Cardenas, Raul; Warren, Elizabeth (1991). Community College Access: Barriers and Bridges. New Directions for Community Colleges, n74 p15-22 Sum. Examines challenges to educational access at the community-college level related to college mission, funding, assessment, academic placement, staff development, articulation/transfer, college-school relations, and student support services. Considers public policy influences on access. Describes four Maricopa County Community College District programs that facilitate access to higher education for minority students. (DMM)… [Direct]

Bowen, William G. (1999). Expert Report. "Gratz et al. v. Bollinger, et al." No. 97-75321 (E.D. Mich.). Equity & Excellence in Education, v32 n2 p62-66 Sep. Data from more than 60,000 college students indicate a statistically significant association between attendance at the most selective institutions and a variety of accomplishments in college and later life. Race-neutral admission would damage the prospects for developing a larger minority presence in the corporate and professional leadership of the United States. (SLD)…

(2000). News and Views. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, n29 p16-52 Aut. This collection of articles includes such topics as: black student matriculations at the highest-ranked colleges and universities; the effect of the racial gap in home ownership on African American higher education; black trustees at major colleges and universities; medical school admissions; race sensitive admissions; fixed-percentage college admissions plans; and the "Mississippification" of California's public schools. (SM)…

Pullen, Pete (2000). Breaking Racial Stereotypes by Reconstructing Multicultural Education. Multicultural Education, v7 n3 p44-46 Spr. Racial stereotypes and discrimination have destroyed many bright futures by limiting the possibilities of people of color in America. Describes two initiatives that can be implemented in schools in order to help destroy negative images of race and reconstruct a more healthy foundation to build on: multiculturalism across the curriculum and multicultural awareness inservices for teachers. (SM)…

Cook, Glenn (2004). The Original "Brown" Town after 50 Years: Desegregated, Not Integrated. Education Digest: Essential Readings Condensed for Quick Review, v69 n9 p7-15 May. The story of Summerton and its schools is a footnote to history. On the surface, daily life in this small South Carolina town today is a far cry from a half century ago. At the same time, little seems to have changed–and many residents seem to prefer it that way. And with good reason, for the townspeople, especially whites, still cast a wary eye at Summerton's place in history. It is home to Briggs v. Elliott, the first of five cases later consolidated into Brown v. Board of Education and arguably the birthplace of the Civil Rights Movement. To most, Brown is a lawsuit over an African-American girl from Kansas not allowed to attend an all-white school. But Briggs, not Brown, was the foundation for abolishing separate but equal schools. Thurgood Marshall, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People lawyer who led the battle to end segregation in U.S. classrooms, argued Briggs, not Brown, before the Supreme Court. "It all started here," says Joe De Laine,… [Direct]

Contreras, Frances E. (2005). The Reconstruction of Merit Post-Proposition 209. Educational Policy, v19 n2 p371-395 May. This research addresses how Proposition 209 has altered access to University of California (UC), as represented by the changing profiles of admitted undergraduate students at three UC campuses. This research provides an analysis of changes that have occurred in undergraduate applicant and admit characteristics based on individual data from UC Los Angeles, UC Davis, and UC Riverside postaffirmative action. This study utilizes logistic regression to assess the likelihood of admission and employs temporal interactions across a consistent set of academic achievement and socioeconomic predictors. The quantitative findings illustrate admission based almost entirely on academic index, despite nominal changes and expansion of admissions criteria. Although the concepts of merit and equity remain loosely defined in public policy arenas, this research further examines the key admission factors that constitute merit in a post-209 environment and the implications of these altered standards for… [Direct]

O'Dell, Ruth D. (1995). A Small Example of Reverse Discrimination. In 1989, Walter E. Kimm, III applied for a position as an admissions representative at Brookdale Community College (BCC), in New Jersey. As a result of BCC's nonresponsiveness, he reapplied, using a slightly modified resume, as "Suzy Ming Cheng." Whereas "Suzy Ming Cheng" was invited to an interview for the position, Kimm was sent a letter of refusal very shortly after the first part of the screening process. Courtroom testimony later indicated that an interview was sought from "Cheng" to determine whether the position's minimal criteria were satisfied. Kimm attended the interview scheduled for "Cheng" and persuaded the interview committee to grant him an interview. BCC later declined to offer Kimm the position. In December, 1990, Kimm filed an amended complaint with the Division on Civil Rights, alleging that BCC and its hiring committee discriminated against him based on race, color, and sex and denied him employment in violation of state… [PDF]

Baylard, Dana Reece; And Others (1996). Mt. San Jacinto College Student Equity Plan Update. The Student Equity Plan developed by California's Mount San Jacinto College (MSJC) is intended to assure equal access of historically underrepresented and ethnic minority students while maintaining excellence in academic standards. This update provides current information on the goals and activities involved in the Plan. An executive summary reviews state legislation mandating the development of student equity plans, the goals and initiatives of the Plan, and student equity indicators used at MSJC. The second section provides background information to the development of the plan, while the third provides tables of results from surveys of faculty, staff, and students regarding the campus climate. The fourth section discusses student access at MSJC, providing data on the percentages of ethnic groups in the college service area and student body and suggesting that the college's funding be increased in order to adequately serve all the students. Sections five through eight then provide… [PDF]

Bauer, Norman J. (1996). Policy Alternatives for Post-Industrial America Suggested in the "Bell Curve": The Untold Story. The primary problem that Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray address in their book, "The Bell Curve," is that an unrecognized societal migration has been emerging in American society since 1950. People with high IQs are rewarded socially and economically, while the rest of the population has remained stagnant. This paper describes Herrnstein's and Murray's assumptions about human intelligence, which are derived from the classical tradition. The paper argues that the enormous controversy generated by their theories about ethnic differences in cognitive ability; ethnic inequalities in relation to IQ; the demography of intelligence; and social behavior and the prevalence of low cognitive ability, has obscured the implications for social issues and policies. The lesson of "The Bell Curve," this paper argues, is that there are substantial numbers of people with limited cognitive ability who exhibit the behaviors and problems that dominate the nation's social… [PDF]

(1996). Differences in Black and White Opinion on Important Issues of Public Policy. Drawing mainly on cross tabulations of some variables from the General Social Survey of the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research at the University of Connecticut, this paper reports black and white Americans' opinions on key issues of policy debate in the United States. In some cases, opinions are reported over a span as long as 22 years. When necessary, the report has drawn on other data sources, including newspaper polling results. Opinions are given in five sections: (1) economics; (2) social; (3) politics; (4) racial attitudes; and (5) views on the role of the government. The educational researcher finds some opinions of education particularly interesting. For example, a majority of Americans favor the Supreme Court's banning of school prayer, but there are differences between blacks and whites about the ban. Support for the ban among African Americans has consistently been weaker than among whites. By 1984, support had fallen to as low as 18%. Another social issue discussed… [PDF]

Grayson, J. Paul; Williams, Deanna (1994). Racialization and Black Student Identity at York University. The focus group approach with black students and students of Chinese origin at York University in Ontario (Canada) was used to examine attitudes of these groups toward the concept of "visible minority." The results of eight focus group sessions conducted with 48 black students indicated that while 90 percent of the students did consider themselves visible minorities, many nonetheless regarded the term as derogatory. In previous focus groups, only half of the students of Chinese origin considered themselves members of a visible minority group. More importantly, the characteristic that might make black students visible–color–was seen as only one component of an identity that includes culture and origin. Overall, although black students supported equity measures for visible minorities and women, when confronted with a situation in which class obviously confers disadvantage, support for hiring based on visible minority and gender status alone was weakened substantially. (MDM)… [PDF]

Kornbluh, Joyce L.; O'Farrell, Brigid (1996). Rocking the Boat: Union Women's Voices, 1915-1975. This book recognizes 11 women who helped to build the U.S. labor movement. In chapters based on oral history interviews, they tell stories illustrating the turmoil, hardships, and accomplishments of thousands of other union women activists. Chapter 1, \An Overview: And Not Falling Out,\ describes individual differences, connecting themes, and collective lessons. Titles and subjects of chapters 2-12 are as follows: \Equal Is Equal, Brothers\–Lillian Herstein, American Federation of Teachers; \First a Troublemaker, Then a Troubleshooter\–Carmen Lucia, United Hatters, Cap, and Millinery Workers International Union; \You Can't Giddyup by Saying Whoa\–Esther Peterson, Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America; \We Did Change Some Attitudes\–Maida Springer-Kemp, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union; \Forty Years I'm Secretary-Treasurer of the Local\–Mary Callahan, International Union of Electrical Workers; \The Challenge Is Still There\–Ah Quon McElrath, International…

Harvey, William B., Ed.; Valadez, James, Ed. (1994). Creating and Maintaining a Diverse Faculty. New Directions for Community Colleges, Number 87. New Directions for Community Colleges, n87 Fall. Dealing with issues relating to creating and maintaining a diverse faculty at the community college level, this collection of articles focuses on African-American and Hispanic faculty and presents both theoretical and practical considerations for administrators and scholars. The following articles are included: (1) \The Status of Faculty in Community Colleges: What Do We Know?\ by Deborah J. Carter; (2) \African American Faculty in Community Colleges: Why They Aren't There,\ by William B. Harvey; (3) \California Community College Faculty from Historically Underrepresented Racial and Ethnic Groups,\ by Dorothy M. Knoell; (4) \Achieving Diversity among Community College Faculty,\ by Freddie W. Nicholas, Sr., and Arnold R. Oliver; (5) \Effective Strategies for Enhancing Minority Faculty Recruitment and Retention,\ by Ronald D. Opp and Albert B. Smith; (6) \Bridging the Gap: Recruitment and Retention of Minority Faculty Members,\ by Jerry Sue Owens, Frank W. Reis, and Kathryn M. Hall;… [PDF]

Doty, LuEllen; Kovar, Patricia McAfee (1994). Gender Bias in Early Childhood Education. Noting that both boys and girls suffer because of gender bias in society and in the classroom, this paper examines the roots and consequences of such bias. The paper first provides a historical overview of gender bias and its relation to the prevalent world view. Next, it examines the manifestations of gender bias in the classroom and their effects on learning and self esteem for both boys and girls. Girls start out ahead of boys in speaking, reading, and counting skill evaluations, but these scores decline while boys' scores rise. Strategies are suggested to minimize gender bias, especially in early childhood and primary education. It is recommended that schools give attention to alleviating gender bias for both boys and girls by offering equal career opportunities. Societal values play a significant role in the interpretation of the results of gender bias throughout society, and all people deserve a bias free education. An annotated bibliography of materials on gender bias in… [PDF]

Kamp, Jim, Ed.; Telgen, Diane, Ed. (1993). Notable Hispanic American Women. First Edition. This reference work is a listing and description of 300 notable Hispanic American women who have achieved national or international prominence in a variety of fields. The entries are based on a mixture of personal interviews, book studies, and articles from periodicals. The entries feature historical and contemporary women from a broad range of professions including medicine, labor, entertainment, business, law, sports, journalism, science, education, politics, religion literature, and others. The entries range from 500 to 2,500 words in length and cover the noteworthy personal, family, and career details that helped shape and define each woman's life. Many of the longer entries are accompanied by photographs of the subjects. Entries are arranged alphabetically by surname, and occupation and ethnicity indexes are included. An extensive subject index at the back of the book contains names, book titles, and general subjects. (JB)…

(1988). Minority Recruitment Admissions & Retention in Postsecondary Education. This pamphlet summarizes the legal requirements of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as they pertain to minority recruitment and admissions at colleges and universities which receive Federal assistance. It describes steps taken by some of these institutions to enhance the recruitment, admissions, and retention of minority students. Among the 54 practices listed are the following: (1) using minority employees, students, faculty, and alumni as recruiters or members of recruiting teams; (2) developing cooperative arrangements with minority churches, community groups, professional organizations, etc., to cosponsor recruitment programs; (3) ensuring minority representation on admissions committees; (4) making financial aid information available in other languages as well as English; (5) conducting workshops in faculty-minority student relations; and (6) conducting exit interviews with minority students to identify problem areas. The pamphlet also provides a list of the U.S…. [PDF]

Hanson, Katherine (1992). Teaching Mathematics Effectively and Equitably to Females. Trends and Issues No. 17. This monograph looks at mathematics education today in the United States, particularly at how girls are treated in mathematics education in order to identify ways to increase female interest and achievement in mathematics. The first section of the review describes the current status of females in mathematics education including achievement history and trends, trends in higher education, and current gender research. The second section looks at the research on student gender differences covering learning styles and classroom behavior, attitudes toward mathematics learning, mathematics course taking, and social expectations. A third section covers educational issues of discourse, curriculum content and orientation, teacher attitudes and behaviors, and classroom organization and teaching methods. A final section of conclusions and recommendations notes that: (1) mathematics education takes place in a cultural context that educators can begin to consciously change to better respond to… [PDF]

Fairfax, Jean (1991). A Perspective on the Continuing Struggle for Equity. This publication contains a speech on the continuing struggle for equity in education for African Americans presented to the Southern Education Foundation (SEF) by Jean Fairfax when she received the John A. Griffin Award for Advancing Equity in Education. In the speech, Fairfax addressed disagreements within the black community over educational issues that have accelerated in scope, intensity, and anger since the 1960s. Covered are disagreements over integration implementation methods, the Atlanta (Georgia) school court case, the "Adams v. Richardson" suit of 1970; and the impact of the suit on traditionally black public colleges. In particular, the Adams experience is described as a possible model for confronting issues in the future as it was a conflict around which pragmatic, workable consensus developed. The future demographic diversity of the United States is described, and consequent educational issues are predicted, including multiculturalism, conflict among…

Lee, Courtland (1991). Achieving Diversity. Issues in the Recruitment and Retention of Underrepresented Racial/Ethnic Students in Higher Education: A Review of the Literature. Much has been done in recent years to enhance the quality of the educational experience for students from underrepresented racial/ethnic groups on college campuses. However, many major problems still exist, presenting professionals concerned with the educational development of students with many significant challenges. This literature review focuses on issues in the recruitment and retention of the following underrepresented racial/ethnic students in higher education: Native Americans, African Americans, Latino/Hispanic Americans, Asian Pacific Americans, and Undocumented Students. The review contains four chapters. The recruitment chapter focuses on issues related to the postsecondary transition process. The chapter on retention reviews the salient issues related to the college enrollment, retention, and graduation of students from these racial/ethnic groups. Before examining these two issues, the first two chapters discuss, respectively, enrollment and graduation trends for…

Cooper, Rita; Smith, Barbara Leigh (1990). Achieving a Diverse Faculty: Lessons from the Experience of The Evergreen State College. AAHE Bulletin, v43 n2 p10-12 Oct. Between 1986 and 1989, The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington, increased its proportion of faculty of color from 11 percent to 20 percent. This was accomplished by reorganizing the college's approach to faculty hiring and retention. Keys to hiring success involved institutional commitment, utilization of inside resources, being creative in seeking applicants, doing research to locate applicants, being open minded, being flexible in disciplinary background requirements, requiring an adequately representative applicant pool, and becoming aware of unintentional barriers in the hiring process. Retaining a diverse faculty requires building a hospitable campus environment. Orientation programs for new faculty at The Evergreen State College offer a buddy system, written materials, a fall off-campus retreat, and workshops throughout the year. Assistance in helping new faculty to become familiar with the cultural norms and idiosyncracies on campus is especially important; the…

(1991). Trustee Quarterly, 1991. Trustee Quarterly, Win, Spr, Sum, Fall. These four issues of \Trustee Quarterly\ focus on topics of current concern to community college trustees. The winter 1991 issue contains articles examining the trustee role in helping diverse students achieve, a reconceptualization of community college finance, the development of a statewide communications plan by the Washington trustees, an ethics policy developed at Richland Community College (Illinois), a campus trends report focusing on faculty shortages and general education requirements, and a commentary on two initiatives offering promise for vocational education. The spring 1991 issue discusses a vision of the Association of Community College Trustees' (ACCT's) future, recruiting and retaining minority faculty, the benefits of community college wellness programs, community college fundraising, the responsibilities of a board chair, and a commentary on the importance of quality in the community colleges. The summer 1991 issue features articles on the dangers of special…

Grosz, Karen Sue, Ed. (1989). Issues in California Community Colleges. Forum, v6 Sum. This issue of Forum, a journal designed to permit California community college faculty to share ideas, contains six articles focusing on issues related to the enactment of Assembly Bill 1725 (AB 1725). The first article, "Your Father's Oldsmobile: The Uses of Tradition in Core Programs," by John McFarland, analyzes the development of general education programs in U.S. higher education. "Management Wisdom through the Ages," by Jack Scott, discusses management techniques throughout history, focusing on six main tenets: selecting effective personnel, listening carefully, anticipating problems, correcting mistakes, maintaining integrity, and persevering. Next, Cy Gulassa argues, in "Collaborative Governance in the Foothill-DeAnza Community College District," that the increased faculty and student roles in district governance mandated by AB 1725 can be achieved through the use of policy development groups, and provides a detailed description of the…

Lindgren, J. Ralph; And Others (1985). Sex Discrimination Law in Higher Education: The Lessons of the Past Decade. ERIC Digest 85-3. The obligations of colleges and universities under existing laws prohibiting sex discrimination against employees and students are summarized. Principal federal sources of legal obligation regarding employees are the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Equal Pay Act of 1963, and Executive Order No. 11246. For students, the principal sources are the equal protection clause and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Strategies for compliance include the following: (1) carefully select and train key academic and administrative personnel, including faculty on review and search committees; (2) design and disseminate a policy of sexual equity, assign responsibility for its implementation, train line personnel, monitor residual sexual bias, and design and implement remedial programs to ensure compliance with the policy; and (3) complement the steps with indemnification of losses suffered as a result of intentional… [PDF]

Whitfield, Patricia T. (1990). Status of Access of Women and Minorities to Administrative Positions in Idaho. This study examined issues related to the access of women and minorities to administrative positions in Idaho public schools. officers of Idaho school districts; 102 women and minority school district administrators; and a sample of 22 school board district administrators, and a sample of 22 school board presidents. Factors contributing to the low number of women/minority administrators in Idaho were identified, including the "old boy network," family responsibilities, lack of mentors or role models, late entry into the career track, and difficulty in gaining credibility. Certain organizations were identified by all three groups of respondents as having credibility to impact change and provide leadership: the Idaho Association of School Administrators; and Northwest Women in Educational Administration. Responses of superintendents/personnel officers and board presidents indicated that few had developed plans to increase the access of women and minorities to administration….

Young, La Verne H.; And Others (1990). Minority Leadership Development in Technical and Vocational Education for Community Colleges and Technical Institutes: An Imperative for the State of Texas. A Report of the Study. In 1988, the Minority Leadership Project was undertaken at Texas A and M to: (1) identify potential minority leaders within technical and vocational education and recruit them for leadership training; (2) identify methods to train participants; and (3) design a leadership training program to move identified individuals into positions of greater responsibility. Project activities included the formation of an advisory committee of minority leaders and the establishment of training institutes, seminars, academic internships, enrichment activities, a mentorship program, and a computer data bank listing the leadership skills of minority men and women interested in career opportunities in two-year colleges. In addition, two surveys of post-secondary administrators were conducted, focusing on minority leadership skills and the barriers to minority advancement in leadership positions. The administrators were also asked to nominate program participants and potential mentors. Respondents… [PDF]

Mendoza, Jose (1988). Developing and Implementing a Data Base and Microcomputer Tracking System To Track and Serve Minority Students To Enhance Minority Recruitment and Retention. Brief descriptions are provided of several components of Glendale Community College's (GCC's) programs to ensure adequate links with the minority community and stimulate enrollments to achieve parity in enrollment proportions. Introductory sections offer a rationale for minority emphasis programs, define \minority,\ enumerate reasons for attending a community college, and examine the objectives and implementation of minority emphasis programs. The next sections focus on particular components of the programs, including: (1) educational outreach and recruitment; (2) retention services; (3) an early warning system whereby students in academic difficulty are referred to appropriate services; and (4) a student information system (SIS), which centralizes registration, transcripts, class rosters, enrollment reports, and financial aid data. The final sections look at the SIS in greater detail, examining system development, downloading capabilities, data retrieval, and features which permit… [PDF]

Dai, Sheila; Papalia, Anthony S. (1982). Counseling Perspectives on Sexual Harassment in Industry. This report focuses on the problem of sexual harassment in industry. Prior research documenting such harassment is cited, and the ability of the counseling profession to address the issue is discussed. Results of the authors' survey of salaried women (N=85) from a large industrial firm are reported; the demographic data and information on sexual harassment indicate that 46% of the women surveyed experienced sexual harassment while working. Results of a survey conducted by the Women's Issues Advisory Committee which confirm these findings are also reported. The need for change in the workplace, based on such data, is discussed. The legal response to sexual harassment is outlined, including the guidelines of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Issues which have yet to be clarified by the courts are explored, including the right to sue because of sexual coercion, and the rights and circumstances involved in filing a Title VII claim. The varying roles of counselors in…

Clague, Monique Weston (1984). Beyond the Title VII Framework: Racial Quotas and Teacher Employment Policies in School Desegregation Litigation. This chapter focuses on school desegregation litigation and attendant employment-related remedies decreed or rejected by the federal courts. The overarching remedial theory governing relief in school desegregation cases differs from that governing employment discrimination cases in that the central issue is equal educational opportunity, even where employment-related remedies are prescribed. This chapter analyzes judicial responses to three kinds of faculty employment policies that have been components of decrees designed to achieve a "unitary" school system: teacher assignment, preferential hiring, and layoff policies. Judicially mandated requirements for racially balanced faculties within each school of a defendant system were among the earliest remedies for racially segregated schools, since practices regarding faculty distribution were seen as important indicators of a segregated system. Preferential teacher hiring and promotion on the basis of race involves greater…

Shaw, Ruth G. (1989). Leaders for a New Century. The turn of the century will signal a profound change in the composition and character of the leadership of community colleges. Future leaders will have in common with their peers in the private sector a global perspective and a mastery of technology seldom seen in today's leaders. More of them will be women, minorities, and immigrants. Beyond changes in skills, sex, and race, however, future leaders must be characterized by a compelling moral vision for the community college and by the ability to build communities. Their vision will be based on an understanding of the social and economic climate of the community college and the institution's potential for change and renewal. Building communities will require the ability to articulate this vision, assume a role in community leadership, and create a functioning team aligned in pursuit of a common goal. Meeting the challenges implicit in building communities necessitates: (1) educating boards of trustees and presidential search…

Ost, David H.; Twale, Darla J. (1988). An Analysis of Appointments of Higher Education Administrators: Reflections of Administrative and Organizational Structures. A study of appointments of academic administrators in higher education is discussed. Its goals were: to identify the success rate of women relative to the proportion of their representation in higher education; to identify and characterize any emerging alternative career pathways in colleges and universities; to compare the success rate for position types of internal candidates with external candidates; and to determine if the hiring procedures reflect changing policies. In this study, 1,610 administrative positions were categorized according to type of position, type of institution, and sources of appointee. Results indicate that hiring committees review candidates' papers in search of credential rather than competence, and this is a disadvantage for anyone who has not had the accumulated time-in-line experience. Data indicate there has been no significant change in the percent of successful female candidates for employment in mainline administration over the past decade, though… [PDF]