Thom, Mary (2001). Balancing the Equation: Where Are Women and Girls in Science, Engineering and Technology?. This report presents strategies for ensuring full participation and achievement in the sciences by women and girls, calling upon all adults to support the interest and persistence of females in science, engineering, and technology. After two introductory special reports, "International Efforts through Beijing +5" and "Toward Equity in the European Union," there are six parts. Part 1, "K-12: Training the Nation's Girls and Young Women," includes "Intel Prize Winners: Working with Resources at Hand" and "Funding: Sara Lee Schupf–Making Science Irresistible for Girls." Part 2, "The Undergraduate Experience," includes "Affirmative Action: Controversy and Opportunity" (Carol Hollenshead and Angela Ginorio) and "Congresswoman Connie Morella–Educating Tomorrow's Workforce." Part 3,"Academia: Graduate School and Beyond," includes "Interventions To Advance Women on Science Faculties in Europe and…

Thompson, Becky W., Ed.; Tyagi, Sangeeta, Ed. (1993). Beyond a Dream Deferred: Multicultural Education and the Politics of Excellence. This multidisciplinary anthology with chapters by faculty members, administrators, and students consolidates moral and political views of multicultural education and the institutional changes that have taken place in the past 20 years in higher education. Selections include: (1) "Rethinking America: The Practice and Politics of Multiculturalism in Higher Education" (Evelyn Hu-DeHart); (2) "The New Cultural Politics of Difference" (Cornel West); (3) "On Race and Voice: Challenges for Liberal Education in the 1990s" (Chandra Talpade Mohanty); (4) "Clarence Thomas, Affirmative Action, and the Academy" (Evelynn Hammonds); (5) "The Politics of Inclusion: Reskilling the Academy" (Becky W. Thompson and Sangeeta Tyagi); (6) "Community Ties and Law School Faculty Hiring: The Case for Professors Who Don't Think White" (Ian Haney Lopez); (7) "The Responsibility of and to Differences: Theorizing Race and Ethnicity in Lesbian and…

(1976). Why Not a Woman?. There is a need to reduce barriers to women's employment in skilled trades and related blue-collar jobs. Women have been found to perform successfully as machinists, carpenters, welders, or other blue-collar workers. Why are more women working outside the home? Almost three-fourths are working because they need the money. Aware that \men's jobs\ pay more, more women are turning to these occupations. With social support for breaking out of the stereotyped image, more women are now able to acknowledge their interests and seek personally satisfying work. Nevertheless, statistics show that only 4% of skilled blue-collar jobs are held by women. By 1970, there were 495,000 women (an increase of 80% over the 1960 figure) employed in skilled trades. Employment discrimination has not ended. Now, however, state and federal laws guarantee women's equal employment opportunities. In addition, affirmative action, required of all federal contractors, can be demanded of other employers under Title… [PDF]

Hadley, Paul E. (1981). Ethics in Higher Education. The Third Earl V. Pullias Lecture in Higher and Postsecondary Education. Issues of ethics in higher education, along with a broad overview on the field of ethics, are considered. Ethical concerns include: charges of unfair practices in the recruitment of college students, especially minority athletes; reducing admission requirements to the extent that classroom and even graduation standards may deteriorate; grade inflation; student dishonesty in taking tests and writing papers; student charges that they are being neglected by their professors; the development of standards for freedom of information, sunshine legislation, in contrast to the right of privacy; and the establishment of rules to limit the time full-time faculty members can spend in consultation. Methods or sanctions that have been used to control these practices include: passing affirmative action laws in regard to employment; passing laws to provide ramps to increase access of the disabled to classrooms and offices; maintaining faculty records; monitoring research on human subjects; and…

(1978). On Campus With Women. Number 19. March 1978. The contents of this newsletter concern affirmative action and employment, education of women, Title IX, sports, and international news. The following news items are included: pregnancy rulings and the supreme court, the Lamphere sex discrimination case at Brown University, top college administrative jobs filled by white males, college ties with all-male private clubs, new higher education registry for teachers and administrators, new registry of women scientists, teachers challenge of TIAA-CREF's unequal pension and insurance benefits, minority women Ph.D's gains, women's loss in the battle for more ROTC scholarships, grant-writing workshops, student government quotas, new publications of the National Advisory Council on Women's Educational Programs, lack of role models for female graduate students, a federal government publication on male role stereotyping, new resources for learning and teaching about women, court order to HEW to enforce Title IX and Executive Order 11246, charge…

(2005). Diversity & the Ph.D.: A Review of Efforts to Broaden Race & Ethnicity in U.S. Doctoral Education. Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation (NJ1) Created through Woodrow Wilson's Responsive Ph.D. initiative, \Diversity and the Ph.D.\ looks at a range of mechanisms through which foundations, government agencies, and nonprofits have sought to recruit and retain more minority students in U.S. doctoral programs. Drawing on interviews with the leaders of 13 such programs, the report also points to circumstances that increasingly impede their work. This report reveals the following findings: (1) Doctoral education's diversity record is poor. Despite some gains in recent years, by 2003 only 7 percent of all doctoral recipients were African American or Hispanic–11 percent, if international students are excluded–compared to 32 percent of doctoral-age U.S. citizens from those groups; (2) It's getting worse. Despite extraordinary support within and beyond academia for affirmative action admissions programs–as evidenced by the University of Michigan case–court challenges have had a significant chilling effect, resulting in a dilution… [PDF]

(1981). The Challenges Ahead: Issues in Planning for California Postsecondary Education, 1982-1987. Background papers for the California Postsecondary Education Commission's five-year plan (1982-87) are presented. The first paper, "Planning for the Eighties," discusses the need for planning, delineates the essential elements of planning, describes the segmental and statewide planning processes in California, and notes existing barriers to more effective planning. Financial issues, including the most current information available on sources of funds for California colleges and universities, the role of the state in financing postsecondary education, and issues regarding this role that pose problems for the future, are addressed. A discussion of students summarizes trends in student needs and characteristics and raises questions about institutional obligations and policies toward students in light of these trends. In regard to faculty, four topics are considered: collective bargaining; affirmative action; the role of part-time faculty; and faculty mobility, development,… [PDF]

Kappner, Augusta Souza (1991). The Role of Leadership in Planning and Implementing Diversity. As institutions enrolling a disproportionate number of the minority students attending colleges and universities nationwide, community colleges have a considerable responsibility to develop policies that will support diversity and serve as models for the rest of higher education. At Borough of Manhattan Community College (BMCC), the student population is 52% Black and 30% Hispanic, while only 25% of the faculty are minority group members. In 1988, following a systemwide administrative retreat, an ad hoc committee of City University of New York presidents formed and developed a statement on diversity which was reviewed and passed by the trustees. In response to that statement, BMCC undertook efforts to recruit more bilingual counselors; infuse diversity issues into the freshman orientation curriculum; increase community outreach efforts; expand the affirmative action committee; initiate special programs and workshops in cross-cultural understanding and inter-group dynamics for…

(1980). Equity in Corrections: A Generalized Planning Model. This guide is a generalized planning model for administrators and mid-management personnel who are trying to develop and maintain effective correctional systems, and to ensure equity for women and minorities employed in these systems. It contains directions for developing systematic, proactive equity plans for implementation by correctional agencies. The generalized planning model gives step-by-step instructions and general guidelines to be followed in producing correctional agency or institution plans which comply with legislative mandates and implement agency or institution goals for affirmative action and equal employment opportunity. Following a section of directions for users, the planning model consists of the three chapters in the guide and a flowchart. Since there are three major parts which should be included in an agency plan, the three chapters describe briefly the three components, and give directions for writing each section in an agency plan. Chapter 1 tells how an… [PDF]

Blumer, Dennis H.; Fishbein, Estelle A. (1981). Report of the Task Force on De-Regulation Initiatives. In response to a request by the Presidential Task Force on Regulatory Relief, this report offers specific recommendations for reform of federal regulations. A cover letter explains the constraints imposed by the recommended format: that the report is unable to address adequately the area of federal regulatory activity generating the most adverse criticism from college and university counsel–i.e., the present mode of enforcement of the laws, Executive Orders, and regulations pertaining to prohibited discrimination. The issues are not presented in priority order. The regulations addressed include: executive order for affirmative action in federal contracts; prohibition of sex discrimination in employment, and equity in pay; Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973; sexual harrassment in employment; debarment and suspension of eligibility for financial assistance; three federal student financial aid programs (National Direct Student Loans, College Work-Study, and Supplemental…

Reynolds, William Bradford (1988). Discrimination against Asian-Americans in Higher Education: Evidence, Causes, and Cures. The issue of discrimination against Asian-Americans in higher education is discussed. The focus is on: whether certain of the country's most prestigious universities discriminate against Asian-American applicants; why this occurs; and what university officials, executive branch administrators, and members of Congress can do about it. Suspicions arise because university admissions committees tend to be extremely vague about the impact of race on their acceptance/rejection decisions. Though minority status can add 40 to 50 percentage points to an applicant's chance of admission, such racial preferences generally do not operate in favor of Asian-Americans and are often quite the opposite. Statistical evidence shows these candidates face higher hurdles than academically less qualified candidates of other races. One study shows the cultural bias and stereotypes that prevail in the admission office work to the detriment of Asian-American applicants. Rejection of such applicants appears to… [PDF]

(1977). The Regents of the University of California, Petitioner, vs. Allan Bakke, Respondent. On Writ of Certiorari to the Supreme Court of the State of California. Reply Brief for Petitioner. The Regents of the University of California present the following argument with regard to their medical school admissions policy at the Davis campus: The central issue presented by this case is whether the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution forbids a state professional school to take account of race in admissions to remedy the effects of discrimination against racial minorities. It is unfair and misleading to state that the medical school program admits "less qualified" in place of "better qualified" applicants. It is unfair and misleading to label the medical school program a "quota." The choice of a particular numerical target to define the scope of the program has no constitutional significance. The respondent, Allan Bakke, was not denied admission solely because of his race. Further, the Equal Protection Clause does not bar a state from voluntarily adopting and implementing a policy of increasing the number of medical students and…

(1995). Excellence and Equity: A Plan for Building Community in Pennsylvania's State System of Higher Education. This Equity Plan is designed to meet three major objectives for the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education. It is meant to serve as the policy reference for systemwide equity and diversity efforts for the remainder of the 1990s and to be the procedural and policy blueprint for the efforts of the individual universities in the system. The plan articulates Pennsylvania's vision for the future with relation to equity. The concept of community is the basis of all elements of the Equity Plan, which challenges everyone at a university to be involved in the creation of a welcoming climate in which all students, staff, and faculty flourish. The plan's major subject areas are: (1) students; (2) personnel; and (3) economic opportunities. Each of these areas is addressed from the perspective of the present status of the system, the system's goals, and recommendations regarding strategies and resources for goal attainment. The personnel section also addresses the issue of gender equity…. [PDF]

Shereem Herndon-Brown; Timothy L. Fields (2024). The Black Family's Guide to College Admissions: A Conversation about Education, Parenting, and Race. Second Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press Finding the right college is a challenge for all students, but Black families face additional challenges and questions when navigating the admissions process. Veteran admissions experts Timothy L. Fields and Shereem Herndon-Brown demystify this complexity by advising families on when to begin the process, where to apply, and how to be a competitive applicant. Fields and Herndon-Brown address specific concerns that are not often addressed by school counselors or other resources. They highlight how recent social justice movements and legal cases have amplified the necessity of considering both Historically Black Colleges and Universities and predominantly white institutions, while covering everything from athletic recruitment and artistic talents to financial aid and step-by-step instructions for how to search for colleges and then apply to them. The second edition includes new chapters on: (1) prioritizing students' and parents' mental health; (2) understanding the influence of… [Direct]

Sagaria, Mary Ann D. (1982). The Mobile Staff: Concepts and Determinants of Academic Administrator Job Change. Predictors of academic staff administrators' job change were studied based on a conceptual framework derived from Rosabeth Kanter's work on opportunity. Questionnaire data from higher education administrators who had been employed between 1973 and 1978 following the application of affirmative action to higher education were analyzed. \Academic staff\ refers to positions that are adjunct to primary institutional tasks and are generally intended to support the organizational chain of command. The questionnaire addressed: administrators' educational and professional background, job characteristics, professional activities, observations about work responsibilities, career influences and prospects, and mentor relationships. The investigation entailed a secondary analysis of data originally collected as part of an administrator survey undertaken in 1979 in Pennsylvania colleges and universities. To determine the predictors of mobility for staff administrators, a series of stepwise…

(1997). Academic Senate for California Community Colleges: 29th Spring Session Resolutions (San Francisco, California, April 10-12, 1997). Documenting the spring 1997 session of the Academic Senate for the California Community Colleges (CCC), this six-part report details 44 resolutions that were adopted by the Senate, 3 that were determined to be non-urgent, 3 that were referred, and 8 that failed. The first part presents adopted resolutions organized by the following areas: (1) the Academic Senate, including redefining faculty productivity; (2) affirmative action and cultural diversity, including a change in the CCC anti-discrimination statement; (3) articulation and transfer; (4) budget and finance, related to budget development and alternative funding mechanisms; (5) state and legislative issues, related to faculty hiring and part-time faculty office hours; (6) consultation with the CCC Chancellor's Office; (7) counseling, including standards of practices; (8) curriculum, including good practices and a model; (9) a disciplines list; (10) technology, including requirements for distance learning; (11) general… [PDF]

(1997). The Twentieth Annual Report of the Academic Senate for California Community Colleges, 1995-1996. The Academic Senate for California Community Colleges was established to promote the best interests of higher education in the state and to represent community college faculty at the state level. This 20th annual report summarizes the activities of the Academic Senate for 1995-96. The first part presents a report from the Senate President, a financial statement, lists of goals and committee priorities for 1995-96, and minutes from the Senate's fall 1995 and spring 1996 sessions. The second part presents annual reports from Senate standing committees on affirmative action/cultural diversity, revised accreditation standards and liaison, common course numbering, counselor and librarians, curriculum, educational policies, elections, faculty development, legislative issues, publications, relations with local senates, resolutions, standards and practices, technology, and vocational education. Next, reports are provided from Senate advisory committees on basic skills, review of the capital… [PDF]

Droge, David (1992). The Five Dogs of Politically Correct Speech on Campus. "Politically correct" has become an all-purpose pejorative epithet conflating and condemning a number of initiatives, such as affirmative action in hiring and admissions, multicultural education, broadening the "canon" of classical texts to include women and minority groups, protests against unpopular, usually conservative ideas, and changing vocabularies for representing particular groups. Kenneth Burke's elaboration of five distinct variations on the meaning of the simple word "dog" suggests a method by which the complex issues surrounding the term "politically correct" might be analyzed. Thus a, systematic application of Burke's notion of "Dramatism" can be made to the politically correct controversy. There are five different canine categories, then, concerning the notion of politically correct: (1) the hegemonic dog, emphasizing the different terminologies used by advocates of both sides; (2) the ancestral dog, which decenters… [PDF]

(1981). The Statewide Plan for Higher Education, State of New Jersey Board of Higher Education. The 1981 statewide plan for higher education in New Jersey is presented. The following challenges for the future are briefly addressed: education in a technological society, liberal education for social change, the size and composition of the college population, public priorities and fiscal resources, the role of government, the Board and Department of Higher Education, the chancellor, institutional quality, affirmative action, international education, research, and cultural responsibilities. Policy for the decade ahead is considered in relation to opportunities for higher education, quality of educational programs, research and advancement of knowledge, and management and accountability. The role and mission of specific institutions of higher education and of each sector are considered. Enrollment goals and projections are specified regarding undergraduate enrollment goals, the proportion of high school graduates going to college, the role of out-of-state students, the retention of…

(1979). Discrimination in Canada: A Survey of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Concerned with Discrimination. To identify attitudes of the Canadian public toward discrimination, the Canadian Human Rights Commission surveyed a representative sample of 2,000 Canadians. This document describes the survey, presents highlights, and explains how the survey is being used. The specific purpose of the survey was to provide information on public opinion regarding discriminatory practices based on factors having nothing to do with the activity from which a person is excluded. Five categories of questions were presented to respondents–(1) knowledge, judgments, and attitudes relative to human rights agencies and legislation in Canada, (2) personal knowledge and experience of discriminatory practices, (3) changes in patterns of discrimination, (4) special programs or affirmative action for disadvantaged groups, and (5) the extent of tolerant attitudes. Findings from analysis of responses to questions in these categories indicated that 68% of respondents considered the commissions effective in removing…

Wells, Janet (1980). Achieving Sex Equality in Vocational Education: A Citizens' Guide to the 1976 Vocational Education Amendments. This handbook is intended as a guide for individuals and groups to use in designing and carrying out activities to monitor their state and local educational agencies (SEAs and LEAs) for compliance with the 1976 Vocational Education Amendments and Title IX. (This legislation requires affirmative action for sex equity in vocational education.) Section 1, Monitoring State Vocational Education Programs, contains seven chapters. Chapter 1 describes briefly the relationship between the federal and state governments with regard to implementation of the Vocational Education Act (VEA), and Part A of each succeeding chapter describes the requirements of the 1976 VEA Amendments which affect equal opportunities or which provide for public participation in the state planning process. Part B of each chapter suggests appropriate monitoring activities. Section II, Monitoring Local Vocational Education Programs, describes the relatively few VEA regulations that directly affect LEAs and the more…

(1998). The Academic Senate for California Community Colleges. Twenty-First Annual Report, 1996-1997. This 21st annual report summarizes the activities of the Academic Senate for California Community Colleges for 1996-97. The first part presents a report from the Senate President, a financial statement, lists of goals and committee priorities for 1996-97, and minutes from the Senate's fall 1996 and spring 1997 sessions. The second part presents annual reports from Senate standing committees on: (1) affirmative action/cultural diversity; (2) counseling and library faculty issues; (3) curriculum; (4) educational policies; (5) elections for Senate posts; (6) faculty development; (7) legislative issues; (8) relations with local senates; (9) Senate resolutions; (10) standards and practices; (11) technology; and (12) vocational education. Next, reports are provided from Senate advisory committees on: (1) basic skills; (2) distance learning technical assistance; (3) library and learning resources programs; (4) matriculation; and (5) the Regional Counselors Facilitator Committee. Finally,… [PDF]

Slark, Julie; And Others (1990). Rancho Santiago College Climate Survey Report. Research, Planning and Resource Development Report. In February 1990, a study was conducted by the Rancho Santiago College (RSC) Research Committee and Planning Council to assess institutional effectiveness, using college climate as one correlate of RSC's success. A staff morale survey instrument, distributed to all full- and part-time faculty and staff, yielded an overall response rate of 36%, and a full-time staff response rate of 46%. Major findings included the following: (1) on a scale of one to eight, with eight being highest, satisfaction with position received an average rating of 6.4 (5.6 by full-time classified staff, 5.4 by supervisory staff, 6.8 by faculty, and 7.0 by administrators); (2) respondents generally expressed satisfaction with work environment, cooperation within their work units, interaction with their immediate supervisor, and college communication; (3) all respondents rated satisfaction with their salary at 5.5, though ratings varied by employee group; (4) respondents confirmed RSC's commitment to advancing… [PDF]

West, P. R. (1994). The Recruitment, Selection, Occupational Adjustment, Development and Retention of Culturally Diverse Educators: A Mandate for Inclusion in the Academic Professions. Building an appreciation and respect for others is an important educational goal in an increasingly global society. Several methods can be used to promote these goals such as cross cultural teacher training and hiring culturally diverse teachers. Cultural competency can help both mainstreamed and culturally diverse students, and role modeling is an effective method to use in teaching students cultural competencies. Thus, obtaining culturally diverse employees should remain a priority until all teachers can be trained to teach from a multicultural perspective. The task of recruiting, selecting, hiring, and retaining culturally diverse educators, however, poses special problems for most personnel offices. Cultural competency among many teachers may be limited by their desire to learn, and their pedagogy affected by whether they value diversity or not. Generally K-12 hiring practices can be classified as: best qualified, affirmative action, or otherwise qualified. All of these are in… [PDF]

(1988). Improving the Labor Market Status of Black New Yorkers. Policy and Program Recommendations. Report of the Labor and Employment Subcommittee. Volume 6, Labor and Employment. Effective strategies to raise the employment and income levels of blacks in New York State must be comprehensive, balanced, and informed. Past efforts have failed because they have been narrow, short-run, imbalanced, or based on poor or incomplete information. The State's black population is most heavily concentrated in New York City, where the economy has dramatically shifted from industry to services. While black enterprise development is symbolically useful, better programs to develop small enterprise will have a greater effect. The following effective program approaches deserve special attention: (1) better use of on-the-job education and training, more accessible pathways to higher level jobs, and tutorial and personal support to insure upward mobility for lower level workers; (2) targeted affirmative action efforts to improve the strength of employer resources used to recruit, train, retrain, and upgrade workers; (3) elimination of employer requirements which limit or exclude…

Davidson, Mary E.; And Others (1984). The Town Meetings. Occasional Paper Number One. During the 1983-84 school year the Office of Equal Educational Opportunity (OEEO) of the Chicago (Illinois) Board of Education organized 11 Desegregation Town Meetings to enlist parents and citizens in carrying out a court-mandated school desegregation plan. The meetings provided the following information: (1) the priorities of the desegregation plan; (2) the functions of the OEEO; (3) the relationship of parents to the local schools; and (4) the allocation of OEEO funds. Each meeting included presentations on several of the following topics: (1) effective schools; (2) magnet schools/student transfers; (3) finance and budget; (4) bilingual education; (5) affirmative action; (6) special education; (7) the High School Renaissance Program; and (8) the Uniform Discipline Code. Audience size varied according to the location of the meeting, and the racial composition of the audience generally reflected the racial composition of the respective neighborhood. Questions and comments from the…

Johnstone, Ronald L. (1981). The Scope of Faculty Collective Bargaining: An Analysis of Faculty Union Agreements at Four-Year Institutions of Higher Education. Contributions to the Study of Education, Number 2. Based on an analysis of 89 collective bargaining agreements (representing 95 percent of all those in existence at four-year institutions), this book provides an overview of what has been bargained for faculty and where it has been bargained on unionized campuses. After a discussion of the history of union activity in higher education, the report explores the results of negotiations of faculty rights–due process, grievance, machinery, access to personnel records–and faculty involvement in decisions on hiring, firing and promotion. Issues of compensation, fringe benefits, working conditions, and faculty duties are also considered, along with the official rights of the union and its role in college governance. Within these broad categories, some issues of academic employment are discussed: tenure, merit pay, course load, sabbatical leave, and attendance at commencement exercises. Among the conclusions are the following: affirmative action commitments seldom are included in collective…

(1980). Motion of the American Council on Education and the National Institute of Independent Colleges and Universities for Leave to File Brief Amici Curiae and Brief Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioners. University of Texas, et al., Petitioners, v. Walter Camenisch, Respondent. In the Supreme Court of the United States, October Term, 1980. No. 80-317. The motion of the American Council of Education (ACE) and the National Institute of Independent Colleges and Universities (NIICU) to reverse the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals decision in The University of Texas vs. Walter Camenisch is presented. The decision had ordered the university to provide free interpreter services to Camenisch, a deaf student. The ACE and NIICU argument revolves around whether, under Section 504 and the Court's ruling in Southeastern Community College v. Davis, colleges and universities that receive federal aid are required to procure and compensate interpreters for hearing-impaired graduate students. The argument presented includes the following suggestions: (1) the Fifth Circuit's interpretation of the Departmental regulation (504) is not supported by the language of the provision at hand; (2) the Court of Appeals' holding conflicts with the Supreme Court's decision in "Davis" because it operates to establish an affirmative action obligation not…

Turner, Brenda; Wood, Mary (1998). Hispanics in Oregon's Workforce, 1998. This report describes the Latino workforce in Oregon, outlining employment, income, education, and unemployment data. A brief history of Hispanics in the state notes that most of Oregon's Hispanics are of Mexican origin and that the state's Hispanic population grew 66 percent between 1990 and 1997. The history of migrant agricultural labor in Oregon is reviewed, and one chapter notes that increasing numbers of Hispanics are participating in politics, showing special interest in bilingual education, English-only legislation, immigration and welfare reform, and affirmative action. A chapter on general labor force issues reveals that Oregon's Hispanic labor force has more than doubled since 1990, unemployment rates and high school dropout rates are higher for Hispanics than any other group, and less than two percent of postsecondary degrees awarded in Oregon were earned by Hispanics. An examination of employment trends shows that Hispanics are represented in all major occupational… [PDF]

Spaeth, Joe L. (1979). The Determination of Earnings Among College Graduates. Differences in levels and determinants of earnings for men and women college graduates are examined. Perspectives from human capital theory, research on the socioeconomic achievement process, and research on segmented labor markets are used to design models of the determination of earnings. Data are taken from the National Opinion Research Center longitudinal survey of college graduates for 1961. Earnings measured in 1962, 1964, and 1968 demonstrate a growth in the earnings gap between men and women over time, with greater earnings for men. A gap of $1,900 in 1964 is attributed to men's greater returns from hours worked, by their likelihood of working for profit-making employers, by the concentration in high-paying occupations, and by their higher 1962 earnings. It is suggested that in 1968 men made more money than women because their 1964 earnings were greater, they were more likely to hold doctorate degrees, they were more likely to work in high-paying professions and management,…