Harvey, William B. (1994). African American Faculty in Community Colleges: Why They Aren't There. New Directions for Community Colleges, n87 p19-25 Fall. Describes the nation's academic culture to explain the underrepresentation of African American faculty in two-year colleges. Suggests that the presence of African American faculty can influence the behavior of an institution and bring about a climate that leads to retention and future recruitment. (10 citations) (MAB)… [Direct]

Payne, William C., Jr. (1991). Institutional Discrimination in Agricultural Programs. Rural Sociologist, v11 n1 p16-18 Win. Examines history of discrimination within U.S. agricultural programs, specifically in U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Compares USDA employment and grant allocations for Blacks and Whites since Civil Rights Act of 1964. Cites other examples of institutional discrimination in federal agriculture programs. Calls for development of policy alternatives. (TES)…

Fietzer, William (1993). World Enough, and Time: Using Search and Screen Committees to Select Personnel in Academic Libraries. Journal of Academic Librarianship, v19 n3 p149-53 Jul. Examines the ineffectiveness of search and screen committees in hiring for professional positions in academic libraries. Alternatives such as automating various parts of the process, group interviews, and assessment centers are considered; and educating all staff in interviewing skills and increasing their participation in the search and screen process is advocated. (Contains 29 references.) (EAM)…

Chance, Edward W.; Neuhauser, Margo (1991). Preparing Women and Minorities as Rural School Administrators. Rural Educator, v12 n2 p1-5 Win 1990-91. A nontraditional Master's degree program in educational administration at South Dakota State University was designed to encourage participation by women and minorities. Twenty-four women completed the two-year program, which featured weekend classes, reduced tuition, and special courses focusing on instructional leadership, administrative vision, and networking strategies. (SV)…

Bok, Derek (1999). Expert Report. "Grutter, et al. v. Bollinger, et al." No. 97-75928 (E.D. Mich.). Equity & Excellence in Education, v32 n2 p67-70 Sep. Describes an analysis of the consequences of abandoning race as a factor in law school admissions. Addresses the importance of student diversity in the context of legal education. Analysis of data for 90,335 students shows that without consideration of race, the most selective U.S. law schools would be unable to enroll more than a few minority group students. (SLD)…

Cross, Theodore, Ed. (1998). A JBHE Survey on the Political Views of Black Graduates of America's Leading Colleges and Universities. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, n18 p98-101 Win 1997-1998. Presents survey responses from over 1,000 black alumni of seven prestigious colleges and universities to determine whether college-educated, middle- and upper-class blacks are the most alienated, radicalized, and disenchanted group of African Americans. Comments from some responders on the benefits afforded blacks who "know their place" in a white-dominated society are provided. (GR)…

Rabkin, Rhoda (2000). Books: Meritocracy, If You Can Keep It. Policy Review, n101 p67-71 Jun-Jul. Reviews two books criticizing the use of standardized testing. Nicholas Lehmann considers selective college admission based on the Scholastic Assessment Tests (SAT) offensive, since such tests never tap innate abilities. Peter Sacks develops a broader critique not confined to the SAT. The books suggest that effective education reform depends upon building on the decentralization and experimentalism currently characterizing American education. (SM)…

Syverud, Kent D. (2004). Expert Report of Kent D. Syverud in \Grutter v. Bollinger\. Peabody Journal of Education, v79 n2 p136-140 Mar. In \Grutter v. Bollinger\, __ U.S. ___ ; 123 S. Ct. 2325; 156 L. Ed. 2d 304 (2003), the Supreme Court rendered a landmark decision approving the use of race as one factor in admissions decisions at the University of Michigan Law School. The opinion of the Court discussed an expert opinion of Kent D. Syverud, Dean of the Vanderbilt Law School, concerning the educational benefits of diversity, noting that \when a critical mass of underrepresented minority students is present, racial stereotypes lose their force because non-minority students learn there is no 'minority viewpoint' but rather a variety of viewpoints among minority students.\ The expert report to which the Court referred was prepared at the Vanderbilt Law School in 1999 and attached as an Exhibit (in Volume 3 of the Appendix) to the Defendant University of Michigan Law School's \Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment\, May 3, 1999, \Grutter v. Bollinger\, C.A. No. 97-75928, in the United States…

Adam, Michelle (2006). New College Diversity Laws: Banning Racial Exclusion?. Education Digest: Essential Readings Condensed for Quick Review, v72 n3 p31-36 Nov. Race-exclusive programs of American universities and colleges, created initially to level the playing fields for under-represented students in higher education, are now considered discriminatory and illegal. The concerns levied against higher education institutions have been in response to two 2003 U.S. Supreme Court cases on race and admission at the University of Michigan. Although the cases did not ban using race in admissions to higher education, they left the law unclear. As a consequence, not only are groups and the Department of Justice interpreting the law in a manner that views many race-exclusive programs as illegal and putting pressure on schools to open their programs to all; legal departments within universities nationwide have preemptively advocated changing their race-exclusive programs to avoid lawsuits down the road. In the meantime, the country will need to keep any eye on the numbers to judge the growth (or lack thereof) of minority representation in higher… [Direct]

Ornstein, Allan C. (1976). Quality, Not Quotas. Society, 13, 2, 10,14-17, Jan-Feb 76. Suggests that a refusal to test for competency because of so-called cultural biases is highly political and deprives one of any tool to determine who has appropriate skills. Criteria for excellence cannot be dropped for an extended periot of time without serious social and economic repercussions. (Author/AM)…

Redish, Martin H. (1974). Preferential Law School Admissions and the Equal Protection Clause: An Analysis of the Competing Arguments. UCLA Law Review, 22, 2, 343-400, Dec 74. Examines the DeFunis case and preferential admissions policies, the standard of judicial review in testing these programs under the equal protection clause, the relevance of the educational setting to the scope of judicial review, the goals offered to justify preferential admission, and possible alternative means of accomplishing the goals. (JT)…

Chapman, Anne (1989). Description of Workshop Series for Precollege Teachers on Women and Gender, Including Topics Covered, Readings Used, and Sample Handouts. A 2-year curriculum transformation project for 12 humanities teachers from seven independent schools sought to help pre-college teachers integrate new information and insights based on women's studies and gender scholarship into their teaching. Topics covered during the workshops included the history of concern with women and gender; engenderment as a social process; tensions between gender shared and gender specific experience and behavior; the uniformities and diversities within and between women's and men's experience, with special attention to the effects of class, race and ethnic background; the differences and interactions between experience and ideology; theories of feminism; stages in curricular revision; and pedagogical implications of the ways society is gendered. This document is a description of the curriculum development project, and includes a syllabus and resource guide. (JD)…

Hearne, Jill T. (1986). Mathematics and Science Equity: Do You Have It? How Do You Get It?. This report on sex equity in mathematics and science education focuses primarily on the situation in Washington State schools. The report is divided into eight sections. Section I explains why the problem is an equity issue: Despite progress in other areas, girls continue to lag behind boys in enrollment and achievement in mathematics and science courses, an indication that biases remain. Section II reviews research in this area and observes that, while girls' interest in mathematics declines as they advance in schools, there is much evidence suggesting that this decline is due to purely environmental factors. Section III provides statistical data on Washington students; girls and boys exhibit equivalent achievement in elementary grades, but questions of equity arise in relation to minority and female enrollments in mathematics and science courses at the secondary level. Section IV presents a form for the use of educators and school administrators in assessing the extent of the…

Whiting, Albert N. (1989). Black Colleges: Something of Value. AAHE Bulletin, v41 n8 p8-10 Apr. In the early stages of higher education desegregation, there was a disproportionate shifting of black students to historically white institutions. Today, it is estimated that about 82% of all black students in colleges and universities are enrolled in traditionally white institutions. As desegregation proceeded, the conviction grew that it was to flow in one direction: black into white. As state desegregation plans were developed under court directives, they were, at times, attended by calls for closing of black institutions or their merger into white higher education. Leaders and managers of black institutions have been slow to admit the existence of this trend; few, therefore, sought to compensate by broadening their institutional missions to appeal to a general community constituency. As a result, many black institutions lost enrollment and suffered financial distress. Many presidents were timid about broadening their missions for fear of criticism from the campus and local black…

(1982). Minority Teachers in an Era of Retrenchment: Early Lessons in an Ongoing Dilemma. A Followup Report. Reviewed here are the effects on multiracial staffing brought about by the first year of implementing Proposition 2 1/2, the Massachusetts cap on local property and excise taxes. The first chapter looks at the general effects of Proposition 2 1/2 on educational quality and equality. Chapter 2 presents trends and shifts in teacher staff levels statewide, by curriculum and by type of community. Changes in minority representation on faculties before and after Proposition 2 1/2 are reviewed in chapter 3. Chapter 4 recounts policy and legal developments concerning teaching and equal employment opportunity. The educational dimension of the presence of minority teachers in the schools is discussed in the last chapter. The report concludes that in many districts examined, minority faculty do not appear to have been disproportionately laid off, but that the future of multiracial staffing in most districts is perilous. Wholesale layoffs of minorities have not yet occurred because of two…

Morgan, Thomas D. (1974). Achieving National Goals Through Federal Contracts: Giving Form to An Unconstrained Administrative Process. Wisconsin Law Review, 2, 301-348, 74. This article seeks to answer the following questions: Who can decide what nonprocurement objectives may be furthered by contract clause? Are there substantive limits on what may be demanded of government contractors? How may the government enforce compliance with national goals requirements? (Author)…

Nordin, Virginia Davis (1977). Is Sex Suspect? And Other Issues Regarding Sex Discrimination in Education. This chapter presents a long look at the development of the concept of sex discrimination in education to see whether trends or key cases can be identified and discussed. In this a comparison is essayed with the development of the concept of racial discrimination in education through the school desegregation cases to see what the race cases might teach about the potential development of a jurisprudence of sex discrimination in education. Two important preliminary observations are (1) there is a failure to apply precedents regarding discrimination in racial cases to sex discrimination cases; (2) the number of \reverse discrimination\ cases seems to equal or exceed cases brought by the women whom the laws were enacted to protect. While it may be especially disappointing to women that discrimination precedents from racial cases do not apply to them, the greater disappointment is in the failure of the legal system to uphold impartial standards for all. The sex discrimination cases will…

Days III, Drew S. (1978). Speech by Drew S. Days, III, before the National Conference of Black Lawyers, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The author of this speech discusses racial dualism in higher education in the American South. The states of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Louisiana have all had suits brought against them for maintaining separate and unequal institutions for blacks and whites. In all three states, the vast proportion of funds allocated for higher education have been channelled into the white colleges and universities. Academic programs and facilities have been developed to a high level in these institutions at the expense of black colleges. The author reviews the history of separate higher education in the South, including the founding of land grant colleges, and describes the effects of the expansion of white institutions on black education in the three states mentioned. Recognizing the important role of black colleges and universities, the author, Assistant Attorney General of the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department, discusses judicial remedies to this unequal and discriminatory… [PDF]

Cronin, Joseph M.; And Others (1980). The Role of a State Education Agency in Promoting the Advancement of Women in School Administration. The Illinois State Board of Education has demonstrated a concern for improving the representation of women and minorities in educational administration. Within the agency, this concern takes the form of policy statements, the hiring of a committed staff, agency self-evaluation, equal employment opportunity training for agency managers, and the provision of growth opportunities for women and minorities. The board also provides leadership to local education agencies by encouraging legislation, promulgating appropriate regulations, issuing formal resolutions supporting equal employment opportunity activities, offering management seminars, promoting support networks, and developing and disseminating useful resources. (Author/PGD)… [PDF]

McSpadden, Lucy; Mitchell, Ceanne (1977). An Examination of Admission Criteria for Graduate Students in Departments of Educational Administration. UCEA Review, v18 n3 pp20-25 May. Although all the implications of equal educational opportunity cannot be determined at the present time, schools of educational administration must stress the offensiveness of social injustice and commit themselves to the development of a culturally pluralistic society through the use of available institutional means. The 35 departments of educational administration that responded to the survey indicated that there is typically no special admission policy for minority persons, only six departments have any validation of their admission criteria, only eight have obtained professional opinions as to the legality of their criteria, 14 departments have explicit standards for measurable criteria and 19 departments do not, and exceptions are made for candidates who do not meet specific criteria. As positive steps, departments might determine the particular market they are preparing administrators for as a means of helping adopt admission criteria, conduct some type of formalized study to…

Saario, Terry N. (1976). Instituting Change to Promote Sex Equality. The recent history and an interpretation of legislation promoting sex equality in education–principally Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972–are presented. Examples of men and women, as a group, treated differently are cited in the areas of administrative positions, vocational education programs, physical education, and high school sports programs. A series of steps administrators can take to promote sex equality in public schools is followed by the Title IX provisions specifying five tasks that are to be completed by educational agencies receiving federal funds. (MLF)… [PDF]

Herzmark, Paula (1976). Title IX: Educational and Implementation Activities of State Departments of Education. Chief state school officers and state education departments are probably in the best position to make the spirit of Title IX a reality by aggressively implementing the federal law as well as the laws and policies of their legislatures and state boards. An Equal Rights for Women in Education Project of the Education Commission of the States survey of state departments of education investigated the extent to which they had begun to implement Title IX. It is clear that there is still a good deal of confusion as to the role of the state department in the implementation process and in the specifics of what is required of them. (Author/IRT)… [PDF]

(1973). Handbook for Faculty and Administration of Alfred University. 1973-1974. Included in this faculty and administration handbook are descriptions of the responsibilities of university administrators, deans, and faculty (and a 1974 organizational chart), provisions of faculty recruitment, selection, and appointment including teaching load and salary scale, By-Laws of the New York State College of Ceramics at Alfred University and of the Alfred University School of Nursing. (JT)… [PDF]

Piper, David Warren, Ed. (1975). Women in Higher Education. A Collection of Conference Papers. A program by the British Staff Development in Universities attempts to lessen the evident discrimination against women (both in their roles as students and staff) in British education. In an attempt to understand sex discrimination and the forms that it takes, six papers discuss: (1) the place of women in the changing pattern of further education; (2) women and the open university; (3) the economic benefits of education for women; (4) women academics in America; (5) women academics in Britain; and (6) the measures to combat discrimination against women in higher education. (Author/KE)…

(1976). Cinco Anos Despues: A Preliminary Critique of the Sixteen Point/Spanish Speaking Program – Five Years. In 1970, the Spanish Speaking Program was launched as the Sixteen-Point Program to increase the number of Hispanic employees in the Federal Service. It functioned as part of the government-wide Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Program. In 1973 the U.S. Civil Service Commission's Federal Personnel Manual required agencies to take specific actions in this EEO area, including the appointment of Sixteen-Point Program coordinators. By increasing the number of Hispanics in the Federal Service, the Hispanic community was to benefit from the sensitivity to its problems and needs which the new Hispanic employees would bring to the Federal government. Cognizant of the need to begin to document the Spanish Speaking Program's impact, the National Council of La Raza initiated the Cinco Anos Despues (CAD) project in June 1976. CAD found that after nearly five years of "special emphasis", Hispanic representation in the Federal work force had not yet increased by one full percentage…

Riley, Bob (1976). The Effect of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 on the Administration of Girls' Competitive Athletic Programs in Selected Public High Schools of Texas. To collect data for this study, a total of 279 questionnaires were mailed to school superintendents selected from a stratified random sample of public school districts in Texas. A total of 238, or 86 percent, of the questionnaires was returned. The study was designed (1) to describe some of the factors that directly affect the administration of girls' competitive athletic programs in each of the five interscholastic league classifications of Texas public high schools; (2) to determine the status of girls' athletics prior to passage of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, the interim from 1972 to 1975, and since implementation of Title IX regulations on July 21, 1975; and (3) to describe the effect of Title IX on the administration of girls' competitive athletic programs. The study also investigated administrative considerations in providing female students the opportunity to participate in athletics; actions taken by school officials to provide facilities, finances, staff,… [PDF]

Doughty, Rosie N. (1977). Training and Hiring of Educational Administrators: Considerations for the Black Woman. Scant research is available on the environmental constraints in the educational setting that inhibit women from obtaining high-level administrative positions, or on potentially effective change strategies. As part of a symposium defining research needs, this paper presents baseline data on the black woman administrator and analyzes the environmental, sociological, and psychological factors that relate both positively and negatively to individual success. The demographic data are a result of a survey of blacks who held administrative positions in large city school districts of 100,000 or more during the 1972-73 school year. From a total of 1,004 questionnaires returned, approximately 250 were from female administrators. The profile presented of the black female administrator includes personal characteristics, professional experience and academic preparation, self-concept, perception of unrest, and perception of the school district. A section discusses issues peculiar to the black… [PDF]

Strom, David (1979). Teacher Unionism: An Assessment. Education and Urban Society, v11 n2 p152-67 Feb. This article describes specific areas in education which have been problematic over the last 18 years and discusses ways in which the collective bargaining process was able to cope with them. (Author/EB)…

Wangler, Lawrence A. (1979). The Intensification of the Personnel Role. Personnel Journal, v58 n2 p111-12,115-19 Feb. Discusses personnel profession's increased responsibilities which are due to (1) consolidation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, (2) labor law reform, (3) privacy legislation, (4) social security legislation, (5) open retirement, (6) medical plan costs, (7) codetermination, (8) labor scarcity, (9) top management compensation, and (10) salary compression. (CSS)…

(1978). Amici Curiae Brief: Anti-Bakke. Cross Reference: A Journal of Public Policy and Multicultural Education, v1 n2 p124-41 Mar-Apr 1978, 78. Choosing from among the many who are qualified in order to achieve, among other things, the racial and ethnic diversity so important to our institutions, cannot be left to chance. There are many ways to achieve diversity, but race must be specifically considered in choosing a student body. (Author/EB)…