Lipset, Seymour Martin; Nevitte, Neil; Rothman, Stanley (2003). Racial Diversity Reconsidered. Public Interest, n151 p25-38 Spr. Surveyed college faculty, administrators, and students about their feelings on campus diversity programs and various aspects of the general educational experience and environment. Among faculty and administrators, diversity brought perceptions of better race relations, decreased educational quality, and decreased academic preparation. As black enrollment increased, student satisfaction with the university, the quality of their education, and peer work ethic dropped, and the likelihood of experiencing discrimination rose. (SM)…

Orlans, Harold (1990). Changing Conditions: Minority Education at Oakes College. Thought and Action, v6 n1 p21-34 Spr. A discussion of the success of Oakes College (Santa Cruz, California) at attracting and retaining Black and Hispanic students looks at the early experimental nature of the college, what was learned in its early years, and the educational and policy strategies that have evolved through controversy and crisis. (MSE)…

Lowe, Rosemary Hays; Wittig, Michele Andrisin (1989). Comparable Worth: Individual, Interpersonal, and Structural Considerations. Journal of Social Issues, v45 n4 p223-46. Integrates the major conclusions of the papers on comparable worth in this special issue, and identifies additional relevant issues. Covers the following major topics: (1) history and conceptual issues; (2) social psychological aspects to pay equity; (3) job evaluation issues and applications; and (4) policy implementation and implications. (JS)…

Su, Guilin (1989). A Preliminary Probe into the Difficulties College Women Encounter in Job Placement. Chinese Education: A Journal of Translations, v22 n2 p89-96 Sum. Investigates factors contributing to difficulties faced by China's female college graduates seeking a job. Suggests publicizing the idea of women's liberation while increasing the training of women, correcting the expectations of the traditional role, eliminating the idea of child rearing as a personal matter, and protecting women in the course of reform. (KO)…

Leach, Juliette D.; Roberts, Shirley L. (1988). A Soft Technology: Recruiting and Retaining Women and Minorities in High Tech Programs. Community, Technical, and Junior College Journal, v59 n2 p34-37 Oct-Nov. Describes a program at Washtenaw Community College, Michigan, to upgrade the basic skills of women and minority students and provide the academic support needed for success in high technology occupational training programs. Examines the following program components: academic progress, counseling, peer support, financial aid, and advocacy. (DMM)…

Opp, Ronald D.; Smith, Albert B. (1994). Effective Strategies for Enhancing Minority Faculty Recruitment. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, v18 n2 p147-63 Mar-Apr. Describes a nationwide study of the percentage of minority faculty employed full-time at community colleges and strategies used to recruit them. Suggests that successful strategies include placing minorities on the board of trustees, recruiting from industry, and hiring minority faculty as chief academic administrators and ethnic studies instructors. (Includes the survey instrument and 25 references.) (MAB)…

Murray, David (1991). Monitoring Shifts in Campus Image and Recruitment Efforts in Small Colleges. New Directions for Institutional Research, (No. 70 Evaluating Student Recruitment and Retention Programs) v18 n2 p83-94 Sum. Without an institutional research office to look at recruitment and retention programs, DePauw University (Indiana) relies heavily on institutional trend data and comparative information to assess the effectiveness of three initiatives: recruitment of large numbers of minority students, strategic use of financial aid, and use of market segmentation. (MSE)…

Cox, Mary Anne; Williams, Ronald A. (1991). Minority Student Recruitment: A Connecticut Model. New Directions for Community Colleges, n74 p39-46 Sum. Describes initiatives developed in Connecticut to increase minority participation in higher education, including the Minority Enrollment Incentive Program, Urban Marketing Initiative, Greater Hartford Community College's Hispanic Family Support and Pre-Nursing programs, Norwalk Community College's English as a Second Language program, high school partnerships, and the Minority Fellowship Program. (DMM)… [Direct]

Colby, Anita Y.; Quimbita, Grace (1991). Sources and Information: Minority Participation in Community College Education. New Directions for Community Colleges, n74 p117-124 Sum. Provides an annotated bibliography of ERIC documents and journal articles on community college efforts to enhance minority participation and success, focusing on access, recruitment, retention, transfer, leadership, and revitalization efforts. (DMM)… [Direct]

Baum, Sandy (1998). Balancing Act. Can Colleges Achieve Equal Access and Survive in a Competitive Market?. College Board Review, n186 p12-17 Fall. An economist discusses whether strategic use of student financial aid to achieve sound fiscal goals in higher education is at odds with the competing goal of equity. Overemphasis on efficiency will cause higher education to lose sight of its mission; while it should not shy away from rational consideration of expenses and revenues, it should remember social goals. (MSE)…

Jansen, Jonathan David (2005). Black Dean: Race, Reconciliation, and the Emotions of Deanship. Harvard Educational Review, v75 n3 p306-326 Fall. In this article, Jonathan Jansen describes his experiences as a Black dean in the formerly all-White University of Pretoria in South Africa. The article shows how race, gender, history, and institutional culture constitute emotional terrain in which decanal leadership plays itself out in the volatile postapartheid era. In the context of South Africa's negotiated transition to majority rule, Black leadership in this still dominant White institution means balancing tensions of affirmation and inclusion, retention and restitution, caring and correction, accommodation and assertion, and racial reconciliation and social justice. In telling his story, Jansen takes on, among other concerns, the ethnocentric character of Western research on leadership, the paucity of critical literature on the deanship, and the general lack of studies on educational leadership in postconflict societies. (Contains 5 endnotes.)… [Direct]

Astin, Alexander W.; Chang, Mitchell J.; Kim, Dongbin (2004). Cross-Racial Interaction among Undergraduates: Some Consequences, Causes, and Patterns. Research in Higher Education, v45 n5 p529-553 Aug. This study utilized a national longitudinal data set of college students to examine the educational relevance of cross-racial interaction and how campuses can best structure such opportunities. The general pattern of findings suggests that cross-racial interaction has positive effects on students' intellectual, social, and civic development. The results show that institutions could enhance such experiences by enrolling larger proportions of students of color and by offering students more opportunities to live and work part-time on campus. While these findings apply uniformly to white students, the frequency of cross-racial interaction does not always follow an expected path of steady gains for students of color as the student body becomes increasingly more diverse. Implications of the findings are discussed…. [Direct]

Gappa, Judith M.; And Others (1976). Self-Evaluation Package. Designed to Meet Requirements of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare for Compliance by Institutions of Higher Education with Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 and Its Implementing Regulations. The Self-Evaluation Package is process-oriented. The material provides for an assessment of the current status of policies, procedures, forms, and publications, as well as documentation of the results of analyses, plans, and time-frames for corrective actions. The 16 individual packets contained in this Self-Evaluation Package can be distributed to specific officers or individuals responsible for programs or activities covered by the regulations. All packets are similar in their introductions, planning guides, and projection of corrective action section; but each contains different work sheets for analysis and documentation appropriate for that particular unit. Each packet also contains a copy of the sections of the Title IX regulations applying to that unit or program. The total Self- Evaluation Package offers institutions of higher learning a tool for completing the self-analysis and documentation required by law, and requires no initial training of staff to be implemented…. [PDF]

Powers, Robin; Steward, Robbie J. (1996). Minority Representation within Fields in Psychology: Implications for Career Counseling, Training, and APA Recruitment by Division. An examination of the representation of doctoral level, United States-based, racial/ethnic minority professionals (n=1,597) by division within the American Psychological Association (APA) was conducted. Membership status (i.e., member, fellow), specialty area, and sex also are noted in the compilation of findings. Results indicate that U.S.-based, doctoral level, minority professionals who have the potential to influence the future of each discipline within psychology appear to be quite limited, comprising only 2.6% of the total APA membership. Three ways by which the APA may begin addressing this under-representation are recommended: (1) all APA-approved training programs responsible for the instruction of undergraduate and graduate students should insure that students are exposed early in their educations to extensive information related to every possible APA division and psychology specialty; (2) an archival study should be conducted which analyzes the composition of those APA… [PDF]

Perna, Laura W. (1996). The Contribution of Financial Aid to the Price of Four-Year Institution Attended by 1989/90 Freshmen. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. By examining the effects of financial aid upon students' choice of what type of institution of higher education to attend, this study addressed the effectiveness of current student financial aid programs in achieving the goal of equal educational opportunity. The study evaluated a sample of 1,916 students in the first follow-up (1992) of the Beginning Postsecondary Student Survey of 1989-90 entering freshmen, a subsample of the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study. Students' choice of institution to attend was measured by the institutional characteristic of price after controlling for the effects of other student and institutional characteristics. The study's conclusions were: (1) that financial aid enabled students to attend higher-priced institutions, although various types and amounts of aid had different effects upon the price of institution attended; (2) that, unlike the results of prior research, loans were positively related to the price of the institution attended; (3)… [PDF]

Conway-Gerhardt, Carol; Hilke, Eileen Veronica (1994). Gender Equity in Education. Fastback 372. This position paper argues that sex discrimination still exists in education although Title IX legislation in 1972 and other subsequent legislation prohibits sex discrimination in educational programs that receive federal funds. Greater awareness of gender issues is needed along with an understanding of strategies for change. The Fastback offers a cyclical model for eliminating gender inequity, incorporating the stages of: (1) awareness; (2) analysis; (3) action; and (4) assessment. Strategies that various key individuals and responsible groups can implement to make a positive difference for both sexes, but particularly for girls and women, are described. Research on the topic is analyzed focusing on the key concerns of: (1) low self-esteem; (2) low academic achievement; and (3) low aspirations or limited educational and career goals for a high percentage of females. Recommendations for curricular considerations and teacher education are included. (EH)… [PDF]

LaCounte, Deborah; And Others (1991). A Plan for American Indian Education in Montana. Recommended Goals. This report lists recommendations made to the state administration, legislature, and various education administrative bodies, addressing the education of Indian people in Montana. The State of Montana and its education entities are asked to establish specific objectives, action plans, and evaluation strategies to complete the validation process of an educational sequence for American Indians in Montana. Problems include low educational attainment, high drop-out rates, high poverty rates, and high unemployment rates. Separate goals and suggested actions are recommended to the governor, the legislature, the Board of Regents, the Board of Public Education, the Office of Public Instruction, and the Local Boards of Trustees. The set of recommendations to each body includes statements of goals and suggested actions associated with each goal. The Montana Advisory Council for Indian Education conducted a statewide forum to gather information about the educational needs of Montana Indians….

Warwick, Jill (1990). Planning Human Resource Development through Equal Opportunities. A Handbook. This handbook is intended for managers who wish to develop human resources in their organizations, particularly where women are currently underrepresented. It provides a positive model for the successful equal opportunities manager and a checklist of activities that will lead to the successful implementation of equal opportunities. The handbook sets out a logical sequence of recommended tasks for the development of an equal opportunities policy. The 11 steps are as follows: (1) management activities–the first stage; (2) management activities–the second stage; (3) the monitoring process; (4) the staff development program; (5) the equal opportunities training program for staff; (6) recruitment, appointment, and promotion of women; (7) the management development training program; (8) the facilities required for implementation of equal opportunities; (9) a model for curriculum development; (10) marketing and publicity; and (11) management activities–the third stage. A statement of…

Lee, Rex E. (1983). A Consistent Civil Rights Policy: Individual Focus or Group Focus?. In this speech, delivered by the Solicitor General of the United States at a meeting of the Hillsboro County Bar Association in Tampa, Florida, Lee addresses himself to allegations of inconsistency in the Reagan administration's positions on court cases involving civil rights issues. In defending the administration, Lee cites the Spirt v. TIAA-CREF and Hishon v. King and Spalding court cases. Both cases fall under the Title VII statute which prohibits employment discrimination. In the Spirt case, the issue in question was the payment of lower monthly pension annuity benefits to women than to men. The Hishon case regards law firms that discriminate against women in promotion from associates to partners. In both cases, the government argued that the Title VII principle requires that an individual be treated as an individual, rather than as an undifferentiated member of a group. Lee says that the same argument holds for the administration's position on employment quotas or the use of… [PDF]

McDonald, Jean; And Others (1990). Increasing the Supply of Women and Minority Engineers: An Agenda for State Action. Executive Summary. This document summarizes a report that analyzes the issues affecting the participation of women and minorities in science and engineering. The report makes recommendations for governors, state agencies, and state educational institutions on how such participation can be increased. The current lack of women and minorities in science and engineering is a critical issue facing the nation. The special needs of these groups must be addressed on the elementary/secondary level as well as the university level. Governors can play a key leadership role in increasing awareness. State agencies and state education departments can undertake a variety of activities based on the following objectives: (1) improve the study of mathematics and science for all students and provide programs targeted at women and underrepresented minorities; (2) improve the ability of students to transfer from two-year community colleges to engineering programs; (3) promote the development of undergraduate minority… [PDF]

Falardeau-Ramsay, Michelle (1989). The Canadian Human Rights Commission and Issues of Concern for Aboriginal Women. Notes for Remarks, by the Deputy Chief Commissioner. This speech by the deputy chief commissioner of the Canadian Human Rights Commission discusses human rights, employment security, and pay-equity issues for Native Canadian women. The speech, offered in both English and French, calls the inequality of opportunity for Native Canadians a "national tragedy." It describes efforts to bring improvement in aboriginal people's political, social, cultural, and economic condition. The speaker describes discrimination inherent in Canadian laws and steps to correct them. The 1986 passage of the Employment Equality Act is called a "major step forward." The act requires employers to gather employment data and to take steps to correct discrimination. The act has provided a substantial information base, showing that aboriginal people represented only 0.7% of the industrial workforce and that their salaries were generally lower than those of other workers. Women were not adequately represented in the job categories. Employment…

Surprenant, Brian S. (1986). Resource Guide for Sex Equity in Law Enforcement/Corrections. This annotated bibliography contains descriptions of 90 books, papers, articles, and other materials concerning women in corrections and/or law enforcement. Each of the entries contains information about the author, source, type of publication, number of pages, and date, and a short synopsis of the work's content. Resources are rated according to the amount of applicability of their contents to sex equity in law enforcement and/or corrections. Works are indexed by categories in both corrections and law enforcement and by author. (KC)… [PDF]

(1984). Delores Ross, et al., Plaintiffs, and United States of America, Plaintiff-Intervenors and Nick Estrada, et al., Plaintiff-Intervenors vs. Houston Independent School District, et al., Defendants. C.A. No. 10444. Settlement Agreement. This Civil Action (C.A.) settlement agreement concerns employment policies (specifically of minorities), student transfers, boundary changes and new school construction, facilities and supplies, instructional programming, the dropout rate, and retention of the Voluntary Interdistrict Education Plan. These concerns are related to the increase of equal opportunity for Hispanic teachers and students. Monitoring of the HISD's compliance with this agreement and communication between various segments of the community and the principals, counselors, teachers, the General Superintendent, and the Board of Education are outlined as well as reporting procedures and term. (CG)…

(1985). The Coal Employment Project–How Women Can Make Breakthroughs into Nontraditional Industries. Based on a project carried out by the Women's Bureau of the U.S. Department of Labor, this program guide provides a plan for helping women gain entrance into nontraditional industries. The guide uses as background and examples in the planning process the coal employment project that began in 1977 to make intensive efforts to help women get jobs in the coal mines of Appalachia. The 12 steps of the planning and implementation process are discussed in individual sections of the guide: (1) assess the need for a program and document the facts; (2) develop media strategies; (3) structure the organization and develop the program framework; (4) develop a proposal and seek funding; (5) establish an advocacy position; (6) develop support networks; (7) design training components; (8) develop and collect training materials; (9) recruit and screen applicants; (10) conduct the training; (11) assist in finding jobs; and (12) provide ongoing support. Appendixes to the guide provide: suggestions for… [PDF]

Fryer, Thomas W., Jr. (1989). Servants of the Dream. The ability of community colleges to effectively fulfill the important roles assigned to them by society is determined by the management and leadership provided by those in positions of authority in the institutions. As community colleges look to the year 2000, leadership is needed to renew the colleges' commitment to the ideas which animate them and to create a climate that enhances excellence and promotes learning. The climate within which the faculty and staff work is created principally by the first and middle levels of administration; administrators work within a climate created by the chief executive officer (CEO); and the climate in which the CEO works is created by the board of trustees. For leadership to thrive within such a structure, individuals in positions of authority must encourage independent initiative and evoke a spirit of commitment and community within the college. Achieving a genuine spirit of community, characterized by fundamental respect and a hard-won…

(1989). Status Report on Minority, Female, and Handicapped Student Plans and Goals Implemented by Illinois Community Colleges. In May 1986, the Illinois Board of Higher Education adopted procedures and requirements for addressing the underrepresentation of minorities, females, and the handicapped in public higher education. The university governing boards and the Illinois Community College Board (ICCB) have since been required to periodically report and assess their efforts to enhance participation at their institutions. In October 1987, the Illinois community colleges reported on their plans and goals. A year later, the colleges were asked to provide the ICCB with an update, including information on how they are evaluating or plan to evaluate their progress, as well as on any results of their evaluation efforts. Responses from 38 of the colleges indicated that each district had not only implemented the plans and goals established in 1987, but had also established evaluation methods. Several colleges have implemented activities that are applicable to all three target groups, including the development of… [PDF]

(1981). Providing Services to the Minority Elderly: New Programs, Old Problems. Executive Summary. This report is a response to a congressional mandate to study racial and ethnic discrimination in federally-assisted programs for older persons. The two-phase study includes a case study analysis of selected cities to assess whether minorities are employed in federal programs for older persons and the extent to which older minorities receive services provided by these programs. The materials provide a demographic profile and historical discussion of the Area Agency on Aging program. Minority representation on the staff and among contractors and subcontractors is discussed. Program characteristics that appear to facilitate or impede minority participation are described. Results of the investigation are summarized by city. (JAC)… [PDF]

Liacouras, Peter J. (1978). Toward a Fair and Sensible Policy for Professional School Admission. Major assumptions and goals on which professional school admission decisions are based, the use of the Law School Admission Test (LSAT) as an admission criteria, and approaches to admission used by the Temple University Law School are examined. One consideration in making admissions policies is group needs, or whether there is a need for more black and other racial minority professionals in law, medicine, and other professions. The groups needs goal refers not only to blacks, Hispanics, Native American, and Asian Americans, but to ethnic minorities. It is suggested that regular admissions policy must be fair to all groups. A second societal goal is the individual's needs: that access to the professions should be within the reach of every American determined by that person's own individual merit. Individual merit means that the total relevant record of the applicant be examined, and that attention be directed to the record of the individual rather than the group to which the… [PDF]

(1978). Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, No. 76-811, in the Supreme Court of the United States. (Special College Admissions Procedures for Disadvantaged Applicants). The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke case in the U.S. Supreme Court and background information on the previous cases in California are presented. Allan Bakke is a white male who applied to the Davis medical school in both 1973 and 1974 and was refused admission even though admission slots under the college's special admissions program were unfilled and he was highly qualified. The state trial court found the program operating as a racial quota and ruled that the college could not take race into account in admissions decisions; however, Bakke's admission was not ordered. The Supreme Court of California affirmed the trial court's decision and further ordered Bakke's admission. The U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the California court order admitting Bakke and invalidating the college's special admissions program but reversed the decision prohibiting the college from taking race into account in future admission decisions. Separate opinions are presented concurring in part…

Takei, Barbara (1978). Education Concerns of Asian and Pacific Americans. 1978 Conference Report. Five national issues considered to be the most important to Asian and Pacific Americans' (APA) education priorities are discussed in this report. These include the need to: (1) increase Federal assistance and improve access for APAs; (2) gather more data and research on APA education needs; (3) promote more Asian and Pacific American participation in decision making; (4) increase availability and implementation of multicultural education; and (5) improve services of bilingual/bicultural and multicultural education to APAs. A variety of solutions are recommended. Specific tasks to be assumed by participating organizations and projected dates for completion are detailed. Also included in this report is a list of conference coordinators and participants. (Author/EB)… [PDF]