Woodward, Michael D. (1982). Ideological Response to Alterations in the Structure of Oppression: Reverse Discrimination, the Current Racial Ideology in the U.S. Western Journal of Black Studies, v6 n3 p166-74 Fall. Suggests that the notion of "reverse discrimination" is a cultural belief representing a racial ideological process. Describes how the notion (1) emerged from past racial belief patterns; (2) differentially influences policy on the allocation of privileged economic roles among social groups; and (3) reintegrates cultural beliefs into structural explanations of minority status. (Author/GC)…

Blumberg, Rhoda L.; Phillips, W.M., Jr. (1982). Tokenism and Organizational Change. Integrated Education, v20 n1-2 p34-39 Jan-Apr. Examines tokenism as a neglected concept in race relations theory; suggests that tokenism is the dominant group's mechanism for accommodating minority group pressure for change, while retaining its dominance; discusses dilemmas of the token role; and describes an ideal of the token role, especially in the university, as a guide for further study. (Author/MJL)…

Bernardin, H. John; And Others (1980). The New Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures in the Context of University Personnel Decisions. Personnel Psychology, v33 n2 p301-14 Sum. Standards for validity contained in the new Uniform Guidelines are probably not being met with most student rating forms in use. Administrative decisions must be based on valid information and permit equal employment opportunities. Research on sources of variance in ratings is needed. (JAC)…

Marshall, Thurgood (1979). Justice Thurgood Marshall's Opinion in the Bakke Case. Crisis, v86 n2 p45-50 Feb. Because of the legacy of unequal treatment of Blacks in America, the institutions of this society must be permitted to give consideration to race in making decisions about who will hold positions of influence, affluence, and prestige. (Author/MC)…

Shapiro, Herbert (1979). The Bakke Decision: Illusion and Reality in the Supreme Court. Crisis, v86 n2 p62-66 Feb. The opinions of the nine Justices who participated in the Bakke decision are examined. (MC)…

Gerber, Ellen W. (1979). The Legal Basis for the Regulation of Intercollegiate Sports. Educational Record, v60 n4 p467-81 Fall. Through the requirements of Title IX and of various sports organizations, enforced by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and the courts, the external regulation of intercollegiate sports is a salient fact of college and university existence. The legal basis for regulation and some examples of enforcement are examined. (JMD)…

Kirby, Susan L.; Richard, Orlando C. (1997). African Americans' Reactions to Diversity Programs: Does Procedural Justice Matter?. Journal of Black Psychology, v23 n4 p388-97 Nov. Used an organizational justice approach to examine workforce diversity programs and their potential effects on attitudes of African American beneficiaries through data from 66 African American undergraduates. Beneficiaries were more concerned about adequate procedural justification for the decision to hire them under a diversity program than the potential positive outcomes of such programs. (SLD)…

Miksch, Karen L. (2002). Legal Issues in Development Education: Diversity as a Key Element of the Educational Mission. Research and Teaching in Developmental Education, v19 n1 p55-61 Fall. Analyzes why it is important for developmental educators to keep up to date on recent court challenges to diversity. Argues that access to higher education for those who have not traditionally had access is a key element of the developmental education mission. Developmental education programs promote diversity by providing access to underrepresented groups. (Contains 29 references.) (AUTH/NB)…

Harris, Zelema (1990). Institutional Commitment to Cultural Diversity. Community, Technical, and Junior College Journal, v60 n3 p35-37 Dec-Jan 1989-90. Argues that the impact of growing cultural and ethnic diversity nationwide will have a pervasive impact on community colleges. Discusses the importance of institutional reform and commitment to ethnic diversity. Highlights shared characteristics of 10 predominantly White colleges that have successfully retained and graduated large numbers of minority students. (DMM)…

Perez, Maria (1990). Recruiting Leaders: How the Process Works and How It Fails. Liberal Education, v76 n1 p14-19 Jan-Feb. Despite all the complicating factors brought about by changes in the applicant pool, increased participation in the selection process, and the pervasiveness of institutional operational biases, the academic search process is now more inclusive and responsive to its constituents. A broader spectrum of candidates is being considered. (MLW)…

Fischer, Louis (1989). Equality: An Elusive Ideal. Equity and Excellence, v24 n2 p64-71 Win. The history of the ideal of equality is traced from Plato to the present. The relevance for American society of equality of opportunity and of condition is explored, especially in terms of legal developments and educational policy. An intermediate judicial standard has evolved, straddling rational basis and strict scrutiny interpretations. (AF)…

Pevonka, Dianne; And Others (1988). Positive Role Models Combat Race and Sex Stereotypes. Executive Educator, v10 n11 p26,28 Nov. Schools can legally provide role models for minority and female students by taking the following steps: (1) providing bias-free programs and curriculum; (2) offering career awareness programs; (3) giving academic guidance; (4) counseling students on higher education; (5) and inviting \role models\ to schools. (MLF)…

Manzo, Kathleen Kennedy (1994). Lack of Diversity Spurs Call for Reform in Public Policy Posts. Black Issues in Higher Education, v10 n26 p26-28 Feb 24. Minority participation in public policymaking has improved little in recent years, despite an increasingly multicultural population. Programs to prepare minorities for government careers are growing, but additional measures are sought, including minority hiring in growing agencies, development of advocacy groups in government agencies, mentoring programs, and wider information dissemination. (MSE)…

Carnoy, Martin (1995). Why Aren't More African Americans Going to College?. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, n6 p66-69 Win 1994-95. Addresses the question of why there is a decrease in college participation by blacks and whether this indicates that American society is becoming more racist. It explains how low expectations about going to college can negatively affect secondary school performance and how government policies contributed to those expectations. (GR)…

Ball-Rokeach, Sandra J.; Loges, William E. (1994). Choosing Equality: The Correspondence between Attitudes about Race and the Value of Equality. Journal of Social Issues, v50 n4 p9-18 Win. Argues that to more fully understand beliefs about race that seem paradoxical, it is important to understand the way that beliefs are conceptualized and measured. The authors conclude that the concept of values developed by Rokeach (1973) offers a better basis for gauging public sentiment toward social policies and toward day-to-day living in an integrated society. (GR)…

Agronick, Gail; Morawski, Jill G. (1991). A Restive Legacy: The History of Feminist Work in Experimental and Cognitive Psychology. Psychology of Women Quarterly, v15 n4 p567-79 Dec. Explores strategies that feminist researchers in experimental and cognitive psychology have used to eliminate androcentrism and sexism. Studying the history of feminist work in these areas from 1890 to the 1990s makes the need for continuing focus on epistemological and theoretical problems apparent. (SLD)…

Kilson, Martin (1993). Anatomy of Black Conservatism. Transition, n59 p4-19. The emergence of conservative activists among African-American intellectuals in the past decade represents a new leadership stratum among African Americans. The movement is explored, and it is argued that the new African-American conservatism does not represent the sort of natural constituency that old forms of African-American conservatism represented. (SLD)…

Angel, Dan; Barrera, Adriana (1991). Minority Participation in Community Colleges: A Status Report. New Directions for Community Colleges, n74 p7-13 Sum. Draws from a literature review and surveys of state commissioners of higher education and community college presidents to profile minority student enrollments at community colleges by ethnicity and college size. Assesses the prevalence of programs to increase minority student participation. Notes changes in numbers of minority faculty and administrators. (DMM)… [Direct]

Siporin, Rae Lee (1999). University of California Protects Diversity with Expanded Outreach. On Target, n29 p12-15 Spr. In response to legislation eliminating race and gender as factors in admissions decisions, the University of California instituted a series of short- and long-range outreach strategies to recruit disadvantaged students, increase the number of underrepresented minorities in the eligibility pool, change the culture of secondary schools to promote achievement, and develop a research basis for future action. (MSE)…

(2001). Vital Signs. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, n30 p83-89 Win 2000-2001. Presents statistical data on the progress of African Americans in higher education, discussing: the black-white higher education equality index; statistics measuring the state of racial inequality; blacks in the performing and fine arts; and state-by-state comparison of blacks as a percentage of all public and private college enrollments compared to the number of full-time college faculty. (SM)…

Thernstrom, Abigail (2000). Diversity Yes, Preferences No. Academe, v86 n5 p30-33 Sep-Oct. Research shows that though college students tend to support diversity, a large percentage are opposed to giving preferences to minorities in the admissions process. Some of the research on the subject is incomplete or misleading. Other studies show that though campuses worry about the stigmatization of students given preferential admission, diverse students interact well and enjoy learning from one another. (SM)…

Selingo, Jeffrey (1999). A Quiet End to the Use of Race in College Admissions in Florida. Chronicle of Higher Education, v46 n15 pA31-A32 Dec 3,. Reports on plans for new "race-blind" entrance criteria at the 10 public universities in Florida. Plans call for ending racial preferences in graduate education altogether and replacing undergraduate preferences with a guarantee of admission to a state university for the top 20 percent of Florida high school graduates. Critics and supporters are quoted concerning expected effects on minority enrollment. (DB)…

Malveaux, Julianne (2004). Know Your Enemy: The Assault on Diversity. Black Issues in Higher Education, v21 n15 p32 Sep. While policy-makers and educational administrators decry the underrepresentation of African American students in institutions of higher education, groups like the Center for Individual Rights (CIR) work to limit African American presence on campuses even more. While innovative programmers build programs that will attract African American students to their campuses, CIR attacks programs that are designed for minority students. This article discusses this issue and provides recommendataions for improvement….

Fruman, Norman (2002). The Best Defense. Academic Questions, v15 n3 p81-84 Jun. When the author left California for the University of Minnesota twenty-five years ago, he vowed never again to become involved in departmental or university politics. He'd had enough of that at California State, Los Angeles, and he was determined to devote his full attention, apart from teaching, to several scholarly projects that had simmered so long on the back burners that they were beginning to scorch the bottom of the pots. Just a few years after arriving in Minnesota, the malignant cells of French literary, philosophical, and political ideas that had been kept more or less quarantined at Yale, Johns Hopkins, and an Ivy League campus here and there, suddenly metastasized across the whole country. The standard curriculum of English and American literature was being trashed. One time, Peter Shaw invited the author to participate in a panel on Deconstruction at the forthcoming first convention of the National Association of Scholars in New York. That was in November of 1988. That… [Direct]

Bridglall, Beatrice L.; Gordon, Edmund W. (2006). The Affirmative Development of Academic Ability: In Pursuit of Social Justice. Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, v105 n2 p58-70 Oct. This chapter is adapted from the address that inaugurated the American Educational Research Association annual lecture series commemorating the anniversary of the 1954 Supreme Court decision in the case \Brown v. Board of Education.\ The authors begin this chapter by paying tribute to Kenneth Bancroft Clark, who led the distinguished group of pedagogical and social scientists who did the intellectual work that was foundational to the judicial, legislative, and public policy work of which the \Brown\ decision of 1954 is symbolic. In this chapter, three related ideas are advanced: (1) The reduction of racial isolation via desegregation is an insufficient condition for the achievement of equally high levels of educational attainment across the social divisions by which people are classified in one's society; (2) In a society where members have unequal access to education-relevant forms of capital, the deliberate or affirmative development of academic ability may be indicated; and (3)… [Direct]

Lee, Carol D. (2006). The Affirmative Development of Academic Ability: A Response to Edmund Gordon. Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, v105 n2 p71-89 Oct. This article presents the author's response to Edmund Gordon and Beatrice Bridglall's paper titled \The Affirmative Development of Academic Ability: In Pursuit of Social Justice.\ Placing her comments in a historical context, the author states that Gordon and Bridglall point out that the \Brown v. Board of Education\ case was the result of decades of preparation by esteemed scholars in the field of law, psychology, and education and the commitments of key institutions. To address the challenges of what Gordon and Bridglall call the \affirmative development of academic ability,\ \Brown v. Board of Education\ points to the need for institutional infrastructures working in coordination over time. In addition, understanding the limitations of \Brown,\ in part a reflection of limitations in what \Brown I\ and \Brown II\ called for, may also direct them to examine what it is that they advocate for from different perspectives. In response to Drs. Gordon and Bridglall's paper, the author… [Direct]

(1994). Civil Rights Compliance in Vocational Education. 1993-94 Annual Report. This document provides a status report of the Michigan Department of Education's Civil Rights Compliance Program in the area of vocational education. The report is based on compliance audits of a minimum of 20 percent of the state's total number of secondary and postsecondary vocational education providers. Compliance activities were conducted by staff of the Office of Career and Technical Education Unit, the Community College Services Unit–Office of Higher Education Management, and IDEA Consultants, Inc. The report is presented in eight categories that summarize activities in each area: (1) compliance organization and staff; (2) state policy review; (3) review of state-operated institutions and programs; (4) subrecipients receiving agency desk audits; (5) identification of subrecipients for on-site reviews; (6) technical assistance activities; (7) subrecipients referred to the Office for Civil Rights; and (8) monitoring activities. All entities that were audited either had… [PDF]

Davis, Cinda-Sue; And Others (1996). The Equity Education. Fostering the Advancement of Women in the Sciences, Mathematics, and Engineering. This volume includes 10 reports that present findings and recommendations for advancing women in science, mathematics and engineering. Critical issues facing women in these disciplines are addressed, including demographic myths and realities at various educational levels; the educational pipeline for girls and women; involvement in education and careers as they relate to diversity, along lines of race/ethnicity, class, sexual orientation, disability, and age; institutional norms, values and structures; barriers to success at the career stage; effectiveness of current intervention and curriculum strategies; and the relationship between public policies and institutional change. New findings about the barriers facing women at every level of education and employment are examined, from K-12 educational experiences to studies of women scientists' employment and success in industry. These findings suggest that the most significant barriers are institutional, not personal. The authors offer…

Chambers, Paul (1997). California Proposition 187: Pickets and Pedagogy. The passage of California's Proposition 187 has mandated political and cultural debate in composition curriculum thus exploding the de-politicized composition classroom myth. As this anti-immigration initiative of 1994 applied to education, it most directly affected K-12, but it also represented a huge financial impact to higher education. It made undocumented immigrants ineligible for public social services, public health care, and public education at every level. Little of the heated pre-election rhetoric came from the academic community. Although the teachers' union donated $350,000 to combat 187, education's stance was not unified. The State Board of Education, for example, refused to endorse opposition. Proposition 187 passed with a 59% "yes" vote. Scores of academic senates, student groups, and professional organizations reacted with angry statements. The question is not whether 187 is right or wrong, but why there was an absence of pre-election debate. Where was the… [PDF]

Boylan, Hunter R.; And Others (1988). [The Historical Roots of Developmental Education.]. Research in Developmental Education, v4 n4-5, v5 n3 1987,1988. The historical roots of developmental education are traced in a three-part article extending across three serial issues. \Educating All the Nation's People,\ by Hunter R. Boylan and William G. White, Jr., reviews the historical antecedents of developmental education, focusing on efforts in the 17th century to prepare English-speaking American students for college-level instruction in Latin, the expansion of opportunities for higher education in the 18th century and the concomitant growth of college preparatory programs, and the founding of colleges for women and blacks. \Historically Black Colleges and Universities: A Force in Developmental Education,\ by Helen Jones and Helen Richards-Smith, traces the rise of black colleges, the pioneering efforts of these colleges in academic skills development, instructional philosophy and techniques used in black colleges, and the important contributions still being made by historically black institutions. \The Historical Roots of Developmental… [PDF]