Sagaria, Mary Ann Danowitz (2002). An Exploratory Model of Filtering in Administrative Searches: Toward Counter-Hegemonic Discourses. Journal of Higher Education, v73 n6 p677-710 Nov-Dec. This article critically analyses administrative searches through the experiences and perspectives of candidates and search committee chairs at a predominantly white university. A model of filtering is advanced that describes how candidates are included and excluded and how the perspectives and consequences differ for black female, black male, white female, and white male candidates. (Contains 11 notes.)… [Direct]

Hendrie, Caroline (2004). In U.S. Schools, Race Still Counts: Despite Progress, Challenges Loom. Education Week, v23 n19 p1, 16-19 Jan. Since the historic moment of "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka," much has changed in American life and education. By today's standards, the notion that black children could be consigned to separate schools solely because of their skin color–in a nation founded on principles of freedom and equality–seems unconscionable. Fifty years after racially segregated schooling was pronounced unconstitutional, one-race public schools, and even virtually one-race districts, still exist. Despite a growing number of thoroughly integrated schools, many remain overwhelmingly white or minority. And schools with many black and Hispanic children, especially if most of those pupils live in poverty, often come up short on standard measures of educational health. In this article, the author emphasizes the role that race continues to play in American schools, and the impact brought about by "Brown v. Board of Education" to American education…. [Direct]

Jubilee, Sabriya Kaleen; Rucker, Walter C. (2007). From Black Nadir to Brown v. Board: Education and Empowerment in Black Georgian Communities – 1865 to 1954. Negro Educational Review, The, v58 n3-4 p 151-168 Fall-Win. As slavery ended, Black Georgians developed unique solutions to the many problems they faced in attaining literacy and other educational goals. In terms of some of their earlier efforts, we describe a pattern in which local Black communities in Georgia sought to create and fund their own schools at primary, secondary, and post-secondary levels. In certain cases, Black Georgians even managed to maintain autonomy from Northern and Southern Whites as they developed schools and trained Black teachers. Further, we contend that the end of Reconstruction derailed many of these efforts to create independent, Black-controlled spaces in the sphere of education. Indeed, despite the successes of these earlier efforts, the model of community-controlled and autonomous schools has been eclipsed in favor of efforts to integrate and include Blacks into mainstream American society. Finally, we conclude that the educational model and praxis developed by Black Georgians during Reconstruction described… [Direct]

Colby, Anita; Foote, Elizabeth (1995). Creating and Maintaining a Diverse Faculty. ERIC Digest. Community colleges are under pressure from internal and external forces to recruit and retain minority faculty members. According to recent studies, approximately 90% of the total faculty at two- and four-year public and private colleges are white. The highest percentage of faculty of color are employed at public four-year institutions (12.6%) and the lowest percentage at private two-year colleges (2.6%). Various strategies have been suggested for recruiting minority faculty, including the following: (1) keep an open mind about credentials and recognize the value of non-academic experiences; (2) include area minority professionals on search committees; (3) utilize minority media in recruitment campaigns; (4) recruit through business and industry partnerships; (5) include minorities on interview committees; (6) keep candidate pools open until minority applicants are found; (7) maintain dialogue and faculty exchanges with historically black colleges; (8) implement long-range programs… [PDF]

(1994). Women's Educational Equity Act. A Review of Program Goals and Strategies Needed. Report to Congressional Requesters. This report reviews the U.S. Department of Education's Women's Educational Equity Act (WEEA) Program. First authorized by Public Law 93-380, the Education Amendments of 1974, this program awards grants and contracts to eligible recipients for interventions to: (1) provide educational equity for women; (2) help educational institutions meet the requirements of Title IX of the Education amendments of 1972 prohibiting sex discrimination in all educational institutions receiving federal funds; and (3) provide educational equity for women and girls who suffer multiple discrimination based on sex and on race, ethnic origin, disability, or age. There are four basic questions addressed in the report: (1) What interventions were implemented, by whom, for what audiences, and at what costs, and did these activities continue beyond the grant period?; (2) Did these activities hold promise of promoting educational equity for women, and did they reflect the requirements of the legislation?; (3)… [PDF]

(1995). Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (78th, Washington, DC, August 9-12, 1995). Minorities and Communication Division. The Minorities and Communication section of the proceedings contains the following 10 papers: "A Content Analysis of Advertising Techniques in Mass Market and African-American Magazine Advertisements" (Jan S. Slater and others); "Political and Racial Adversaries: Southern Black Elected Officials and the Press" (Daniel Riffe and others); "The Portrayal of Blacks in Television Advertising: A Comparison of Brazilian and U.S. Television" (Venilton Reinert and Thimios Zaharopoulos); "Minorities in the Newsroom: The American Society of Newspaper Editors and Integration–From 'Separate but Equal' to 'Justice as Fairness'" (Orayb Najjar); "African Americans on Television: 25 Years after Kerner" (Paula W. Matabane and Bishetta Merritt); "Only in Glimpses: Portrayal of America's Largest Minority Groups by the New York 'Times', 1934-1994" (Carolyn Martindale); "Comparing Portrayal of Women in Black and White Magazines"… [PDF]

(1994). How To Develop a Diversity Commitment. Based on a Case Study of Diversity in the City of San Diego, California. This publication presents a series of steps that can be used by employers to initiate or modify a diversity program. It is based on a study of a nationally recognized model developed by the City of San Diego. Fifteen steps that are considered elements of San Diego's success are described, using the city's experience. The steps are as follows: secure commitment from the top; assign qualified staff; write a mission statement and define the terms; conduct external and internal research; present the strategy to top management; secure the money; establish a steering committee; develop partnerships; develop the program; conduct diversity training; encourage department activities on diversity; establish a speakers' bureau; tell the story and keep everyone informed; hear advice from those who have done it; and keep the vision and act on it. Exhibits that make up almost one-half of the publication include the following: interview questions for the City of San Diego; focus group… [PDF]

Moag, Joseph S.; Theodore, Nikolas C. (1992). Maintaining Set-Aside Programs under School Decentralization. A Review of Legal Mandates. The Chicago (Illinois) Board of Education has been engaged in a process of system-wide reorganization that may shift the locus of decision-making authority for many administrative functions from the Central Office to individual schools. Proponents of decentralization contend that restructuring will reduce costs and increase efficiencies at the Chicago Public Schools. Decentralizing the school district's purchasing process raises serious questions as to how the school system's Minority and Women Business Enterprise Program (M/WBE) can continue to operate and succeed in achieving its goals. This study examines the potential impact of the decentralization of purchasing on the M/WBE program, an affirmative set-aside program designed to increase access to government contracting opportunities for minority- and women-owned businesses. Court rulings have stipulated that for an M/WBE program to be constitutional, it must include race- and gender-neutral policies, be narrowly tailored, and… [PDF]

Irwin, Claire C. (1992). Research Methodologies Used in Women's Gender-Equity Studies. In the last 10 years, women's gender-equity reports have increased in number. Some theorists perceive quantitative procedures as "masculine" and qualitative procedures as "feminine." To refute this dichotomy, over 200 equity research reports produced between 1981 and 1991 were examined in a mini-meta analysis to identify the span, depth, and rigor of the various techniques and methodologies used. Findings reveal a wide variety of techniques blending quantitative and qualitative approaches. Sophisticated empirical studies were in the minority. Evidence of quantification ranged from standard survey techniques to regression and factor-analytic models. Statistical inference using some common and uncommon statistical tools occurred, but not with regularity. Qualitative procedures included: (1) participatory research; (2) oral history; (3) personal life histories; (4) inventories; (5) attitude scales; (6) photostory analysis; (7) content analysis of structured or…

Cruz, Jose E., Ed. (1990). Puerto Ricans: Breaking Out of the Cycle of Poverty. This report contains three background papers for reports presented at the ninth annual conference of the National Puerto Rican Coalition (NPRC) in 1989 and a discussion concerning Puerto Rican Americans and the cycle of poverty originally presented at a conference. The first paper, "Beyond the Census Data: A Portrait of the Community" (C. E. Rodriguez), analyzes the 1990 Census data including questions concerning the methodological limitations of that data and, therefore, the questions that it cannot answer. The second paper, "The Puerto Rican Family and Poverty: Complex Paths to Poor Outcomes" (D. T. Gurak and L. M. Falcon), uses several sources of data on the migration, family formation, and labor force histories of Puerto Rican women in an effort to better understand the sources of the high incidence of poverty in this population. The third paper, "Developing a Community Based Strategy To Address the Persistence of Poverty in the U.S. Puerto Rican…

Krugmann-Randolf, Inga (1994). Women Are "The Key to Progress." The Situation of Women in Developing Countries and German Efforts To Improve Their Situation. IN Visitors' Information Special Report, SO 5. Women in developing countries carry out three-quarters of all work in rural areas, are often exposed to great health risks through frequent childbirth, and are disadvantaged compared with men in education and training. Modernization has burdened women with new responsibilities and more work but has improved health care. The economic and social changes caused by development and development assistance can sometimes worsen the status and life situation of women. A targeted promotion of women is the only way to satisfy basic needs and reduce poverty. Almost all organizations of German development cooperation participate in the complex task of promoting women in developing countries. Promotion is implemented in the following ways: access for women to training and advice, credits, and work-relieving technologies; participation of women themselves; and an integrated approach that aims at the joint promotion of men and women. Germany attempts in many different areas and with different means… [PDF]

Pantano, John (1994). Comprehensive Minority SEM Programs at Santa Fe Community College. Santa Fe Community College (SFCC) has developed a series of minority science, engineering, and mathematics (SEM) programs to address the growing need for students receiving college and advanced degrees in science-based career fields and the underrepresentation of minorities in these fields. The goals of the SEM programs are to interest more women and minorities in pursuing SEM degrees; prepare students for the academic and personal challenges of college; improve the probability of student success in SEM programs; and increase the number of transfer students. Current SEM programs at SFCC include: (1) the Young Scholars program, a 4-week summer program for 7th and 8th graders focusing on Water Quality and Artificial Life; (2) a Summer Institute Pre-College Bridge program, an 8-week summer session including a math/science class, college orientation, and career counseling; (3) scholarships to cover tuition, books, and fees; (4) a faculty mentoring program; (5) an SEM Hispanic… [PDF]

Brathwaite, Frank (1986). The Challenge for Female Educational Leaders: An Examination of the Problem and Proposed Solutions through Educational and Social Change Strategies. Despite the current need for strong leadership skills to facilitate task achievement, individual development, and social action in an increasingly complex society, women are failing to make significant headway in educational administration. Lack of leadership opportunities for women limits both individual and organizational potential. The problem transcends personnel functions and processes, as it encompasses social, political, and cultural dimensions. After discussing the background and current situation in Canada, this synthesis paper explores certain socialization variables impeding women's entry into corporate and public-sector management levels. Basically, young females are underexposed to teamwork and overdosed with the "innate superiority" of the white male system. Next is a discussion of theoretical links and social change strategies for women regarding academic preparation, personal training, networking, legislative actions, and perception changes. The forces of…

Lydiard, Beverly W. (1984). Strategies for Retaining Non-Traditional Students. This paper consists of 16 suggestions for retaining nontraditional students in classes in which it is unusual for them to participate. Emphasis is on female students in traditionally all-male fields, such as trade and industrial courses. Some of the suggestions are the following: (1) have more than one nontraditional student in a class; (2) give extra help to nontraditional students in areas in which they have not had much background; (3) don't tell dirty jokes and watch out for sexual harassment; (4) encourage open discussion of tensions; (5) don't be patronizing or chivalrous; (6) treat all students alike; (7) establish support groups for nontraditional students; (8) use gender-free terms and occupational titles; (9) help students to identify sex stereotypes; and (10) invite role models into the classroom. (KC)…

Lynch, James (1987). Race, Class, Gender and the Teacher Education Curriculum. This paper outlines a holistic approach to the introduction of multicultural teacher education in an institution centrally committed to combating prejudice in its policies, procedures, and practices. The components of a holistic approach are described as: (1) discourse with the community; (2) the preparation of a policy statement; (3) recruitment of faculty; (4) recruitment of students; (5) resources; (6) links with schools; (7) the curriculum; (8) teaching/learning strategies; and (9) assessment and evaluation approaches. At all stages, the interrelationship of these various components is underlined, and the role of cross-course coordinators is particularly emphasized. Drawing on work from the United States, an initial typography of professional development needs for teacher educators is proposed, comprising contextual, affective, cognitive, pedagogical, consequential, and experiential dimensions, at individual, institutional, and systemic levels. The stages in the development of…

Axelrod, Nancy R.; Nason, John W. (1980). Presidential Search: A Guide to the Process of Selecting & Appointing College & University Presidents. Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges A practical guide to the process of selecting and appointing new college presidents is presented, based on a literature reivew, questionnaire responses, and institutional case studies. The following nine steps in the process are examined: (1) establishing the machinery of search and selection; (2) organizing the committee; (3) formulating the criteria; (4) selecting the pool of candidates; (5) screening candidates; (6) interviewing candidates; (7) selecting top candidates; (8) appointing the president; and (9) final tasks. Specific concerns include: the choice of search and selection committee members, use of professional help, public information and recordkeeping, deriving presidential criteria from an appraisal of an institution's present condition and future prospects, issues to consider for private colleges and public four- and two-year colleges, legal requirements for presidential search committees, and filing a summary report. In addition to eight checklists for each step of…

(1984). AISD Assessment Center: 1983-84 Interim Report for the First Six Assessment Centers. Evaluation findings concerning six Austin Independent School District (AISD) Assessment Centers are presented. The report describes the AISD assessment center, summarizes the evaluation findings, and provides conclusions and recommendations. The AISD assessment center is one of seven components which make up the District's Administrative Leadership program. The other components are early identification, recruitment, screening, development, selection and placement, and evaluation. Issues addressed in this interim report include: size of pool of unassessed applicants, ethnicity of assessment center participants, new appointments and promotions among assessment center participants available in the administrative candidate bank, and the relationship between assessment center scores and administrator perceiver scores. Results indicated the size of the pool of unassessed applicants continued to grow. The ethnic distribution of participants was in agreement with the goals of the…

(1982). Sex Equity Resources for Idaho Schools. Revised November 1982. This handbook contains an annotated list of resources available from the Sex Equity project of the Idaho State Department of Education. The resources listed include materials dealing with career education, counseling, educational equity, employment, federal anti-discrimination laws, school subjects, non-sexist activities, athletics, sexism, and special education; teacher resources, including books, films, bibliographies, modules, and kits are also listed. The guide is divided into three sections: title index, subject index, and free material index. The first section contains the resources for loan listed alphabetically by title, along with author, source, date, format, and brief summary of the subject matter. The second section contains resources for loan listed according to subject matter. Each subject entry also indicates title and format. The third section lists the available free materials alphabetically by title and also indicates source, date and format. (JAC)…

Borthwick, Andrew; And Others (1988). Planning NAFE. Equal Opportunities for Ethnic Minorities. A Handbook for Senior LEA and College Managers and Training Agency Officers. This handbook is designed to be used by senior local education authority (LEA) and college managers and training officers responsible for the production of non-advanced further education (NAFE) development plans and annual programs in Great Britain. It focuses on key areas related to the provision of equality of opportunity for ethnic minorities. The guide begins with a brief introduction to four central issues and 12 areas for action (policy; priorities and resourcing; ethnic monitoring; consultation and needs analysis; marketing, access, and recruitment; course program; delivery mechanisms; progression; student support; evaluation and review; staffing and staff development; and ethos). A statement of principle is made about each. The statement of principle is followed by a list of indicators of application that gives possible sources of evidence that the principles are being applied in practice. A checklist is then provided to be used either to assess in more detail the extent to… [PDF]

(1979). Civil Rights in Maine. Proceedings of a consultation sponsored by the Maine Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights (Augusta, Maine, November 16-17, 1978). This publication records statements made by representatives of some 20 organizations at a Consultation on the Status of Civil Rights in Maine. Following the chairperson's introductory remarks, presentations on the following five sets of issues are offered: (1) general and multiple civil rights issues (the Maine Human Rights Commission, the Pine Tree Legal Assistance, Inc., and the Maine Division of Community Services); (2) racial, ethnic, and national origin discrimination issues, specifically the experiences of Blacks, Franco-Americans, and Native Americans in the State (the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the Central Maine Indian Association, the Association of Aroostook Indians, and a professor of sociology at the University of Southern Maine); (3) sex discrimination issues (the Maine Commission for Women, the National Organization for Women, the Maine Women's Lobby, the Maine Teachers Association, the Portland Family Crisis Shelter, and the American… [PDF]

Heller, Robert W. (1982). Using Our Influence to Promote Equity in Leadership. Equal treatment of all candidates for administrative positions can be encouraged through the participation of professional consultants in the selection process and through careful career planning on the part of prospective administrators. The consultant's role in the selection process may include educating the board of education in the need for and values of equal treatment of applicants. Consultants should make their positions on equality clear and should actively seek qualified female and minority candidates, all the while maintaining professional integrity. Female and minority candidates can increase the likelihood that their candidacies will be considered by developing career "game plans" and using care in preparing themselves to fill the positions they seek. These preparations include selecting and staying in reputable graduate programs while following educational courses tailor-made to fit career aspirations, becoming knowledgeable concerning school finance, actively…

O'Neil, Robert M. (1975). Discriminating Against Discrimination: Preferential Admissions and the DeFunis Case. This book deals with the lawsuit Marco De Funis filed against the University of Washington which brought about the first court decision bearing on the issue of the legality of preferential admission of minority students to American universities. Background of the problem of reverse discrimination is given in a historical review of the events that led De Funis to appeal to the courts. It is shown that factors other than paper records and test scores in college admissions are neither recent in origin nor limited to disadvantaged minority students. The background nature, and extent of nonracial departures from rank ordering in the admissions process is explored in order to understand the De Funis case. Recent trends and current opportunities for minority students in American higher education, with special attention to legal education is also examined in the book. This analysis sets the stage for a consideration of the legal and constitutional factors impinging upon the admissions…

(1977). The Regents of the University of California, Petitioner, vs. Allan Bakke, Respondent. On Writ of Certiorari to the Supreme Court of the State of California. Brief for Petitioner. A petition was brought by the Regents of the University of California against Allan Bakke, contending that the Davis campus medical school program is in compliance with constitutional law. The University's argument for the case is presented in this document. The history of racial discrimination in medical education is reviewed. The characteristics and purposes of special admissions programs designed to address racial inequalities are outlined. Evidence is presented to counter the charge that the Davis program resurrects the quota system. Relevant concerns in the utilization of racial criteria for remedial purposes in admissions are discussed. It is asserted that the criteria employed in the Davis medical school admissions policy do comply with the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution. (GC)…

Pancrazio, Sally Bulkley (1977). Ms. Administrator and the School Boards or Should School Boards Hire Lady Bosses?. Women account for 63 percent of the teaching force but only 8 percent of the total general administrative positions in downstate Illinois schools. Since 1950, women's presence in administrative positions has declined, especially in regard to the elementary principalship. Women administrators tend to be older, with more experience, and earn lower salaries than their male counterparts. When candidates for administrative positions are restricted to one sex, there is no way of knowing that the best person for the job will be selected. As part of responsible citizen behavior, school board members must take positive steps to ensure that Illinois schools are staffed by the most competent, qualified, and talented people. Selecting the administrators of Illinois schools is too important to be left to irrelevant factors like gender. (Author/MLF)…

(1978). Stalled at the Start: Government Action on Sex Bias in the Schools. Because officials in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) could not answer questions concerning the number of complaints about Title IX violations received, how the agency had resolved them, what kind of complaints were most common, how many school districts had stopped unfair practices as a result of HEW's intervention, how many people had been helped, and what HEW had done, independent of citizen complaint, to make sure the nation's school districts were obeying the law, the Project on Equal Education Rights conducted its own study. HEW's records on each complaint filed from the day of the law's enactment through October 1, 1976, were studied and interviews were conducted of HEW staffers; students, parents, and teachers who had filed charges; and school administrators whose districts had been charged with violations of the law. The results were disturbing–rules and policies that perpetuate unequal treatment of males and females are still going uncorrected….

(1977). Collective Bargaining Agreement Between University Of Delaware and American Association of University Professors, University of Delaware Chapter. The collective bargaining agreement between the University of Delaware and the University of Delaware Chapter of the American Assocation of University Professors (AAUP) is presented. Items covered in this agreement include: recognition of AAUP as the bargaining representative, AAUP membership, representatives, and privileges; grievance procedure; personnel benefits; nondiscrimination; faculty workload; and salaries. Also included is an article on the maintenance of university practices related to hours, sick leave, vacations, appointment, reappointment, promotion, tenure, dismissal, termination, suspension, evaluation, sabbatical leave and other items not specifically covered by the terms of the agreement. (SPG)…

Walsh, Stephen V. (1982). Ordinary People Meet an Extraordinary Challenge. When St. Edward's University was awarded the College Assistance Migrant Program (CAMP) in 1972, it found that migrant high school students had the lowest educational achievement level and fewer educational opportunities, an overpowering litany of difficulties faced them upon entering college, and the federal and state system of financial aid worked to their detriment. Therefore, St. Edward's redefined admissions and academic standards based on new academic assessments; developed new teaching and learning strategies, programs, staffing patterns, and multi- cultural settings; and revised the financial aid form and timelines. Because of its experience with CAMP, the university questioned its admission criteria; replicated, with modifications, support programs for use with all students; changed its faculty, staff, and trustees composition to reflect the student body; became more conscientious about teaching and learning; and implemented a student peer and role model program to help…

Traynham, James G. (1978). The Bakke Decision and Graduate School Admissions: What Is Equitable?. The question of how graduate schools can include race as an admission criteria and give equitable treatment in admissions decisions is addressed by considering some aspects of the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) scores and the use and misuse of test scores in admissions procedures. The GRE is used in admissions procedures to prove an across-the-board measure of academic potential among all the applicants. If the GRE score plays a significant role in the admissions decision, equitable treatment requires that all applicants with equal academic potential have equal chances to be admitted. Although the Graduate Record Examination Board has cautioned against the use of any set score as a cut-off for a favorable admissions decision, some graduate schools and some departments use a cut-off number. Since performance on the GRE varies widely with the field of study, it is suggested that a field-conscious aspect to admissions decisions might be desirable. It is noted that GRE scores For… [PDF]

Soldwedel, Bette J. (1980). Erasing Sex Bias Through Staff Training: An Examination of Selected Factors. This document is part of a series designed to help counselors and counselor educators consider their knowledge of and attitudes toward the sex-limited status of women. This guide, written to help counselors increase their knowledge of and sensitivity to sex bias, presents a brief discussion of the issues relevant to counseling women and girls, including counselor bias, cultural expectations, occupational limitations, job level limitations, educational practices and role models, and women's attitudes about themselves. Each chapter contains a statement of the problem, a literature review, a commentary, recommendations for staff training, and references. Summaries of anti-discrimination laws pertinent to the eradication of sex bias are also given. (Author/NRB)… [PDF]

Parham, David L.; Von Euler, Mary (1978). A Citizen's Guide to School Desegregation Law. These summaries of recent major court decisions related to school desegregation were prepared in an effort to be of assistance to nonlawyers. As an introduction, the workings of the United States judicial system are outlined, and an overview of school desegregation law since 1954 is provided. Recent decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court that set standards for desegregation cases in all Federal courts are explained. Noteworthy Federal cases in which the U.S. Supreme Court did not make significant rulings during the 1976-77 term are summarized. Some important cases that have arisen recently in the California State court system are discussed. Also provided are guidelines for locating texts of court decisions on desegregation. (Author/EB)… [PDF]