Fahrenbruch, Julia, Ed. (1986). The Challenge of Change: A Reassessment of the California Community Colleges. Background Papers. These background papers were developed for the use of the California Commission for the Review of the Master Plan for Higher Education in preparing its report, "The Challenge of Change: A Reassessment of the California Community Colleges." Section 1 provides an introduction to the role of California's community colleges in its postsecondary education system and the legislative support for that system. Section 2 offers information on California's current socioeconomic and demographic composition, including data on the socioeconomic characteristics of the community college student population. Section 3 considers factors related to access and success, such as the changing definition of access, tensions created by demands for "competitive excellence" and "egalitarianism," recent legislation, and a proposed new strategy. Section 4 focuses on the mission and functions of California's community colleges, while section 5 looks at the community college faculty…

Lara, Olga; Murphy, Brian (1986). Community College Reform. Draft Outline. This report from the California State Legislature's Joint Committee for Review of the Master Plan for Higher Education presents proposals and recommendations regarding the future of the state's community colleges. Section I introduces the major demographic, social, and economic challenges facing the California community colleges over the next two decades, and states the intention of subsequent proposals with respect to strengthening the colleges' capacities to meet the emerging needs of the state. Section II offers recommendations to ensure that students have opportunities for access and success at the community college through adequate assessment, counseling, and placement. Section III reviews the primary goals of the community college, including recommendations for strengthening transfer education, vocational education, and transitional education (i.e., remedial education, English as a second language instruction, and noncredit adult education). Section IV focuses on faculty,…

Anderson, Bill; Farland, Ronnald (1988). Apprenticeship Related and Supplemental Instruction. An overview is provided of apprenticeship programs offered by the California community colleges. First, the report describes apprenticeships, indicating that modern programs include school-based supplemental instruction to ensure that apprentices possess skills and knowledge beyond just the manual tasks related to the occupation that are learned on the job. The next sections of the report explore: (1) the benefits of apprenticeship to employers and employees; (2) California laws regulating apprenticeships; (3) the cooperative nature of the partnership among program sponsors, the State Department of Education, the Chancellor's Office of the California Community Colleges, the California Apprenticeship Council (CAC), and the Division of Apprenticeship Standards (DAS); and (4) the roles played by the DAS, state and local education agencies, employers, the CAC, and program sponsors or joint apprenticeship committees. Next, the report describes the scope of community college…

(1988). Building Communities: A Vision for a New Century. AACJC National Teleconference Live via Satellite (Washington, DC, November 22, 1988). The American Seminar V Teleconference Workbook. In November 1988, the American Association of Community and Junior Colleges (AACJC) conducted an interactive video teleconference via satellite from Washington, D.C., to encourage community college practitioners from across the country to examine the recommendations in the report of the Commission on the Future of Community Colleges, "Building Communities: A Vision for a New Century." This workbook was designed to accompany the teleconference. It includes a conference program, Ernest L. Boyer's overview of the Futures Commission's report, and a checklist that encourages participants to rate their institutions in terms of the Commission's recommendations concerning students, faculty, curriculum, instruction, college campus, community partnerships, leadership, and assessment. In addition, the workbook contains results from a survey of 150 prominent community college leaders who were asked to assign priority to the 63 recommendations made by the Commission. This section lists… [PDF]

Cusick, Theresa (1987). The Heart of Excellence: Equal Opportunities and Educational Reform. PEER Report Number 6. The demographics of American schools are changing. While the actual number of school children has declined, the proportion of minority students, poor students, and students from one parent families has grown steadily. Education must be reformed to address these populations with equity. Strategies which have been adopted, such as more student testing and more teacher evaluation, are not solutions which will help low-achieving students. Concern for female students has waned since the passage of Title IX, but girls and young women are still victims of sex stereotyping, which negatively affects their academic achievement. Recommendations for equity reforms are the following; (1) pass state laws which protect the rights of minorities and guarantee equal opportunities in education; (2) bring community social service agencies, health centers, and recreational programs into the schools; (3) provide on-site day care for parenting students; (4) develop a school-to-work transition for low… [PDF]

Patrick, John J. (1987). The U.S. Constitution. A Teacher's Guide. Six 30-Minute Video Programs for Junior High and High School Students. This teacher's guide was designed to accompany six 30-minute video programs on the fundamental constitutional principles that form this nation's foundation. Each lesson in the guide contains an introduction to the main ideas of the program, a program summary, and suggested activities to carry out before and after the program. The topics emphasized in the series are: (1) limited government and the rule of law; (2) federalism; (3) separation of powers with checks and balances; (4) freedom of expression; (5) equal protection of the laws; and (6) the U.S. Constitution and the economy. Under the principles of limited government and rule of law, government officials cannot behave arbitrarily when enforcing law nor are they above the law. The national and state governments exercise powers separately and within constitutional limits under the principle of federalism. The system of checks and balances ensures a government with powers sufficient to act effectively and limitations sufficient… [PDF]

Christiansen, Richard (1986). Program Review Report on the College of Dentistry, University of Florida. The programs offered by the College of Dentistry at the University of Florida (UF) were reviewed by an outside consultant in order to provide information on the State University System's vision of the college and its mission for Florida, the support base for the program, and current directions and anticipated fiscal and human forces that help shape this health-care delivery system. A 2-day site visit to the Gainsville campus was supplemented by numerous reports submitted for the consultant's assessment. After an introductory review of the state of dental and oral health both nationally and in Florida, the history of the UF program is examined. The review focuses on the following areas: student pool and selection; program considerations (structure, research, clinical care, continuing education, faculty issues, equipment, etc.); oral health needs of the people of Florida; and distribution of the providers. General suggestions are offered regarding such areas as recruitment of minority…

Moore, Kathryn M. (1982). Women and Minorities. Leaders in Transition: A National Study of Higher Education Administrators. Career issues, educational concerns, and the professional, educational, and personal backgrounds of 2,896 senior college administrators were studied, with focus on the status of women and minorities. Women represented 20 percent of the sample; minorities, 8 percent. Women and minorities were largely registrars, librarians, and financial aid directors; men were largely presidents, chief business officers, and registrars. Of the 653 deans, 90 (13.8 percent) were women, and over half of the women deans were in the fields of nursing, home economics, arts and sciences, and continuing education. In addition, 5.5 percent of the deans were minorities. Men were more likely to hold new positions than women, and higher percentages of men held academic rank compared to women; 87.8 percent of male administrators were currently married, and 43.7 percent of the women were. Career mobility issues did not differ significantly for men and women, but slightly higher percentages of minorities and women… [PDF]

(1976). National Apprenticeship and Training Standards for Sign, Display, and Allied Workers Industry. Revised. Intended to provide a uniform pattern for use by employers and labor representatives in setting up and operating effective apprenticeship programs for sign, display, and allied workers, guidelines are listed under the following headings: Definitions, qualifications for apprenticeship, selection of apprentices, term of apprenticeship, related instruction, ratio of apprentices to journeymen, apprentice agreement, probationary period, apprentice wages, veterans allowance, credit for previous experience, basic hours of work for apprentices, supervision of apprentices, consultants, accident prevention, adjusting differences, work experience, and certificate of completion. Guidelines are also provided for adapting the national standards to local use. These include suggestions on formation of a local joint apprenticeship committee, duties of local committees, responsibilities of apprentices, modification of standards, and assistance from cooperating agencies. Federal laws and regulations… [PDF]

Curtin, Bernadette M.; Hecklinger, Fred J. (1981). Federal Employment Process. The Career Life Assessment Skills Series, Booklet Four. A Program to Meet Adult Developmental Needs. The search for a job with the federal government can be a confusing and frustrating experience. The purpose of this booklet is to explain the federal employment system; to simplify the search for a federal job; to assist in the completion of the basic government employment application form, the Personal Qualifications Statement, Standard Form 171 (SF-171); and to offer additional resources for the job search. First, the function of the Office of Personnel Management–the starting point for a federal job search–is explained. Eligibility criteria are then detailed for three of the most common tests used in the federal hiring system: the Clerk Typist Examination; the Junior Federal Assistant Examination; and the Professional and Administrative Career Examination (PACE). After delineating pay scales for federal employees as of October, 1980, the booklet outlines helpful shortcuts for the job applicant. These shortcuts include informational interviewing, keeping abreast of new job…

Muraski, Ed J. (1980). Teaching–How to Get a Job. The need for including job entry application skills training in vocational curricula is pointed to by occasions when \A-students\ fail to compete successfully in the job market and survey results that reveal that 50% of the reasons why employers reject applicants are related to the job application process. These skills, taught by the vocational instructor or by someone with more expertise in personnel management, can be covered in any one of five modes: in a separate class to be conducted in the last half of the spring semester before graduation; in a section or component within an advanced class; in seminars conducted by the college's community services section; as a component of the college's cooperative education, work experience, or placement services; or as a service of the college's career counseling center. Instructional content will depend upon the mode that is used, but should include a hierarchy of skills, including: (1) those which must be stressed, such as tips for… [PDF]

Edwards, Harry T.; Nordin, Virginia Davis (1979). Higher Education and the Law. The proliferation of laws, regulations, and judicial opinions affecting higher education and the nature of the impact of these laws on the academic community are examined. Designed for use by both students and practitioners, the book employs the "case method" design based on the belief that law cases furnish the best sources for study and review of legal developments. Part One, "The College or University As a Legal Entity," discusses the college or university as a legal entity, legal attributes of private universities, the constitutionally autonomous university, and public universities without constitutional status. Part Two, "Faculty Rights," examines academic freedom and related substantive constitutional rights, faculty tenure, and unionization and collective bargaining. Part Three, "Student Rights," examines substantive constitutional rights of students, procedural due process, the contract theory, the student as consumer, and…

Stull, William A. (1978). The Role of the Cooperative Education Director in the Two-Year College. In order to determine the actual and ideal role of the cooperative education director as perceived by the director, immediate supervisors, and faculty, a random sample was drawn from 474 two-year colleges with cooperative education programs. Responses were received from 73 directors (77%), 54 supervisors (84%), and 38 faculty members (66%). The questionnaire asked respondents to rank 44 role behavior activity statements in terms of their actual and ideal importance. In terms of the directors' actual role, it was found that supervisors believed that directors were more involved with recruitment and selection of employers than did directors; and that faculty perceived directors as emphasizing proposal preparation, attendance at meetings and conferences, and student assignment more than directors believed was the case. On 40 of the 44 activity statements, the three groups expressed similar ideas on ideal behavior; however, supervisors would ideally involve directors with employer…

Schlesinger, Sue H.; Steiger, JoAnn M. (1979). Fostering Sex Fairness in Vocational Education: Strategies for Administrators. Information Series No. 147. One of a series of sixteen knowledge transformation papers, this paper gives an overview of sex equity issues and suggests alternative strategies for administrators in vocational education to use in reducing sex segregation and fostering sex fairness. In the first section the nature of the problem is discussed; occupational sex stereotyping and segregation are recognized as major factors. Next, the relevant federal laws are summarized, including Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Equal Pay Act of 1963, Title II of the Education Amendments of 1976, and Executive Order 11246 (1965). The third section deals with a variety of strategies aimed at different aspects of the problem. For students, three areas are identified as targets: (1) recruitment measures to increase nontraditional enrollment, emphasizing career education programs, prevocational programs, and introductory vocational classes; (2) guidance and counseling to improve the… [PDF]

Barber, Joel A. (1975). Survey of Selected Personnel Functions, May 1975. Twenty western and northern districts, 10 larger and 10 smaller than Seattle, were surveyed to determine the degree of responsibility of the Personnel Departments in selected functions in the following areas: (1) Certificated Staff, (2) Classified Staff, (3) Records and Payroll, (4) Salary Administration, and (5) Negotiations. Information was also sought regarding the position of the top personnel administrator and the major personnel problems as perceived by him. The major findings were: (1) the Personnel Departments of the majority of the districts are responsible for the personnel functions of the Certificated and Classified staffs and the Salary Administration; (2) the Payroll processing function is usually the responsibility of the Business Department; (3) negotiations are a separate function but receive input from the Personnel Department; (4) the overall personnel responsibility usually rests with an Assistant Superintendent reporting to the Superintendent or his Deputy; (5)… [PDF]

Tittle, Carol Kehr; And Others (1975). Women in Educational Research: Their Status from Student to Employee. The Committee on the Role and Status of Women within the American Educational Research Association (AERA) decided to send a series of questionnaires to universities, school districts, state departments of education, and major research and development organizations in order to analyze the respective roles and statuses of men and women within AERA. The purpose of these questionnaires was to determine (a) the relative position and status of women as students in doctoral programs in education; (b) the status of women on the faculties of institutions which train educational researchers; and (c) the status of women as employees in research organizations, local school districts, and state education departments. It was found that women consistently fall in the lower job ranks as determined by responsibility and salary. Even in job categories at the lower end of the rankings, women were paid less than their male counterparts. It was also found that most employers of educational researchers… [PDF]

Wagenheim, Kal (1974). "Thorough and Efficient" Public School Education for Puerto Rican Children in New Jersey. On April 3, 1973, the New Jersey Supreme Court declared that the current method of financing the state's public school system violates the requirement of the New Jersey constitution that: The legislature shall provide for the maintenance and support of a thorough and efficient system of free and public schools for the instruction of all children in this state between the ages of five and 18 years. In this document, the Puerto Rican Consortium For a Thorough and Efficient Education presents the views of New Jersey's Puerto Rican community on the issue of a "thorough and efficient" education. This document lists priorities which are viewed as essential if children of Puerto Rican birth or parentage in New Jersey are to receive a "thorough and efficient" education. Among the priorities are: (1) Allocation of public school funds based on needs. (2) Establishment of bilingual/bicultural programs for all children whose English-language deficiency prevents them from… [PDF]

Ong, Paul M., Ed. (2000). The State of Asian Pacific America: Transforming Race Relations. A Public Policy Report, Volume IV. The papers in this collection respond to the importance of race in U.S. society by providing a comprehensive, multidisciplinary empirical analysis of the diverse ways in which Asian Pacific Americans are redefining and transforming contemporary U.S. race relations. Following a preface by Don T. Nakanishi and J. D. Hokoyama, the chapters are: (1) \The Asian Pacific American Challenge to Race Relations\ (Paul M. Ong); (2) \'Who Are You Calling Asian?' Shifting Identity Claims, Racial Classifications, and the Census\ (Yen Le Espiritu and Michael Omi); (3) \Racial Attitudes and the Color Line(s) at the Close of the Twentieth Century\ (Taeku Lee); (4) \Fu Manchu Lives! Asian Pacific Americans as Permanent Aliens in American Culture\ (Robert Lee); (5) \Residential Patterns of Asian Pacific Americans\ (Tarry Hum and Michela Zonta); (6) \From Vincent Chin to Joseph Ileto: Asian Pacific Americans and Hate Crime Policy\ (Karen Umemoto); (7) \Asian Pacific Americans and Human Rights/Relations…

Shufelt, Brett Stratton (2002). Minority Administrator and Faculty Recruitment at Two-Year Community Colleges in the Northeast United States. This study investigated minority recruitment and growth at two-year community colleges in the Northeast United States. Two major research questions were formulated to guide the investigation: (1) What factors do community college presidents identify as having an impact on recruiting minority administrators and faculty members? and (2) What strategies do community college presidents use to recruit minority administrators and faculty members? In addition to the two research questions, profiles of minority administrators and faculty members employed at two-year community colleges in the Northeast United States and the community college presidents participating in the study were developed. This paper particularly targets Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaskan Natives as ethnic/racial groups that are often subjected to differential treatment. Fifty-six community college presidents in the Northeast United States participated in this… [PDF]

(1999). Connecticut Community-Technical Colleges Annual Report to the Governor, 1998-99. This report provides the 1998-99 data on the 12 Connecticut Community-Technical Colleges, as reported to the governor. The average Community-Technical College student in 1998-1999 was 30 years of age. Students enrolled in occupational programs represented 43 percent of enrollment, and approximately 28 percent pursued Liberal Arts and Sciences and General Studies programs. The scope of activities in the School-to Career and Technical Preparation programs has expanded during the 1998-1999 year. All colleges have been developing skills outcomes statements for all career programs to better coordinate with the CBIA-developed skills standards. Master plans for several facilities constructions have moved forward. The new Learning Resource Building at Manchester is scheduled for substantial completion and occupancy in June of 2000. The PC Core Competency Training Program has provided ongoing technology training in the major PC office applications as well as Internet and Web technology… [PDF]

(1997). Attitudes and Opinions from the Nation's High Achieving Teens: 28th Annual Survey of High Achievers. This report details the 28th annual study to examine the attitudes of student leaders in U.S. high schools. Participating in the survey were 3,210 adolescents, primarily 16- and 17-year-olds, who had been featured in the 1997 edition of "Who's Who Among American High School Students." The report presents demographic information on the survey participants and provides tables of the survey results, including breakdowns by sex, race, type of school attended, and type of community. Findings are organized in the following sections: education; school violence; weapons; cheating in school; sexual behavior and attitudes; sexual harassment, assault, and date rape; cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs; future plans; the court system; honesty in American leaders; important influences; home life; happiness/depression; dieting, eating disorders, and self-image; cults; suicide; Internet usage; the nation's and their generation's greatest crisis; aspirations; prejudice; ethnic diversity,… [PDF]

Mary Ann Indorf (2007). Americans with Disabilities: Guidelines for Higher Education Administrators. ProQuest LLC, Ed.D. Dissertation, University of Bridgeport. The cornerstones of special education law are the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504), and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). One of the main purposes of these acts was to provide a national mandate to eliminate discrimination against disabled students in the workforce and in an educational setting, especially in grades K-12. These laws could also be applied to discrimination in higher education settings. The title of this dissertation was "Americans With Disabilities: Guidelines for Higher Education Administrators". The purpose of this study was to determine whether guidelines concerning appropriate accommodations for higher education students with disabilities could be developed by analyzing case law as well as the ADA, IDEA, and 504. A questionnaire based on court decisions was sent to one hundred higher education administrators, faculty, and staff in Connecticut to determine whether higher education… [Direct]

Hamilton, Laura T.; Nielsen, Kelly (2022). Democracy's Experiment Station. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, v54 n1 p24-32. According to the authors of "Higher Education for American Democracy," the role of education in a democratic society "is not merely to meet the demands of the present" but to "serve as an instrument of social transition" (p. 6). A democratic university should be a living model of democracy that could embody the civic ambitions of a nation. The focus in this article is on one such model: the University of California, Riverside (UCR), in the last decades of the 20th century. The author's year-long (2016-2017) ethnographic study of UCR examined the workings of all campus units, from finance to facilities, academic advising to cultural centers. What was discovered offers a keyhole glimpse into the larger racial and financial politics shaping higher education throughout the United States at present. Considering UCR in detail helps to identify what a more democratic higher education could look like, how we might get there, and what might stand in the way…. [Direct]

Schroyer-Portillo, Janet (1984). Civil Rights in Crisis: The Reagan Administration's Reforms. This paper identifies major changes in the area of civil rights which have been instituted during President Reagan's term in office and discusses their implications for Hispanics. Section I briefly outlines central themes of the Administration's attitude towards civil rights. Questions about their negative impact on Hispanics are raised. The next six sections discuss particular developments within a different Federal department or commission. Subjects are as follows: in section II, the Department of Justice (agency leadership, affirmative action, voting rights, fair housing, Federal grant recipient compliance, tax-exempt status for schools, and school desegregation); in section III, the Department of Education (use of the intent test, bilingual education, education block grants, and education for the handicapped); in section IV, the Department of Health and Human Services (increased voluntary compliance and block grants); in section V, the Department of Labor; in section VI, the…

Alliman-Brissett, Annette E; Turner, Sherri L. (2005). Supporting the Career Aspirations of American Indian Youth. CURA Reporter, Spring 2005. Center for Urban and Regional Affairs Dropout rates among American Indian young people are greater than 50% in some places in the country, and the rate of unemployment and underemployment among American Indians still far exceeds that of the majority population, despite affirmative action and other parity-seeking policies. In addition, U.S. Census trends indicate an influx of American Indians in Minnesota migrating to large urban areas. These trends highlight a critical need to provide career planning and development interventions that are culturally relevant and address the unique career challenges of American Indian young people. Career education is one way to help young people set career goals, make plans to reach those goals, and overcome career barriers early in life. However, few tested career education programs are designed to meet the specific career development needs of American Indian young people. To help fill this gap, the authors developed a career education curriculum called "Two Feathers: A Career… [PDF]

Chrisler, Joan C., Ed.; Collins, Lynn H., Ed.; Quina, Kathryn, Ed. (1998). Career Strategies for Women in Academe. Arming Athena. This book presents ten chapters which address the issues and concerns of women who wish to pursue or are pursuing academic careers. Chapters are organized into four parts which address the current status of women in academe, women's roles and career decisions, assuming leadership in higher education, and taking charge and taking care. Included are the following chapters: (1) \Working in the Ivory Basement: Subtle Sex Discrimination in Higher Education\ (Nijole V. Benokraitis); (2) \Competition and Contact: The Dynamics Behind Resistance to Affirmative Action in Academe\ (Lynn H. Collins); (3) \Paying Athena: Statistics, Statutes, and Strategies\ (Ellin Kofsky Scholnick); (4) \Teacher Versus Scholar: Role Conflict for Women?\ (Joan C. Chrisler); (5) \Student Evaluations: The Role of Gender Bias and Teaching Styles\ (Susan A. Basow); (6) \Money Matters: The Art of Negotiation for Women Faculty\ (Suzanna Rose and Mona J.E. Danner); (7) \Women as Faculty Leaders\ (Joan C. Chrisler,…

Washington, Valora (1988). The Power of Black Women: Progress, Predicaments and Possibilities. The power of Black women is discussed in terms of their progress in society so far, their current predicaments, and possibilities for the future. The progress of Black women is seen in their survival, the greater numbers of Black women in nontraditional roles, and the competence and qualities with which they perform in those roles. Four predicaments are seen in the current situation for Black women: (1) Black female-headed households live in poverty not because they are headed by females, but because Black women and children often live in poverty with or without a male present; the issue is not household arrangements, but inequality based on gender, race and class; (2) integration has failed Black women; (3) the women's movement has been relatively silent on Black women's empowerment; and (4) affirmative action in higher education has not worked for Black women and the assumption that Black women are readily marketable because they are both black and female is a myth. Possibilities… [PDF]

Julius, Nancy B., Ed.; Krauss, Herbert H., Ed. (1993). The Aging Work Force: A Guide for Higher Education Administrators. This volume offers 15 papers on the \graying\ of the college and university work force in the context of national demographic trends. The papers are arranged in groups which address: growing older, the graying of America, adapting to changing times, retirement and retirement planning, and the corporate example. The following papers are presented: (1) \Myths and Realities of Aging\ (John A. Toner, Demaris Matteo); (2) \The Psycho-Social Adjustment to Aging of Older Americans\ (Herbert H. Krauss, Nancy B. Julius); (3) \The Aging of Faculty in American Colleges and Universities: Demographic Trends and Implications\ (Ira E. Robinson, Everett S. Lee); (4) \Productive Aging\ (Douglas McConatha, Elizabeth L Hesse); (5) \Will We Achieve the Aims of Affirmative Action?\ (Kathryn M. Moore, Martha L Hesse); (6) \Legal Aspects of the Aging Work Force\ (Nicholas DiGiovanni); (7) \Enhancing Work Situations and Choices for Aging and Late-Career Workers\ (David W. Leslie); (8) \Future Challenges…

(1979). The Countryside Council. Biennial Report 1977-79. The Countryside Council is a citizen-based non-partisan public interest research group based in 19 counties of rural southwestern Minnesota. Each year the Council identifies particular problems or needs of the region and sets up task forces to study each problem and make recommendations for resolution. During 1977-79 six task forces were at work. The 135 member School Finance Task Force focused on the way agricultural land was assessed for tax purposes, challenging the notion that "current market price" was the proper basis for valuing farm land. The group noted that, while land prices in southern Minnesota have gone up 345% since 1972, the farmer's income has not gone up nearly that fast. The task force on the economic status of women concentrated on the need for child care; financial issues such as inheritance laws, credit, and social security; and employment practices related to wage levels, sex discrimination and awareness of Affirmative Action programs. Members of the…

Moreno, Susan E. (1998). U.S. Latinos and Higher Education. IUPLR Briefing Papers, v1 n6 Dec. Over the last 20 years, the college enrollment rate of Latino high school graduates has dropped dramatically in comparison to that of non-Latino Whites. Among college graduates, the only category in which Latinos earned a degree at a higher rate than non-Latino Whites was at the associate's degree level. Latinos have nearly reached parity with non-Latino Whites in the earning of bachelor's degrees, but Latinos have lost ground in the rate of master's degrees they earn. At the doctoral level, despite some earlier gains, Latinos have again lost ground to non-Latino White men. Finally, the overall educational attainment rate for Latinos has remained low. In fact, relative to non-Latino White men, Latinos have lost ground in their overall educational attainment over the last 20 years. California and Texas, where the two largest Latino populations live, have effectively eliminated affirmative action programs through Proposition 209 and Hopwood v. University of Texas, thereby restricting… [PDF]