAN TO ELIMINATE AS MUCH RACIAL CONCENTRATION IN ITS ELEMENTARY AND JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS AS POSSIBLE….

Harward, Lucy E.; Hoetker, James (1979). A Brief Review of Recent Court Decisions Related to the Use of Examinations for Purposes of Making Personnel Decisions. An Addendum to the Materials Prepared for the Writing Subtest of the Florida Teacher Competency Examination. Recent court decisions provide legal guidelines for the construction of teacher qualification tests. Such tests have often led to the rejection of a disproportionally large percentage of minority applicants. Boards of education have the right to establish tests and other standards pertaining to teacher employment. It is unlawful, however, for an employer to limit, segregate, or classify employees in a manner that adversely affects them because of race. Employment tests must be job related, with cutoff scores that do not discriminate against minorites. Essay examinations that are subjectively graded are legally permissable. Teacher certification tests may be developed and used for the purpose of teacher personnel decisons. (JEH)…

Daniels, Harry W. (1979). We Are the New Nation (Nous Sommes La Nouvelle Nation). The Metis and National Native Policy. A compilation of six policy statements, the booklet is intended to draw attention to the suppression of the rights of indigenous peoples (specifically, the Canadian Metis) by an inflexible federalist system of government, misguided national policies, and land claim settlements such as the 1978 COPE settlement. It is also intended to propose constructive alternatives to the destruction of Canadian native "collectivities". The documents include previously issued position papers, parliamentary and conference presentations, and responses to the COPE settlements, all of which formed the basis of 1978 discussions between the Canadian government and the Native Council of Canada (NCC), representing nearly one million Metis and Non-Status Indians. Written by Harry W. Daniels, president of NCC, the papers address: federalism, the myth of two founding peoples in Canada, the Metis Nation and its role in Canadian history, the James Bay Agreement, the COPE settlement, rights of…

(1978). The Status of Title IX in Region X; An Evaluation of Models and Barriers to Implementation of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, for Region X of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. This study examines the current status of Title IX implementation in Washington, Oregon, Alaska, and Idaho (Region X). The two major issues addressed are: (1) the status of the implementation of Title IX in Region X and perspectives, issues, and processes which have an effect on its implementation; and (2) implementation models and supportive organizational roles and resources which are necessary to encourage voluntary, positive compliance actions by affected educational agencies and institutions in Region X. An overview is provided of Title IX and efforts to eliminate sex discrimination in such areas as admissions, courses of study, sports, career counseling, scholarships and awards, and extracurricular activities. Problems arising from the confusion over the regulations, lack of clear policy interpretations, and the financial impact of Title IX implementation on school budgets are discussed. Major findings, conclusions, and recommendations concerning Title IX implementation in…

Miller, S.M. (1966). Economic and Political Prospects of the Poor. This conference paper points out underlying assumptions about current social events and relates contemporary actions to ultimate goals. Attention is drawn to a broader view of economic, social, and political factors and to the need for shifting from an examination of poverty to a critical awareness of the issues of inequality. Also discussed is the significance of \institutional changes in education and social service organizations.\ Within this frame of reference, the paper is concerned with the \rediscovery\ of poverty in the United States, the nonincome factors affecting economic position, the significance of education, and the development of a \diploma elite.\ The issues of political participation and political pressure are also discussed. It is felt that social scientists can provide perspectives and a focus for these problems. The reactions of several conference participants to this paper are included. (NH)… [PDF]

Featherman, David L.; Hauser, Robert M. (1975). Sexual Inequalities and Socioeconomic Achievement in the U.S., 1962-1973. This paper on sexual inequalities and socioeconomic achievement in the U.S. addresses the question of change in the processes of socioeconomic allocation for men and women during the period 1962-73. Data comparing married spouse-present men and their wives are drawn from an analysis of the 1962 socioeconomic stratification study, "Occupational Changes in a Generation," and its subsequent 1975 replication. An examination of occupation, education, and earnings showed socioeconomic improvements for both men and women. Women were found to have attained more schooling, but their achievements appeared less associated with the circumstances of their families or origin than did those of men. Although little evidence of inequality of opportunity by sex for educational and occupational attainments between 1962 and 1973 was found, equality of economic opportunity for women did not follow this pattern, as the process of earning attainment was found to be sharply different for the… [PDF]

Nolte, M. Chester (1976). Methods of Discipline: What Is Allowed? A Legal Memorandum. This publication briefly discusses the legal status of various methods of school discipline and related efforts to control the behavior of elementary and secondary school students. Specific topics examined include corporal punishment, suspension, expulsion, exclusion from extracurricular activities, detention, truancy, verbal correction, a variety of less common disciplinary measures, and the relationship of school discipline and the responsibility of school officials to civil justice. Usually the discussion of these topics consists mainly of brief quotations taken directly from court opinions in relevant cases. (Author/JG)… [PDF]

Melgert, Willy, Ed.; van Houte, Hans, Ed. (1972). Foreigners in Our Community: A New European Problem to be Solved. In 1969, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed 1971 International Year for Action to combat Racism and Racial Discrimination. A congress was organized to focus on racial discrimination in employment opportunities. The congress, held in Amsterdam in August 1971, looked at the situation in three countries (the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), where rapidly developing societies now include many cultural and ethnic minorities, which increasingly often are the victims of discrimination. The congress concentrated on the problems of the foreigner in those communities, defining the foreigner as one whose different color or social pattern makes him different from the society he lives in. The first chapter of the book gives the economic background to the phenomena of migrant labor. The second chapter surveys aspects of discrimination in the three countries concerned. The consequences of British membership of the European Economic Community for…