(1977). Language Problems in Demographic Field Work in Africa: The Case of the Cameroon Fertility Survey. Scientific Reports, No. 2. This report is the result of a two-month study commissioned by the World Fertility Survey prior to the inclusion of Cameroon in the WFS program, in order to examine the problem of linguistic diversity and the obstacles this problem might pose to a demographic survey of the country. The study was to propose a strategy which would uphold the WFS standards for translation. The main recommendation of the study is that the WFS Questionnaires, in French and English, be translated into and adapted to as many Cameroonian languages and social conditions as possible. The introduction of the study is followed by discussions of: (1) the linguistic problem and its solution; (2) the survey staff; (3) inherent problems in using local language questionnaires; and (4) the WFS Core questionnaire in translation. Appendices contain the core questionnaire in French and in Pidgin, and a list of local languages used in Radio Cameroon broadcasts. (AM)…
(1997). Almost Ten Years Later: An Analysis of Ethnic Inclusion in Public Relations Textbooks and Reference Books for the Years 1991-1997 as Compared to Kern-Foxworth's Analysis of Books for the Years 1979-1988. A study examined the contents of 18 public relations textbooks published between 1991-1997 to determine the quality of minority inclusion. Results indicated that, of the 8,071 pages examined, 97 pages included minorities. Findings suggest that the results of this study were not significantly different from those of a similar, earlier study of public relations textbooks published between 1979-1988. Textbooks should include information about different ethnic groups because they act as socializing agents for students not exposed to cultural diversity, and students would get a more accurate depiction of the environment within which their public relations strategies and tactics would take place. Further research is recommended to assess whether a textbook that excludes discussion of minorities adequately provides students with the insight and information necessary to design and implement public relations campaigns in a heterogeneous society. (Contains a table of data and 10 references; a… [PDF]
(1987). Women in the Workplace. Annual Report. The Women in the Workplace Vocational Education Project, an 8-hour workshop, was presented in fall 1986 to 15 women between 17 and 25 years of age who were enrolled at either Elizabethtown (Kentucky) Community College or Vocational School and who were at or below the poverty level. A spring 1987 workshop, "Sex Bias in the Workplace," included both men and women (N=19). The project explored the effects of learned cultural values and traits on sex bias and stereotyping. The project decreased sex bias using several techniques: controlling nonproductive nonverbal communication, using learned affiliation values, dealing with cultural values, and maximizing personality strengths. According to evaluation results, four segments were most beneficial: assertiveness training; self-understanding; awareness of sex bias; and the inclusion of male participants in the spring workshop. For future workshops, continued emphasis will be placed on accepting responsibility and on the role… [PDF]
(2005). The Leadership of Multi-Ethnic Schools: What We Know and Don't Know about Values-Driven Leadership. Education Research and Perspectives, v32 n2 p80-96. For too long, leadership has been researched and written about without taking account of context and societal culture. This article takes as its context under researched multi-ethnic urban schools, and looks at leadership–specifically five successful head teacher case studies–of these schools. The research project that it reports was carried out for the National College for School Leadership in the United Kingdom, but the implications from the study cross national boundaries. The findings confirm the centrality of passionate promulgation of values-driven leadership as the hallmark of successful leaders of these schools. Realising that global events and hostilities now for the first time penetrate inside schools to effect their micro-management, the study suggests that notions of head teacher as leader of local learning communities are now obsolete and need replacing with leaders as connected to communities at local, national and global levels. However, the project raised more… [PDF]
(1997). Diversity in the Canon and the Composition Class: Rethinking the Role of Literature in the Writing Classroom. Writing teachers are currently faced with another paradigm shift. Some 25 years ago, a fledgling field of composition studies advocated the switch from a traditional product view to a process view of teaching writing. Recently, new studies and books are emerging which critique this view as insufficient. The pragmatic view of writing instruction uses the process view as its foundation and builds on it by increasing the emphasis on the social aspects of writing. It also advances a whole-language approach to teaching. In conjunction with this paradigm shift, several other pedagogical movements are afoot, including becoming aware of cultural diversity both within the literary canon and the classroom. Yet another issue concerns whether literary text should be used in the composition classroom. Inclusion of literary texts in the classroom that model the move from silence toward language, especially by marginalized characters, are important in promoting a liberal education that seeks to… [PDF]
(2005). Pause to Reflect: Exploring Teachers' Notions of Social Responsibility. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, v51 n1 p34-49 Spr. The struggle, or interrelationship, between [authoritative and internally persuasive] discourses, determine the history of an individual's \ideological consciousness.\ (Bakhtin, 1981, p. 348) The \ideological consciousness\ of 11 elementary schoolteachers in a linguistically and culturally heterogeneous school about meanings of social responsibility is central in this inquiry. In analyzing what social responsibility might imply for educators' practices, we draw on the works of pedagogical theorists (Casey, 1993; Dei, 1996; Delpit, 1995; Freire, 1970; Hooks, 1994; Ladson-Billings, 1994; Sleeter, 1993; Toh & Floresca-Cawagas, 2000) concerned with equity in education. Discourses of social and educational philosophers (Greene, 2000; Ignatieff, 2000; noddings, 1992; Naht Han, 1992; Saul, 1995; Vanier, 1998) and sociocultural theorists (Bakhtin, 1981; Holland, Lachicotte, Skinner, & Cain, 1998) also inform this research. This inquiry was stimulated by our respective perspectives as a… [Direct]
(2006). School Programs Targeting Stress Management in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of School Psychology, v44 n6 p449-472 Dec. Introduction: This meta-analysis evaluates the effect of school programs targeting stress management or coping skills in school children. Methods: Articles were selected through a systematic literature search. Only randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental studies were included. The standardized mean differences (SMDs) between baseline and final measures were computed for experimental and control groups. Experimental groups were groups that either received an intervention of (a) relaxation training, (b) social problem solving, (c) social adjustment and emotional self-control, or (d) a combination of these interventions. If no baseline measurement was available, SMDs were calculated between final measures of the groups. The overall pooled effect size was calculated and the pooled effect sizes of improvement on stress, coping, (social) behavior, and self-efficacy by random effects meta-analysis. The dependence of the results on study characteristics (i.e. methodological… [Direct]
(2006). Goals of Universal Basic and Secondary Education. Prospects: Quarterly Review of Comparative Education, v36 n3 p247-269 Sep. This essay discusses educational goals for universal basic and secondary education. It suggests some of the difficulties that may explain the great diversity of educational goals. The purposes of this essay are to (1) stimulate attention to educational goals on the part of individuals, families, educational professionals, community leaders in business, religion, and politics, local governments, national governments, and international organizations; and (2) to provide some starting points for future discussions. Several major themes are included. Rich countries and poor should devote more attention to the goals of basic and secondary education. At least three broad kinds of educational goals are important: (1) political (or civic); (2) economic; and (3) individual. These categories are not mutually exclusive. The goals of basic and secondary education should support making a bigger pie (better technology), bringing fewer forks to the table (lower fertility, rational consumption), and… [Direct]
(1993). Beyond a Dream Deferred: Multicultural Education and the Politics of Excellence. This multidisciplinary anthology with chapters by faculty members, administrators, and students consolidates moral and political views of multicultural education and the institutional changes that have taken place in the past 20 years in higher education. Selections include: (1) "Rethinking America: The Practice and Politics of Multiculturalism in Higher Education" (Evelyn Hu-DeHart); (2) "The New Cultural Politics of Difference" (Cornel West); (3) "On Race and Voice: Challenges for Liberal Education in the 1990s" (Chandra Talpade Mohanty); (4) "Clarence Thomas, Affirmative Action, and the Academy" (Evelynn Hammonds); (5) "The Politics of Inclusion: Reskilling the Academy" (Becky W. Thompson and Sangeeta Tyagi); (6) "Community Ties and Law School Faculty Hiring: The Case for Professors Who Don't Think White" (Ian Haney Lopez); (7) "The Responsibility of and to Differences: Theorizing Race and Ethnicity in Lesbian and…
(1991). African Roots of Cultural Diversity in American Society: Rationale for a Critical Analysis and Reform in American Higher Education. The view that people of black African descent have made few significant contributions to the history of mankind is a widely held concept in the social science and humanities curricula of U.S. secondary and higher education. Prior to celebrating the cultural diversity of the United States, the curriculum and materials should be analyzed and reformed. Recognition of minority contributions often are presented in isolation during special events of ethnic heritage, and this exclusion may be the cause of widespread racial unrest on campuses across the United States. A summary overview of the historical literature with respect to the planned and purposeful exclusion of people of black African descent as contributors to the diversity of classical Western culture is provided, and the issues surrounding this exclusion are examined. The impact of this exclusion on the psychological and cognitive development of children of black African descent within the U.S. education system also is… [PDF]
(2021). Equity Lessons Learned from Schools in the Time of COVID-19: Education Resources for State Leaders. Education Trust As state leaders continue to help their districts and schools respond to the COVID-19 crisis, they must not forget the lessons learned during the last 18 months. The $125 billion allocated through the American Rescue Plan is an opportunity for state leaders to support districts and schools in meeting students' most immediate academic, social, and emotional needs during these unprecedented times — and to reimagine what is possible for public schools so that they emerge from this crisis a more equitable and just education system — and society. This resource is a collaboration of 12 organizations seeking to advance educational equity state leaders about how to transform systems to better serve and support improved outcomes for underserved students and ensure that existing and new resources are used to drive significant change in the education system. [Additional collaborators of this resource are SchoolConnection and Teach Plus.]… [PDF]
(1995). Project Dakota Outreach: Replicating Family Centered, Community Based Early Intervention Policy and Practice, 1991-1994. Final Report. This project worked to help community programs and interagency groups develop fluid organizational structures and better assist staff and parents in the provision of family-centered, community-based early intervention services for young children with disabilities and their families. Highlights of the service model include transdisciplinary teamwork, pre-assessment meetings with families, and inclusion in both formal and informal settings. Major objectives included: provision of assistance to Minnesota Part H leadership in the formation of a statewide Individualized Family Service Plan process and document as well as corresponding personnel development; support for progress by local communities and interagency groups toward family-centered, community-based practices; support for Part H efforts in other states through consultation with state leaders, presentations at state conferences, and intensive community work; and dissemination of project products. Results of the project and… [PDF]
(2004). "Steady Work": The Ongoing Redesign of the Stanford Teacher Education Program. Educational Perspectives, v36 n1-2 p8-19 Spr. For many years, teacher education has been the subject of persistent concerns, many of which were reflected in a 1997 evaluation of the Stanford Teacher Education Program (STEP). The evaluation noted the lack of a common view of the purpose of STEP, resulting in "contradictory practices and mixed messages"; fragmented coursework; faculty turnover; lack of collaborative planning; inadequate attention to classroom management and other pragmatic concerns; lack of attention to reading instruction and the use of technology; disconnects between the vision of STEP and the pedagogy embodied in courses and placements; and the proverbial lack of connection between theory and practice. Teacher educators have struggled for years to place student teachers in classrooms that reflect state-of-the-art practice and are in synch with program coursework and with research on effective teaching. The articulation and sustenance of a common vision, and the development of a shared understanding of… [PDF]
(2002). Meeting Old Challenges and New Demands: The Redesign of the Stanford Teacher Education Program. Issues in Teacher Education, v11 n1 p17-30 Spr. Teacher education in the United States has been the subject of persistent and abiding concerns. Teacher educators have struggled for years to connect theory and practice, to place student teachers in classrooms that reflect state-of-the-art practice, and to construct program coursework that illuminates research on effective teaching in ways that are practice-relevant. The articulation and sustenance of a common vision, and the development of a shared understanding of the goals of student teaching, are similarly long-standing challenges. The creation of a curriculum that is systematic and synergistic across courses and across the university and school components of preparation has been difficult in most institutions. Finally, teacher education programs remain the stepchildren of most universities, underfunded and under resourced by many and treated with intellectual disdain by nearly all. Dissatisfaction with these conditions provoked a redesign of Stanford's Teacher Education Program… [Direct]
(2006). Unconstitutional Deportation of Mexican Americans during the 1930s: Family History and Oral History. Multicultural Education, v13 n3 p4-9 Spr. Many educators are committed to multicultural education and are constantly seeking an inclusive curriculum voicing the diversity of the many cultural groups in the United States. The influential work of James Banks (1981, 1997, 2001) has encouraged a generation of educators to design a multicultural curriculum. Yet while this task remains an important goal for all educators so students may develop an understanding of their own history as well as a respect for the history of others, exclusion of the historical experience of the other is still apparent in many social science textbooks adopted by local and state boards of education. This article explores the topic of the unconstitutional deportation of Mexican Americans (American born citizens) during the 1930s and advocates for its inclusion in elementary and secondary social studies curricula, especially through the use of family history and oral history. Actual quotes from oral history interviews conducted by the author and others… [PDF] [Direct]