Daily Archives: 2025-04-07

Bibliography: Affirmative Action (Part 173 of 332)

Douglas, Joel M., Comp.; Flanzraich, Lisa, Comp. (1983). Collective Bargaining in Higher Education and the Professions. Bibliography No. 11. A bibliography of writings affecting labor relations and college faculty, as well as the health professions, is presented. The point of reference was the calendar year 1982, although materials from other recent years are included. The faculty section covers the following topics: academic freedom, accountability, administration, affirmative action, arbitration and mediation, collective bargaining, community colleges, contracts and contract issues, court cases, discipline and dismissal, discrimination, dispute resolution, elections, evaluation, medical and nursing school faculty, faculty attitudes and organizations, financial exigency, fringe benefits, governance, grievance procedures, legal issues, librarians, long-range planning, National Labor Relations Board, non-faculty and part-time faculty, personnel administration, public sector labor relations, quality of worklife, retirement, retrenchment, salaries, strikes, students, tenure, unit determination, women faculty, and the…

(1982). Agreement 1982-1985 between Rider College and the Rider College Chapter of the American Association of University Professors. The collective bargaining agreement between Rider College and the Rider College Chapter (295 members) of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) covering the period September 1, 1982-August 31, 1985 is presented. Items covered in the agreement include: definitions and AAUP recognition; nondiscrimination; affirmative action; academic freedom; union privileges; appointments; faculty voice in academic elements of hiring; promotion and tenure; dismissal and suspension; annual reappointment and nonreappointment of nontenured unit members; department chairs; academic governance; personnel files; layoff; librarians; professional athletic staff; part-time faculty union members and seniority protection for those teaching more than half load; evaluation; past practices; management rights; agency rights; grievance and arbitration procedure; no strikes/lockouts; general work conditions; open classroom; workload; outside employment; patent policy; sick leave; research and…

Jennings, Clara (1979). The Female Administrator in Institutions of Higher Education. Can She Survive the Next Decade?. The purpose of this paper is threefold: (1) to identify survival strategies for women currently holding positions in higher educational administration; (2) to suggest ways that female administrators can serve as advocates for others who may wish to obtain similar positions; and (3) to discuss means by which women seeking jobs in higher educational administration can broaden their possibilities. The survival strategies outlined for female administrators focus on areas such as affirmative action, delegation of decision making responsibility, establishment of networks with other women administrators, participation in assertiveness training, participation in professional organizations, evaluation of one's own administrative practices, improvement of supervisory attitudes and skills, promotion of activities designed to increase women's professional opportunities, and continuing professional development. Advocacy activities suggested include the compilation of information on…

Casso, Henry J., Ed.; Roman, Gilbert D., Ed. (1976). Chicanos in Higher Education: Proceedings of a National Institute on Access to Higher Education for the Mexican American (Albuquerque, New Mexico, July 1975). In July 1975, a national institute was held in Albuquerque, New Mexico, to propose ways of improving Chicano access to higher education. The institute, dedicated to the memory of New Mexico educator Dr. Dolores Gonzales, brought together Chicano educators and representatives of public and private universities, state governments, and the Federal government. They examined the patterns of education and racism that encouraged Chicano students to drop out long before college and proposed educational and political reforms to make bilingual/bicultural education a reality. The proceedings of the institute propose higher education reforms such as open universities, flexible admission standards, Chicano colleges, and increased financial aid. Also discussed is the employment of Chicanos as faculty members and administrators in institutes of higher learning, and ways to improve Chicano participation in these areas. Other topics discussed are the current trends in student admissions and…

Yoder, Janice D. (1984). Surviving the Transition from Graduate Student to Assistant Professor. Potential pitfalls for women pursuing academic careers in psychology as they make the transition from graduate student to assistant professor are discussed, along with ways to avoid or minimize some of these difficulties. Basic statistics on women's representation in the profession are examined, including two common explanations of the data. Attention is focused on the role changes that accompany the transition from student to faculty member. It is argued that the professional role becomes increasingly incompatible with feminine sex-role expectations. A structural explanation for problems faced by women incorporates ideas about stereotypic sex-roles. The personal explanations center on reasons women themselves are not able to successfully climb the academic ladder. Major difficulties potentially faced by women include role conflicts, lack of support, and discrimination. Potential solutions involve adapting a personal strategy, changing the existing setting, and/or seeking out… [PDF]

Higgerson, Mary Lou (1996). Communication Skills for Department Chairs. Communication strategies needed for the specific responsibilities of college and university department heads are presented. Each chapter first describes communication strategies useful in handling an administrative task, and then uses real-life case studies to demonstrate their applications in typical situations. Readers are guided through a series of questions and exercises enabling them to participate in the needed analysis, decision-making, and problem-solving. Contents include communication issues and strategies, a series of cases, and case analysis exercises that apply to these tasks: structuring the department mission; enhancing the department climate; defining department ethics; conducting performance counseling; managing conflict; implementing change; working with the dean; building alliances; and promoting the department. An index of cases by higher education issue and administrative task covers such issues as: academic dishonesty, affirmative action, alumni relations,…

(1988). Agreement between Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education and the American Association of University Professors/American Federation of Teachers AFL-CIO, Local 4531, Temple Chapter. July 1, 1988-June 30, 1990. This document presents the agreement between Temple University and the Temple Chapter of the American Association of University Professors/American Federation of Teachers (AAUP/AFT) for the period July 1, 1988 through June 30, 1990. The text of the agreement covers the following 28 articles: recognition; definitions; no discrimination; affirmative action; rights of Temple; rights of AAUP/AFT; deduction of dues; grievance procedure; arbitration procedure; no strike/no lockout; promotion of faculty; tenure procedures; termination of service of faculty and discipline of faculty for just cause; department chairpersons; appointment, promotion, and termination of service of librarians; appointment, promotion and termination of service of academic professionals; work load; salaries (continuing faculty, librarians, academic professionals, salary minima, additional increases for promotion, compensation for department chairperson); faculty merit awards; fringe benefits (including medical,…

(1987). California Community College Reform. Final Report. Advance Copy. The proposals presented in this report were developed by the Joint Committee for Review of the Master Plan for Higher Education with the intention of strengthening the capacity of the California community colleges to meet the state's emerging economic and demographic needs. After section I provides a general introduction and statement of intent, section II addresses issues related to access to education and student success, with proposals concerning assessment, counseling, and placement. Section III focuses on mission and function, including proposals related to transfer and vocational education, remediation, English as a Second Language, adult education, and fee-based community services. Section IV presents proposals regarding faculty, administrators, and staff, which deal with credentials; recruitment; affirmative action; part-time faculty; tenure; collective bargaining; student services staff; personal, professional, and intellectual development; and institutional development….

(1985). Collective Bargaining Agreement by and between Hofstra University and the Hofstra Chapter of the American Association of University Professors, September 1, 1985-August 31, 1988. The collective bargaining agreement between Hofstra University and the Hofstra University Chapter of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) covering the period September 1, 1985-August 31, 1988 is presented. Items covered in the agreement include: definitions and unit recognition; faculty statutes and faculty policy series; the relationship between the AAUP and the university; appointment, reappointment, promotion, and tenure; working conditions; fringe benefits; compensation; reduction in force of faculty as a consequence of curricular curtailment or financial exigency; no strike, work stoppage, or lockout; grievance and arbitration procedure; merger or acquisition; released time; union security and checkoff; separability; interest succession; nondiscrimination; personnel files; affirmative action committee; affirmation of full disclosure; past practices; department heads; and adjunct faculty and special faculty status. Appendices include: (1) information on New…

(1982). Collective Bargaining Agreement by and between Hofstra University and the Hofstra Chapter of the American Association of University Professors, September 1, 1982-August 31, 1985. The collective bargaining agreement between Hofstra University and the Hofstra University Chapter (340 members) of the American Association of University Professors (AARP) September 1, 1982-August 31, 1985 is presented. Items covered in the agreement include: definitions and recognition of AAUP; faculty statutes and faculty policy series, the relationship between the AAUP and the university, appointment, reappointment, promotion, and tenure; working conditions; fringe benefits; compensation; reduction in force of faculty as a consequence of curricular curtailment or financial exigency; no strike, work stoppage, or lockout; grievance and arbitration procedure; merger or acquisition; released time; union security and checkoff; separability; interest succession; nondiscrimination clause; personnel files; affirmative action committee; affirmation of full disclosure; past practices; department chairs; and adjunct faculty and special faculty status. Appendices include: (1) the memorandum…

(1983). Agreement between Monmouth College and the Faculty Association of Monmouth College, July 1, 1983-June 30, 1985. The collective bargaining agreement between Monmouth College and the Monmouth College Faculty Association covering the period July 1, 1983-June 30, 1985 is presented. The 130 member chapter is affiliated with the American Association of University Professors (AAUP). Items covered in the agreement include: recognition of AAUP; academic rank; equal employment, affirmative action, and nondiscrimination; academic freedom; procedures in regard to initial appointment, continuance, tenure, and promotion; dismissal for adequate cause; grievance and arbitration; faculty reduction; teaching load, scheduling, research, consulting, and off-campus activities; salary, compensation for summer school and for small classes; hospital and medical insurance; disability insurance; group life insurance; retirement plan; tuition benefits; grants-in-aid-of-creativity; mini-sabbatical grant program; travel allowances; faculty improvement fund loans; course load reductions; leaves of absence without pay;… [PDF]

Driscoll, Eileen R. (1982). The Selection and Appointment of School Heads. A Manual of Suggestions to Boards of Trustees and Candidates. Third Edition. To assist in the selection of new private school heads, this manual provides advice to both boards of trustees and candidates. Advice directed to the board covers timing of the search and selection, announcement of the current head's resignation, search committee formation, the committee chairperson, staff assistance, search budget, job definitions and descriptions, sources of candidates, selection consultants, advertising, affirmative action, applicant screening, references, interviews (including with finalists), terms of appointment, final selection and job offer, and such final considerations as the search committee report and the transition to a new head. Advice to the candidate touches on preparation and training, use of networks, portfolio and resume, references, job openings, consultants, interviews, briefings on schools, preparations for moving, published information sources, the family's role, and terms of appointment. A short annotated bibliography precedes seven…

Bounds, Stuart M. (1978). A Participative Procedure for Educational Master Planning. A model procedure, implemented in 1976 at Thomas Nelson Community College (Virginia), for community based and continuous long-range planning is described in this report. The model involves extensive participation by all community segments and presents strategies for review, approval, and research in support of the plan. Planning components include reviewing the institution's legal basis and requirements such as federal environmental impact statements, affirmative action plans, safety requirements, state policies, and local ordinances; clearly articulating the planning philosophy; and systematically reviewing community college planning literature in order to generate a strategy paper. The data base necessary for planning includes information on the service area and the college in terms of demography, manpower and employment needs, public school enrollments and graduation projections, educational needs, and college history, philosophy and goals, educational programs and fiscal… [PDF]

(1979). Faculty Handbook, 1979-80. This faculty handbook was created to provide full-time faculty at Northland Pioneer College with the kinds of information they need about policies and procedures at the college. The handbook is organized into seven sections: (1) Administration, dealing with the philosophy of administration and containing a glossary of terms; (2) the Business Office, covering payroll, purchasing, bidding procedures, budget development, grants management and acquisition, and travel; (3) Public Information, discussing the development of semester schedules and the college catalog, news releases, and printing and publishing; (4) Facilities, clarifying procedures related to key issue and recovery, classroom requests, mail distribution, and classroom or office furniture relocation; (5) Student Services, explaining course challenge, withdrawal, repeating classes, grading procedures for final grades, the bookstore, and tutoring; (6) Personnel, outlining policies related to affirmative action, grievances, the…

(1973). Personnel Management: Two Year Colleges. This document is one of five manuals designed to improve management practices in Ohio two-year colleges. A chapter on organizing for personnel management discusses basic personnel functions, roles and responsibilities of administrators, and the need for a central statewide office of personnel affairs. A chapter on planning, policies, and procedures in personnel management discusses methods for determining objectives for personnel management and for translating goals and objectives into functional activities. A chapter on personnel functions discusses wage, salary, and fringe benefit determination; manpower planning and forecasting; personnel retrenchment; testing in personnel screening; employee orientation; retirement and pre-retirement counseling; instructional workload; tenure; the development and evaluation of various kinds of personnel; equal opportunity and affirmative action plans; standards of conduct and corrective action; grievances and appeals; associations, unions, and… [PDF]

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Bibliography: Affirmative Action (Part 174 of 332)

Ambash, Joseph W.; Hajian, Tamar; Sizer, Judith R. (1998). Record-Keeping and Reporting Requirements for Independent and Public Colleges and Universities. This publication summarizes federal laws governing record-keeping, reporting, and retention of records typically in the possession of private and public colleges. It reviews relevant requirements of statutory and regulatory laws in regard to student records (transcripts, medical records, admission files, and disciplinary records); employee records (personnel files, affirmative action information, and payroll records); reporting and record-keeping requirements for nonprofit institutions; student financial aid records; records for grants and sponsored research; law enforcement records (campus security and hazing reports); licensure and accreditation records; and miscellaneous records (including voting lists, registration of out-of-state motor vehicles, and records required by the Drug Free Schools and Communities Act of 1988). The publication also discusses privacy and nondisclosure issues in relation to particular types of records, along with specific time periods for record…

(1998). Diversity Blueprint: A Planning Manual for Colleges and Universities. This guide uses the planning process at the University of Maryland, College Park, as an example of comprehensive campus-wide planning for institutional and programmatic diversity goals. Five planning principles are identified: (1) accountability, (2) inclusiveness, (3) shared responsibility, (4) evaluation, and (5) institutionalization. Chapters are organized thematically, highlighting diversity programs and institutional priorities that have been created at the University of Maryland based on the five planning principles as applied to the following five institutional planning priorities: (1) leadership and systemic change; (2) recruitment, retention, and affirmative action; (3) curriculum transformation; (4) campus-community connections; and (5) faculty, staff, and student involvement. The structure of the manual mirrors that of DiversityWeb, a Web site that offers good practices and a planning format for institutions working together on diversity efforts. Inserts and sidebars… [PDF]

Brooks, Nancy A. (1988). Sexual Harassment in Education. Teaching and Learning at Indiana University, Feb. Three situations of sexual harassment, typical of the complaints received by various departments and offices on all Indiana University campuses, are presented. According to the National Advisory Council on Women's Educational Programs, "academic sexual harassment is the use of authority to emphasize the sexuality or sexual identity of a student in a manner which prevents or impairs that student's full enjoyment of educational benefits, climate, or opportunities." Gender harassment, as defined by the Modern Language Association's Commission on the Status of Women, "consists of discriminatory behavior directed against individuals who belong to a gender group that the aggressor considers inferior." Most universities offer a variety of channels for effective informal resolution of harassment complaints. Several of these are discussed and addresses for the Affirmative Action offices on Indiana University campuses are provided. The Indiana University "Policy and…

Schultz, Debra L.; And Others (1993). To Reclaim a Legacy of Diversity: Analyzing the "Political Correctness" Debates in Higher Education. "Political correctness" has recently been appropriated by organizations and individual advocates seeking to attack and focus negative media attention on reforms in higher education. This report documents both the facts and media distortions that have shaped almost a decade of campus debate on affirmative action, multicultural and feminist curriculum reform, and programs to diversify college campuses. The report also highlights the conditions that have given rise to an unrivaled backlash in academia. Topics addressed include media coverage of political correctness, conservative activism in higher education, liberal responses to the backlash, funding patterns, and campus violence/campus climate issues. Appendices include a chronological list of media coverage that addressed political correctness issues between 1989 and 1993, a list of activist networks of student newspapers on campuses, statistics concerning people of color and women in higher education, the addresses and… [PDF]

Harvey, Jim (1988). Prejudice and the Reduction of Prejudice in Australian Society. White Australian history has displayed rampant racism, sexism, and cultural chauvinism. Since 1947 Australia has undergone a demographic revolution in both size and ethnic composition. The four million migrants, 56 percent of whom are of non-British origin, and their 2 million children, account for nearly 60 percent of Australia's post-war population growth. Although the federal and state governments have been enacting equal opportunity and affirmative action legislation, and there have been improvements in community attitudes toward migrants, racism and cultural chauvinism persist in many forms and in many aspects of Australian society. Aboriginal Australians are the minority group most subject to prejudice and discrimination. The following aspects of the nature and construction of prejudice are discussed: (1) racialism; (2) cultural superiority; and (3) political and economic dimensions. Australian society must combat prejudice by generating a range of coherent policies to work…

(1987). Annual Report on Higher Education in New Jersey, 1986-87. The New Jersey annual report on higher education outlines achievements and problems within the system. Five sections focus on the following topics: (1) introduction; (2) system status report (size of the system, budget and finance, funding policies and formulas, faculty, state college autonomy, and overall academic health); (3) the foundations of excellence (the Governor's challenges, departmental grant programs, the 1984 Jobs, Science, and Technology Bond Act, and improving undergraduate education); (4) equity/access (transfer advisory board, minority enrollment initiatives, basic skills, affirmative action, and student assistance); and (5) special issues (assessment, Student Unit Record Enrollment system, health professions education policy, initiatives, and sector study commissions). Two appendices provide tables on finance, academics, admissions/enrollments, and faculty in New Jersey and on membership of the Advisory Board and groups. A map shows the locations of New Jersey… [PDF]

(1984). Faculty Collective Bargaining in the California State University. A Staff Report on the 1983-1986 Agreement between the Board of Trustees and the California Faculty Association for Unit 3–Faculty. Commission Report 84-3. Features of a 1983-1986 faculty collective bargaining contract at the California State University (CSU) are described. The Congress of Faculty Associations won representation rights for the faculty bargaining unit at CSU in a 1983 election. Attention is directed to: grievance procedures; appointment, probation, tenure, and promotions; layoff; salary schedule; exceptional merit service awards; market condition salary supplements; and library faculty unit salary schedule. Included in the bargaining unit are those classifications of librarians that are considered as faculty. The agreement streamlines all grievance and disciplinary action procedures to provide shorter time periods at each step. A significant change from past procedures is that the grievance proceedings now provide for full "de novo" hearings before the arbitrator and eliminate a faculty hearing prior to arbitration. All layoffs of nontenured faculty require consideration of seniority, affirmative action,… [PDF]

Baron, Richard L.; And Others (1980). Skill-Based Management Training: The Teaching Family Model Revisisted. This paper provides a description of the Program Manager Workshop, a skill-based management training workshop for managers of group homes. The workshop is an extension of the Teaching-Family Model of Community Based Care, a model used in residential treatment homes for persons experiencing problems such as delinquency, retardation, mental illness, and autism. Each section of the workshop follows the format of lecture, discussion, modeling, and behavioral rehearsal. The content of various workshop sections is outlined: (1) Planning for Organizational Change; (2) Dealing with Bureaucratic Behavior; (3) Policies and Procedural Checklisting; (4) Shades of Differences; (5) Staff Meetings; (6) Equal Employment/Affirmative Action; (7) Responsive Management; (8) Problem Analysis and Decision Making; and (9) The Program Manager as a Teacher. The workshop evaluation is presented along three dimensions: participant satisfaction, skill performance, and consumer satisfaction. Evaluation data are…

Sindler, Allan P. (1978). Bakke, DeFunis, and Minority Admissions. The Quest for Equal Opportunity. The public policy and legal issues surrounding preferential admissions of minorities in higher education and the politics and human drama of the controversy are reviewed and analyzed in this book. Focus is on the court cases of Marco DeFunis against the University of Washington law school and Allan Bakke against the University of California Medical School at Davis. The problem considered is how to promote equal opportunity for disadvantaged minorities through affirmative action without engaging in reverse discrimination. Included in the book are considerations of divergent notions of equal opportunity, increasing numbers of applicants and rising standards of admission, racial preference, special admissions or discretionary selection, goals and quotas, legal strategies, comparative academic qualifications, an increasing supply of qualified minority applicants, equal protection of the laws and racial classifications, and political implications. The Bakke and DeFunis cases are detailed…

(1977). The White House Conference on Handicapped Individuals. Delegate Workbook. Workshop VIII: Special Concerns (2). Civil Rights/Special Populations/Veterans/Aging. The last of eight delegate workbooks prepared for the May, 1977 White House Conference on Handicapped Individuals contains ballots for the workshop on civil rights, special populations, veterans and aging. The ballots are designed to enable delegates to assign priorities to various issues and proposals in a way that reflects conclusions of state and territorial conferences. The following issues are among those presented: enforcement of antidiscrimination and affirmative action laws; educating handicapped persons about their rights; the import of the right to treatment in the least restrictive environment; ensuring delivery of services and goods to the disabled; changing negative attitudes toward minorities; retaining disabled uniformed military personnel in military service; and housing legislation responsive to the needs of aged handicapped persons. For each such topic, multiple proposals, to which delegates must assign priorities, are listed. For example, the ways suggested to…

(1979). Fact Sheets from the ERIC Clearinghouse on Handicapped and Gifted Children: 1979 Series. A series of 20 fact sheets is provided giving basic information on specific subjects of interest to those working with handicapped and gifted children. The fact sheets, developed by the ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) Clearinghouse on Handicapped and Gifted Children during fiscal year 1979, are designed in question/answer format and have resource references. Following are the topics of the fact sheets: career education, how a parent group can effect legislation for the gifted and talented, the special education job market, federal resources for special education, assessment of minority students, cultural values and motivation, educational rights of American Indian and Alaska native handicapped children, special problems of handicapped minority students, multicultural education and the exceptional child, self identity and the culturally diverse child, affirmative action for the handicapped, reaching handicapped children in their early years, the argument for early…

Babbitt, Samuel F.; And Others (1975). Research and Support Strategies For Women's Higher Education. Inadequate support is presently offered for the study of certain important questions which have serious implications for educational policies affecting women. Priority should be given to the support of those areas of research and program development and evaluation that have the most critical implications for both the higher education of women and women's status in institutions of higher education. Support should include: (1) research on coeducational and sex education experiences, outcomes of affirmative action, career patterns of women, living arrangements, intellectual development, women's psychological autonomy, social policies regarding families; (2) development and evaluation of women's studies, women's centers, counseling services, efforts to encourage women to enter other than traditional majors and/or career fields, "coping training," sex distributions, the means to raise the level of women's qualitative skills, classroom sex ratios; recruitment of women to the… [PDF]

(1974). Education Programs and Activities Receiving or Benefiting from Federal Financial Assistance: Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Sex. Part 2. Federal Register, v39 n120 p22228-40 Jun 20. Title IX, of the Education Amendments of 1972, provides that "no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance," with certain exceptions. This report contains proposed rules to implement Title IX. The report includes definitions and provisions concerning remedial affirmative actions, required assurances, dissemination of information policies, and other general matters related to sex discrimination. It describes the educational institutions and other entities, whether public or private, which are covered in whole or in part by the proposed regulations and sets forth the general and particular prohibitions with respect to nondiscrimination based on sex in admissions policies and admission preferences. Also set forth are rules with respect to prohibited discrimination in educational programs… [PDF]

Kintzer, Frederick C., Ed. (1973). Summer Workshop for New Community Junior College Presidents and Wives. The report on the 1973 Summer Workshop for New Community Junior College Presidents and Wives contains the presentations, or summaries of them, made by members of the workshop staff and summaries of the major discussions. These papers and discussions are: (1) Community College Administration: Part I, Great Challenges Ahead, and Part II, Design and Implementation of a New Philosophy of Community College Education; (2) President-Board Relationships: Building a Bridge of Communication; (3) The Human Side of Management: Applications to Community College Administration; (4) State, Regional, and National Systems of Education: Coordination or Control?; (5) Panel Discussion on Instruction: Why Be Concerned?; (6) Human Development: Self-Actualization by Group Process; (7) Student Personnel Services; (8) Evaluation of Professional Performance; (9) Recommended Evaluation Procedures for MCCCD; (10) Office of Affirmative Action at Grossmont College; (11) Organization and Administration of… [PDF]

(1999). An International Visitor's Guide to Higher Education in the United States. This booklet presents information to international visitors on higher education in the United States. Section 1, \Introduction to U.S. Higher Education, Its Governance, Administration, and Accreditation,\ discusses: federal government and state roles; types of institutions of higher education; administrative structure; and accreditation, quality, and standards. Section 2, \Admissions, Faculty, Students, and Instruction,\ focuses on: academic entrance exams, admission of foreign students, transfer students, and graduate admissions; faculty qualifications, tenure, and evaluation; foreign students attending U.S. colleges and universities; and the academic year, credit system, types of courses and methods of instruction, student evaluation, and diplomas and degrees. Section 3,\Financing Higher Education,\ discusses: institutional income and expenditures; costs of higher education to students and their families; and financing foreign students. Section 4, \Major Issues in U.S. Higher…

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