Jeffries, John; McGahey, Richard (1985). Minorities and the Labor Market: Twenty Years of Misguided Policy. By analyzing industrial policy, this booklet reveals a long-term conceptual problem that has impeded progress toward fuller employment for blacks. The report introduces industrial policy; gives an overview of leading industrial policy proposals; outlines the employment problems of black Americans; assesses the various analyses of these problems; evaluates the efficacy of industrial policy proposals for minorities; and explores various policy options for improving the situation of black workers. Industrial polilcy fails to address black employment problems in three areas: (1) the nature of firms where blacks work; (2) the role of schools and training in the labor market; and (3) shifts in the composition and number of available jobs. Retraining programs, for example, concentrate on large primary firms and the short-term unemployed, having little value when the real problem is too few jobs. Growth alone has not solved black employment problems in the past, nor will it do so in the…

(1983). Vocational Education: Where Are the Minorities and Women?. The principal justification for the federal government's long-term and substantial support of vocational education programs is the need to provide opportunities for American workers, particularly those without marketable skills from lower income and minority families, to develop job-related skills. In recent decades, Congress has enacted several laws aimed at eliminating race and sex stereotyping in vocational education institutions. Based on an examination of the enrollment patterns at Milwaukee Area Technical College (MATC), it would appear that MATC perpetuates racial and sex stereotypes historically associated with vocational education in the United States, since females and minority group members studying there are concentrated in educational programs whose graduates earn salaries that are below the average salaries generally earned by MATC graduates. Therefore, MATC officials should reexamine their efforts to eliminate sex and racial stereotypes and to open up opportunities…

Pink, William T. (1983). Instructional Leadership: The Role of the Administrative Team and Student Achievement. In an effort to support the contention that the levels of student achievement and discipline depend more on administrative style and school ethos than on inner city location and/or social class, race, or IQ of students, an investigation was conducted of a single midwestern urban high school. The procedure consisted of observation and interviews of the principal, three vice-principals, and a representative sampling of teachers, individual students, student groups, support staff, and parents, followed by a review of documentation pertaining to instruction. Eleven separate findings are summarized, suggesting that the administrative style of this school is a negative illustration of the above thesis: student achievement scores are declining because administrative policy does not emphasize high expectations for academic improvement. This lack of administrative involvement in instructional leadership results from a lack of interest therein among administrators, a conflict in leadership…

Colfer, Mary Ellen; Corrado, Thomas (1982). Sourcebook: Disabled Student Services. Designed for use by coordinators of disabled student services at New York State two-year colleges, this sourcebook represents a compendium of ideas, recommendations, facts, problems, and solutions related to serving disabled two-year college students. Introductory remarks describing the sourcebook's purpose and New York's Disabled Student Project are followed by background information regarding concerns and resources, trends and projections, and barriers to working with disabled students. Subsequent sections cover: (1) the legal rights of disabled students as stated by Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973; (2) identification of disabled students; (3) attitudes of and toward disabled individuals; (4) access and safety concerns, such as program accessibility, barrier-free design, adapted equipment and techniques, laboratory safety practices, evacuation of disabled persons, first aid, and access to vocational education; (5) instructional accommodations for disabled students…

Carey, Diane; Farland, Ronnald (1982). Child Development Programs in California Community Colleges: Status Report. Background information is provided on child development programs and services in California community colleges. First, the report outlines the current status of child development centers and the three kinds of centers currently operated (i.e., lab schools, child care programs, and combination programs); the number and types of centers in operation; the children and families served by the centers; and the characteristics and adequacy of the centers. Next, a discussion of the status of child development instruction programs includes a definition of these programs and examines the relationship between child development instruction and services, the certificate/degree options, the number of colleges offering programs, and student enrollment levels. Then, a rationale is provided for the continued development of programs and services based on a recent court case mandating such services; the need to promote gender equity and to create programs for displaced homemakers and women re-entry…

McIntyre, Chuck (1982). Comprehensive Planning. Work to develop and test new statewide planning and evaluation procedures for the California community colleges is described in this paper, which provides background information, outlines the proposed comprehensive planning process, and discusses the use of statewide priorities. A background section describes current planning and evaluation activities and underscores the need for more comprehensive procedures. Proposed remedies to the problems created by top-to-bottom planning and widely dispersed and ill-defined evaluation responsibilities are then outlined, with focus on a joint project involving the Chancellor's Office and the Western Association Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges in the development of a method for sharing planning and evaluation as part of the institutional accreditation process; and on the work of the Chancellor's Office Task Force on Planning and Compliance. Next, a prospective planning and review process is presented, which encompasses…

(1977). The White House Conference on Handicapped Individuals: Volume II. Final Report. Part C. May 23-27, 1977. The three-part final report documents recommend recommendations and resolutions and summarizes the work of more than 700 delegates to the White House Conference on Handicapped Individuals, May 23-27, 1977, in Washington, D.C. It is emphasized that the primary purpose of the conference was to give persons with mental and/or physical disabilities an opportunity to voice their concerns and vote on recommended solutions to problems. Part C reprints verbatim the recommendations approved during the conference and the resolutions affirmed in a poll taken by mail after the conference. Approzimately 150 recommendations and resolutions are listed for the following issues: health, education, social, special, and miscellaneous concerns. Resolutions cover such areas as national health insurance and planning, early identification and diagnostic services, and screening programs, (health concerns); preschool evaluation services, funds for vocational education, and enforcement of Education For All…

(1982). Confronting Racial Isolation in Miami. This report presents the findings of research and public hearings on the development of racial isolation in Miami, Florida. Maintaining that Miami's black community is isolated from the city as a whole, and that the sense of black isolation and frustration precipitated the civil disturbances in Miami in May of 1980, the report examines the causes of black alienation and the role of public and private leadership in correcting the situation. Identified as a major influence in the development of racial alienation is the urban renewal program which pushed large numbers of blacks out of their traditional neighborhoods and into isolated and severely deteriorated areas. Other manifestations of black isolation include high unemployment and a lack of access to job training and advancement, adequate housing, the justice system, and equal educational opportunities among the city's black and minority population. It is concluded that solving Miami's problems requires a coordinated effort of… [PDF]

Ladd, Everett Carll, Jr.; Lipset, Seymour Martin (1978). US Revisited. A Survey Portrait of the American Political Science Community. This paper describes the political science community in the United States, namely, its faculty, graduate students, and undergraduate majors. The study is based on six national surveys conducted by the Carnegie Council in 1969 and 1975. Part one, \Professional Status,\ points out that the economic position of political science faculty has deteriorated relative to professors in other disciplines since 1969. Political scientists are now among the lowest paid academic scientists. Furthermore, the disciplines are no longer attracting especially able students, partially a result of a poor job market. The doubts of political scientists about disciplinary performance is discussed in Part two, \Academic Assessments.\ Faculty point out grade inflation and students point out declining classroom relevance. Part three, \Educational Standards and Sociopolitical Perspectives,\ examines the changing sociopolitical views of faculty and students revealing a stable conservative shift. The final…

Hofferth, Sandra L. (1980). High School, Occupational Choice, and Sex Equity. Working Paper: 1303-02. A study examined the differential effects of experiences prior to labor force entry, primarily in high school, on the later sex-typicality of occupations and earnings of non-college-bound men and women. The study analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of the Labor Market Experiences of Young Men and Women. (These surveys lnvolved some 5,000 young men and 5,000 young women aged fourteen to twenty-four in 1968.) Through interviews that were conducted annually with these respondents between 1968 and 1978, information was obtained concerning respondent demographic characteristics, schooling and job training, attitudes and aspirations, and school experiences and school characteristics. Data revealed that sex-related differences in occupational choices depend upon differences in aspirations that predate high school entry. Schools serve primarily to reinforce sex-typed values as well as general and work-related values of parents and society. Occupational training in high…

(1975). Indian Culture Master Plan. A Master Plan for Enriching the Background of Public School Personnel in Native American Cultures. Recognizing that the cultural and historical contributions of Native Americans should be part of the basic education of all citizens in the state, the 1974 Montana legislature directed that an Indian Culture Master Plan be devised to enrich the background of all public school teachers. The plan was to provide means by which all public school teachers within 10 years would receive training in Indian studies and all public schools would be provided with a program of study that included American Indian history, culture, sociology, and values as seen by Indians. The resolution further called for participation of Indian people in the preparation and presentation of programs. Kenneth Harwood, a Blackfoot Indian, was appointed to investigate methods for implementation; assisting him was a statewide advisory committee of 45 members. Their study resulted in a series of seventeen recommendations that were incorporated into the Indian Culture Master Plan. The plan itself includes…

Lutz, Frank W. (1979). The Governance Implications of Deanship Selection: And Other Selected Thoughts on the Process. The dean selection process and its relationship to the political process of governance in higher education institutions are discussed. Data were collected from 31 institutions that were in the process of selecting a dean. Questionnaires were sent to selection committee chairpersons and members, and to the deans who were eventually selected. A model developed by Bailey (1965) for describing, analyzing, and predicting selection committee behavior was used for this study of search and screening committees. A discussion of the two types of councils included in Bailey's model–elite and arena–is presented. Analysis of the data indicates that the search and screening committees should be considered elite councils. None of the data indicate that there was an effort by individual committee members to represent any segment of the faculty, nor did students appear to have much influence on the selection process. Only a very small percentage of committee members were members of central…

(1978). First Annual Report of the Commission on Indian Services. Submitted to Members of the Fifty-Ninth Legislative Assembly and the Governor of the State of Oregon. Highlighted in this report is the 1976-77 work of the ten member Commission on Indian Services which was established in 1976 to compile information on services available to Indians, to develop programs to inform Indians of services available to them, to develop programs to make Indian wants and needs known to public and private agencies, and to assess Indian programs of state agencies. Background for understanding the impact on Oregon of the relationships between Indian tribes, the states, and the federal government is presented through discussion of treaty obligations, PL 280 (1953), and the policy of termination. Commission efforts to promote increased communication and cooperation among Indians, federal agencies, national Indian organizations and multi-state organizations are outlined. Summaries are given of the Commission proposals made during the 1977 legislative session on alcoholism program funding, burial sites protection, confiscation of fishing equipment, tribal police…

DeSole, Gloria, Ed.; Hoffmann, Leonore, Ed. (1976). Careers and Couples: An Academic Question. The 20 articles in this collection concern issues faced by couples in academe. One group of articles considers part-time careers, independent scholarly work, or intermittent employment, which may be viable alternatives for women with families or those who feel less need for a full-time job. The need for institutional policies to support part-time careers is discussed. Experiences with the dual career and difficulties of being an academic couple are discussed in several articles. A great role change, or the man following a woman to a new position, is described as are the antecedent conditions in a university which would not recognize the qualifications of the professional wife. In another article, a divorced professional woman and mother describes a career-couple conflict. In several articles, married academics describe the positive and negative aspects of sharing an appointment, a variation on part-time in which two people share one full-time appointment. Other articles describe…

Lyle, Jerolyn R.; Ross, Jane L. (1973). Women in Industry: Employment Patterns of Women in Corporate America. A research study, the book focuses on the type of jobs which women hold in large industrial firms and the extent of occupational discrimination which they face in the job market. To investigate the nature of occupational discrimination, the authors studied the relationships among 30 characteristics of 246 firms, of which 188 were industrial and 58 nonindustrial companies. Banks and insurance firms were excluded from the sample. An important finding was that industrial sector center firms, those with the largest numbers of employees and highest asset levels, practiced less occupational discrimination toward women than smaller or peripheral firms. Among nonindustrial firms, those with more diversification in output and with suburban locations exhibited less occupational discrimination than highly specialized firms and firms with central city locations. Extensive interviews with male and female managers in several large firms revealed that employee resistance to female supervisors was…

(1975). Boston School Committee "Student Desegregation Plan." A Response. The initial black community response to the desegregation plan submitted by the School Department is contained in this document. The principal purpose is to make clear to the court that in evaluating this plan, or any other, improvements in the quality of schooling is sought. Efforts to rid the Boston schools of discriminatory pupil placement are supported, but racial balances or any rigid formulas for fixing the racial proportions in school buildings are not sought. It is believed that once discriminatory pupil placement is ended, probable instructional outcome should chiefly determine the character of all schools. The court is asked to verify the accuracy of the statistical data in the plan, to verify school department capacity and intent to implement the options that are essential to the plan, and to require procedures designed to prevent a variety of abuses that often attend desegregation. The procedures include: certification for, and placement in, special education classes;…

Furno, Orlando F.; Kidd, J.S. (1974). New Teachers for the Inner City. This book is primarily about the problems of preparing teachers for assignments to schools in low-income neighborhoods and is based on an extensive case study of a specific attempt to deal with these problems. Chapter 1 introduces some basic issues in the training of teachers for assignment to schools in low-income neighborhoods. Chapter 2 explores "The Setting for the Urban Poor." Chapter 3 reviews the conceptual approaches to education and teacher training, briefly surveys the history of teacher preparation in the U.S., looks at current developments at the operational level, and evaluates prospects for reform within the system of teacher education. Chapters 4-7 deal with the planning, implementation, central operations, and evaluation of the Baltimore Teacher Training Project. Chapter 8 is a critical review of the state-of-the-art with respect to selecting and training teachers for work with the economically disadvantaged. The objective is to integrate the empirical…

Kirst, Michael W. (1973). Issues in Governance for Performance-Based Teacher Education. PBTE Series No. 13. The evolution and governing structure for teacher education and certification provide the context for analyzing the probable impact and issues caused by the implementation of performance-based teacher education (PBTE). Because the concept of PBTE is still being refined, such an analysis must be of a prescriptive and speculative nature. However, several factors which will have an effect on crucial governance issues can be identified: a) universities and state governments have had the most influence on educational policy to date; b) since the current system was institutionalized, teacher organizations, parent groups, ethnic minorities, students, and state legislators have gained in strength and will demand a larger share of the influence on educational policy; c) these varying interest groups have different value perspectives which the research base of PBTE is unlikely to resolve, with the result that value issues will become intensely political, engendering negotiations, coalitions,… [PDF]

Taines, Beatrice (1973). First Semester of the Diablo Valley College Women's Re-Entry Program, Fall 1972, and a Program for Women at Diablo Valley College. In the fall semester, 1972, a Women's Re-entry Program was initiated at Diablo Valley College. The program was devised to provide a supportive and encouraging atmosphere and convenient physical arrangements so that women could return to the classroom. All classes were scheduled during elementary school hours, and child care was made available for preschool children. The program consisted of two blocks of basic general education courses in which a total of 79 students enrolled. At the end of the semester, students wrote informal essays evaluating their experiences. Every student expressed approval, usually enthusiasm, and no one stated that she regretted entering the program or totally disliked any single course. Three colloquies and a lecture series and seminar were available as special electives. At the end of the semester a statistical analysis was made of the students' backgrounds, reasons for enrolling, scholastic achievement at Diablo, and retention rate. The Women's Studies… [PDF]

Hawley, Peggy (1975). The State of the Art of Counseling High School Girls. Final Report. Fels Discussion Paper No. 89. A year spent in fulltime study of over 3,000 young women and counselors of both sexes in 13 schools shows that both groups have largely discarded the traditional stereotype of womanhood. Attitudes were measured on a continuum from dichotomous (gender-based) to androgynous (no sex referent). Counselors were significantly more androgynous than the girls they counsel. Self-report statements indicate that counselors are relatively more free of sex bias than their counselees. This tells more about what they say than about what they do. Girls miss the more subtle basic implications of feminism. Many think that women should work only if it doesn't interfere with domestic duties. They seem unaware that couples are increasingly sharing both domestic responsibilities and outside work. A strong positive relationship emerged between high I.Q. scores and androgynous attitudes. Although less strong, a significant relationship was found between attitudes toward sex roles and ethnicity. Anglos held… [PDF]

Schneps, Jack A.; And Others (1976). Implementation of Strategies for the Handicapped II. Presented are the proceedings of two workshop/conferences given during 1974 on the strategies of 2-year colleges in responding to the career education needs of disabled students in New York State. It is noted that a total of 34 New York community colleges and 23 federal, state, and regional institutions sent representatives to at least one of the five conferences. Provided for the first conference are information on background of the conference (including planning and site selection); a summary of job placement strategies during the orientation program (including pre-admission activities, registration, and post-registration career planning workshops); a summary of strategies during the second and third semesters (including interactions among college staff, and work experiences for disabled students); and placement activities during the fourth semester. Included for the second conference are summaries of the keynote address and the following panel discussions: \Business, Industry,… [PDF]

Scott, Robert A. (1976). Middle-Level Collegiate Administration in a Period of Retrenchment. Middle-level administrative costs and personnel are increasing at a time when other areas are being forced to cut back. These middle-level positions are the deans and directors and assistants of support services in the areas of admissions, counseling, business, accounting and personnel offices, fund raising, safety, public information, alumni affairs, student personnel, registration and scheduling, and similar nonacademic support staff areas. The three functions of these staff are to act as liaison with external suppliers of resources; to implement procedures for internal allocation of resources and control of activities; and to work with student activities and curricular responsibilities. Specific examples of these functions are given. The staffing of these positions has moved from faculty with part-time assignments to the hiring of recent graduates without experience to a combination of the two. In the present period of retrenchment, due to tighter budgets, the need for more… [PDF]

Weislogel, Louis F. (1976). Campus Police. A Study of Existing Policies and Procedures Among the Pennsylvania State Colleges and University and Resultant Implications for Policy Development at West Chester State College. Educational Policies. The purpose of the study was to make recommendations for the development of policy concerning law enforcement at West Chester State College. A survey was conducted of existing law enforcement policies and procedures within the Pennsylvania State colleges. The investigation focused on mission, staffing, training, equipping, and organization. Questionnaires and interviews were used to obtain data. Missions assigned campus police varied. Most schools preferred the \security-safety\ function. Eight-five percent of the departments were located in the administrative affairs division of the institution. The institution's complements were similar despite differing enrollment and geographical locations. There was consensus for requiring the associate degree for employment. In order to improve training, results indicated a need for better articulation between the institutions and the Law Enforcement Academy. Issues affecting policy development were the use of \rent-a-cops,\ the small number… [PDF]

Tatum, Beverly Daniel (1997). "Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?" and Other Conversations about Race. A Psychologist Explains the Development of Racial Identity. This book explores the psychology and the development of racial identity. The book makes the following suggestions: for people of color, the development of a constructive racial identity means being able to resist the bombardment of negative stereotypes and to think of a history of resistance and empowerment rather than one of passive victimization; for white people, racial development must begin with the abandonment of individual racism and the recognition of and opposition to institutional racism. The racial identity development of other people of color, Latinos, American Indians, and Asians, is also discussed. In considering why black students sit together in the cafeteria, the formation of racial identity is explored with real-life examples. The first part of the book discusses racism and the complexity of identity. The second part contains chapters on understanding blackness in a white social context, from early childhood through adolescence and adulthood. The third part…

(2000). Part 106–Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Receiving Federal Financial Assistance. This document addresses nondiscrimination on the basis of sex in education programs or activities receiving federal financial assistance. It includes the amendments made in the notice of Final Regulations published in the Federal Register on November 13, 2000. The amendments effectuate Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. The official version of this regulation did not appear in the 2000 edition of the Code of Federal Regulations. The amendment is divided into six subparts: (1) introduction; (2) coverage; (3) discrimination on the basis of sex in admission and recruitment; (4) discrimination on the basis of sex in education programs or activities prohibited; (5) discrimination on the basis of sex in employment in education programs or activities prohibited; and (6) procedures. The first section discusses the purpose and effective date of the legislation and provides definitions to terms in the legislation. It outlines numerous obligations, such as remedial and affirmative… [PDF]

Paige, Rod (2002). Confronting Challenges To Change: Remarks of U.S. Secretary of Education Rod Paige (Washington, DC, September 9, 2002). At the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., in September 2002, the U.S. Secretary of Education outlined the Bush Administration's ideas for education reform. This booklet contains the secretary's remarks. He focused on the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, presenting several examples of the act in action. He also discussed additional initiatives such as the State Scholars program, whose goals are to challenge students by providing more rigorous course work, not just for honor students but for all students, and Good Start, Grow Smart, a program that prepares children in Head Start and other early-childhood programs in language, literacy, and numerical skills. The secretary also touched upon professional development for teachers and teacher education, stressing the importance of mastery of a subject and stating, "Far too many teachers are not trained in the subjects they're teaching." Following his prepared remarks, the secretary fielded questions from the press corps…. [PDF]

Beller, Andrea H. (1976). EEO Laws and the Earnings of Women. Reprint 243. This paper discusses two federal programs designed to promote equal employment opportunities for women. It analyzes the impact of the federal contract compliance program (affirmative action) and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on the absolute level of the earning of black and white working women over the 1967-1974 period. It was found that both programs increased the earnings of women for this period of time. Moreover, it was found that the programs were effective in different ways, and that because of this they are complementary tools for reducing discrimination in employment. Enforcement of Title VII increased earnings primarily within industries and occupations. The federal contract compliance program increased earnings by lessening entry restrictions across industries and occupations, thus allowing women to move into higher paying jobs. Since the two programs are complementary, the entire equal employment opportunities effort could be made more effective if the…

Kistler, Kathleen M. (1979). Equal Opportunity: Women in Administration in the California Community Colleges. This paper examines the extent to which women have attained administrative positions in California community colleges, highlights barriers to women's advancement and methods of overcoming them, and profiles the female college administrator. After citing the low incidence of female community college administrators and the increasing visibility of women in upper-level management, the paper examines the impact of affirmative action on the number of women in administration and identifies the subtle methods of discrimination still evidenced in the job application process. Next, factors contributing to women's lack of advancement are considered, e.g., childhood socialization and the "old boy network," and ways of preparing for an administrative career are suggested, for example, assertiveness training, keeping abreast of developments and job openings in the field, and organizing support groups. Recommendations are then offered for finding and securing administrative positions…

Trombley, William, Ed. (2004). National CrossTalk. Volume 12, Number 1, Winter 2004. National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education "National CrossTalk" is a publication of the National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education. The National Center promotes public policies that enhance opportunities for quality education and training beyond high school. The primary purpose of "National CrossTalk" is to stimulate informed discussion and debate of higher education issues. This issue of "National CrossTalk" contains the following articles: (1) Texas Returns to Affirmative Action: Readjustment and Confusion in the Aftermath of Recent U.S. Supreme Court Decisions (Carl Irving); (2) Can Athletics and Academics Coexist? Colleges and Universities Wrestle with Big-Time Sports (Don Campbell); (3) A Helping Hand: The Community College of Denver Reaches Out to First-Generation Students (Kay Mills); and (4) Ambitious Agenda: Michael Crow Has Brought an Entrepreneurial Spirit to Arizona State University (Kathy Witkowsky). Other Voices, a regularly featured section, presents: (1) Access… [PDF]

Seabury, Paul, Ed. (1979). Bureaucrats and Brainpower: Government Regulation of Universities. The exploration of the growth and cost benefit effectiveness of governmental regulation of higher education is examined in this book. An introductory article by Robert Hatfield examines university regulation from a businessman's perspective. Hatfield concludes that business and higher education must work together to curb the stream of regulation. The first paper on \The Advent of Academic Bureaucrats,\ by Paul Seabury, provides a historical overview of the situation. Richard W. Lyman's paper, \Federal Regulation and Institutional Autonomy: A University President's View,\ surveys some of the regulation on the campus, such as OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) investigations and affirmative action programs. The third paper, \Regulating the Universities,\ by Caspar W. Weinberger, explores university regulation and assesses the impact government control has on the universities. Robert L. Sproull considers the effects of government research contract controls in the…