(1995). CNN Newsroom Classroom Guides. June 1-30, 1995. These classroom guides for the daily CNN (Cable News Network) Newsroom broadcasts for the month of June provide program rundowns, suggestions for class activities and discussions, student handouts, and a list of related news terms. Topics covered by the guides include: (1) amusement park physics, media resources and literacy, and the war in Bosnia (June 1-2); (2) the war in Bosnia, hurricanes, the new Russia, newspaper closings, South Korea, Indianapolis 500 technology, and forces of the earth (June 5-9); (3) future fabrics, clashing ideologies of Clinton and Gingrich, Iran's nuclear future, affirmative action, California caviar, marketing strategy and target markets, and aircraft and founders of flight (June 12-16); (4) defining art, ancient customs and modern marriage, Thailand elections, worldwide voting qualifications, Kenya's economy, language of international business, charting the stars, advise and consent of presidential appointments, and democracy and media (June 19-23);…

Roth, Byron M. (1994). Prescription for Failure: Race Relations in the Age of Social Science. Studies in Social Philosophy. No. 18. Progress in civil rights for black Americans does not appear to have been matched, at least in recent years, by equal progress in social harmony. It is argued that a considerable part of present racial difficulties are the result of commonly expressed understandings that are deeply flawed and that these flaws can be corrected only if social scientists are more forthright in their reporting of social science research. The growth of the black underclass represents the greatest impediment to black progress and racial harmony today. The extent to which the growth of the underclass is related to civil rights policies is explored, recognizing that these policies were based on popular understanding rather than social science research. The importance of education is explored in Chapter 9 of Part IV, \The Debilitating Triad: Crime, Illegitimacy, and Inadequate Education.\ Academic achievement, school funding, affirmative action, school effectiveness, and Afrocentric education are among the…

Budig, Jeanne E. (1986). Comparable Worth and the Office of Institutional Research. AIR 1986 Annual Forum Paper. Comparable worth and pay equity issues are considered, along with implications for college institutional researchers. Comparable worth is generally defined as a policy of paying equal pay for work of comparable value. After discussing the issues and tracing relevant legislation, attention is directed to ways that the institutional research office can work with the personnel director, affirmative action officer, recruitment staff, and legal staff. Included are data on average earnings of men and women by age, salary differences for working women and men based on marital status, and women's and men's earnings for different occupations. Advantages of comparable worth include elimination of alleged wage discrimination, reversal of historical stereotypes that have undervalued women's jobs, while disadvantages include the fact that there is no universal standard of how to measure comparable worth and that implementation costs are high. A faculty member alleging a violation of the Equal…

Buck, Carolyn B. (1985). Summer Bridge: A Residential Learning Experience for High Risk Freshmen at the University of California, San Diego. The University of California, San Diego (UCSD) has developed and implemented a special program called Summer Bridge, designed to assist targeted incoming freshmen in the transition from high school to university life. The goals of the program are to improve the students' college experiences and raise retention rates. Targeted students are low-income, educationally or culturally disadvantaged, or from five minority ethnic groups, who have had poorer academic performance and retention rates than traditional students in the past. Because of affirmative action programs at UCSD, greater numbers of these high-risk students are enrolling. Summer Bridge is a 4-week summer residential program designed to improve students' academic performance and to integrate them into university life. The academic components of the program include writing, math, and science skills. Time management and communication skills sessions are also held. The peer network available to students is strongly emphasized… [PDF]

Martin, Dawn Vincent (1986). Teacher Testing: I'm O.K., You're O.K., But Somebody's Not!. Concern about the preparation and competence of teachers has brought about a rapid spread of teacher competency assessment programs. Currently, 36 states test or plan to test teachers prior to certification. Two states, Arkansas and Texas, are already involved with testing teachers in service. Teacher competency testing has become embroiled in state and national politics, and has also become involved in charges of racism and anti-affirmative action. Even though teacher shortages promise to become more severe in the future, several states have exacerbated these shortages by requiring competency tests for teacher certification. Furthermore, while the competency tests produce shortages that result in suboptional instruction for pupils, they provide no incentive for highly qualified people to enter or stay in the teaching profession. While the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) and the National Education Association (NEA) support, to varying degrees, teacher competency testing prior…

Fincher, Cameron (1980). Linking Faculty Evaluation and Faculty Rewards in the University. Issues in Higher Education, Number 16, 1980. The way in which faculty reward is linked to faculty evaluation is examined. It is contended that faculty reputations continue to be important to instructional images and professional advancement of the individual and are dominant in many systems of faculty evaluation. The contradiction when faculty are evaluated on the basis of performance and then rewarded on the basis of reputation is noted. The determinants of faculty salaries appear to be a complex mixture of status or rank, preparation or background, research or scholarly achievement, and professional reputation. Additional trends and factors that must be considered in planning for effective reward systems include inflation, the changing missions of many institutions, and affirmative action and other efforts to reduce discriminatory practices in higher education. One weakness of current faculty development programs is their lack of firm linkage to institutional incentives and rewards. Among the possible approaches that might… [PDF]

Fernandez, John P. (1972). Black Managers in White Corporations. The study examines the major determinants of the career patterns of black managers in white businesses and the effects of corporations on their black managers' identities and relationships to the black community. Analyzed were occupational mobility theories; white and black managers' career patterns, goals, and related factors; company employment policies and Affirmative Action Programs; managers' understanding of the companies' hiring and promoting policies and their influence on and agreement with those policies; racial attitudes; effects of social protest on black managers' career patterns; and the effect of black managers' position in white corporations on their relationship to their communities. One hundred fifty-six white managers and 116 black managers in eight firms were studied using a seven-part questionnaire. All the data indicate that racial discrimination is the major factor explaining the situation of blacks in the corporate world (only 1.9 per cent of the managers of… [PDF]

Robinson, Lora H. (1973). Institutional Analysis of Sex Discrimination: A Review and Annotated Bibliography. Several conditions contribute to the need for information about women's standing in the academic community. Women's groups and individuals continue to file complaints of sex discrimination against colleges and universities with federal agencies who have enforcement responsibilities in this area. In addition, civil suits have arisen, and institutions are faced with developing affirmative action plans that include women in their focus. While some schools have already completed one or more studies of the status of women on campus, others have yet to undertake this task. This report is designed for those embarking on such studies in the near future. The bibliography was designed to facilitate information gathering and utilization in 3 ways: to aid cross comparisons between institutions; to help locate useful analytical approaches; and to highlight the variety of concerns that have received attention. The bibliographical entries are listed alphabetically by institution and contain brief… [PDF]

Keys, Carol; Lasdon, Erica; Neas, Ralph G. (2001). Community Voice or Captive of the Right? A Closer Look at the Black Alliance for Educational Options. This report examines the activities, funding, and affiliations of the Black Alliance for Educational Options (BAEO), highlighting its promotion of school vouchers, affiliations of its leaders and board of directors, and history of its funders. The BAEO bills itself as a grassroots coalition of African American leaders, though it is bankrolled by several small foundations known better for supporting school privatization schemes and affirmative action rollbacks than empowering African Americans (the John Walton and the Walton Family Foundation, Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, American Education Reform Council, and Milton and Rose D. Friedman Foundation). The BAEO board includes primarily African American voucher supporters, many of whom are high-profile advocates, such as Former Rep. Floyd Flake and right-wing radio host Armstrong Williams. The BAEO's recent powerful advertising campaign, which uses the language of the civil rights movement, appears to be part of the Right's… [PDF]

Loeffler, T. A. (1996). The Current Status of Women's Employment in Outdoor Leadership. A common assumption in the outdoor field has been that women's development as outdoor leaders has not kept pace with their participation in outdoor adventure activities. A survey about women's employment was mailed to 103 outdoor education programs with an adventure component; 62 responded. The programs served 160,585 participants in 1994, of which 41 percent were female. The programs employed 3,401 staff, of which 45 percent were female. However, women made up only 38 percent of executive staff and 38 percent of governing board members. However, organizations that specifically recruited women did not have higher percentages of women employees. Organizations with an affirmative action hiring policy tended to have higher percentages of women employees overall, but not in the executive category. Among administrators responding to the survey, women had significantly lower salaries than men, and this salary gap was not related to educational level or experience. Female administrators… [PDF]

Pavan, Barbara Nelson (1995). First Year District Superintendents: Women Reflect on Contradictions between Education and Politics. Despite passage of affirmative-action legislation in the United States, the percentage of women school superintendents has increased at a very slow pace. This paper identifies the major challenges faced by four female entry-level superintendents and the strategies they used to deal with them. Data were collected during a group interview with the four superintendents at the end of their first year on the job. All had entered new school districts after gaining experience as assistant superintendents. The superintendents, three white and one African-American, utilized some similar strategies to handle issues. During their first year on the job, the women: (1) learned to recognize and accept politics as a reality; (2) entered the job with a formal entry plan and later developed a district plan; (3) engaged in learning and open communication with all stakeholders; (4) studied past practices; (5) practiced creative problem solving rather than confrontation; (6) protected their… [PDF]

McClure, Michael D.; Vickery, Leah J. (1998). The 4 P's of Accessibility in Post-Secondary Education: Philosophy, Policy, Procedures and Programs. This paper describes how Ball State University in Indiana provides accommodations for individuals with disabilities, including faculty, staff and students. The university's history of providing accommodations is traced from the 1920s, when members of the football team carried a student using a wheelchair up stairways to attend classes, through the 1960s when curb cuts on campus sidewalks were made, followed by the 1970s building renovation and program accessibility, and the 1980s, when intramural sports were modified so that students with disabilities were able to participate fully. The introduction of an infrared sound system in the main university performing arts auditorium when the national touring company of "Children of A Lesser God" came to campus is also highlighted, along with the development of a computer literacy curriculum for students with vision impairment. The coordination of the offices of Affirmative Action and Human Resources with the Coordinator of… [PDF]

Olivas, Michael A. (1986). Legal Issues. Syllabi and texts used in courses on higher education law are reviewed. These courses are offered as part of graduate level studies in the field of higher education administration. A major gap appears to be the need for a current and frequently revised casebook. Four major topics that higher education law courses emphasize are as follows: the legal underpinnings of colleges, faculty legal issues, students and the law, and regulation of higher education. Of concern were: the relationship of private institutions to the states and the status of public institutions with varying amounts of autonomy; issues concerning academic freedom, collective bargaining, affirmative action, and tenure; matters of research and the legal implications for faculty; the demise of in loco parentis and the rise of a contractual relationship between students and colleges; the increasing role of the federal government in financing and regulating colleges and universities; and the increasing role of states and… [PDF]

Appelbaum, Eileen; Koppel, Ross (1978). Informal Comments on Critical Issues in Higher Education. Information based on a longitudinal study indicates that white high school and college graduates earn more than white high school dropouts and that black high school graduates earn more than black high school dropouts. However, the base for the two groups is not the same and the prestige jobs available to each is different. Also, the long-run advantages of a college education have decreased significantly. The implications of these statistics are more related to the labor market than they are to the educational establishment. The number of low-paying, dead-end, low-skill jobs are increasing at a much faster rate than high-prestige, high-paying jobs. This has resulted in an oversupply of workers qualified for professional and technical occupations. A three-pronged policy thrust is needed if job opportunities are to be opened for black youth: instruction in the public schools must be upgraded, affirmative action minority hiring programs and public policy must be developed, and the…

Barger, Robert Newton (1979). The Necessity of Achieving a Balanced Ratio Between Minority Faculty and Minority Students. The problem of achieving a balanced ratio between minority faculty and minority students is discussed. Among the five difficulties seen as a result of failure to achieve a balanced faculty/student ratio are that minority students will suffer from lack of role models, counseling of minority students by sympathetic minority faculty will be more difficult to achieve, and innovation and the breaking of stereotypes will be hampered. It is contended that federally mandated affirmative action programs have largely failed to produce any of the desired results. An appeal to institutional and individual self-interest is proposed as a means to achieve a balanced minority ratio. It is suggested that once faculty members understand that the future of the programs and college units in which they work are threatened by failure to achieve a balanced ratio, motivation to bring about the necessary changes will emerge. The legitimacy of the minority status of a candidate as a factor in selection is… [PDF]

(1974). That 51 Per Cent: Ford Foundation Activities Related to Opportunities for Women. This manuscript is one of a series of reports on activities supported by the Ford Foundation. Under a recently adopted policy the foundation has expanded its concern for women's rights to include affirmative action considerations in grant-making negotiations. Among the factors now weighed when assessing grant applications are the opportunities that prospective grantee organizations provide to minorities and women, and the scope of their efforts to correct any inequities. After nearly a year of study, discussion, and consultation with experts in various fields, funds were committed for programs directed toward the solution of problems of sex-based inequality. This paper describes the main lines of foundation activity within the following areas of concern: (1) legal rights and equal opportunity; (2) educational needs; (3) women in the work force; (4) women in the professions; (5) research on women in society; and (6) overseas activities related to women. Included in the appendices are… [PDF]

(1971). Guide to Conducting a Consultation on Women's Employment with Employers and Union Representatives. This document reports on a series of business-industry-union consultations initiated and coordinated by the Women's Bureau of the U.S. Department of Labor. Meetings were scheduled in five selected cities. These forums were structured around three main features: (1) a keynote slide-talk, which allowed for speed and effective presentation of a maximum amount of background information concerning women's employment, (2) a panel of government representatives, who described Federal, State, and local (if any) laws and programs prohibiting sex discrimination in employment and wage payments, and (3) a panel of employers and union representatives, who discussed affirmative action plans and programs for improving women's job status. Approximately 770 participants were at the five conferences: 200 each in Boston and Kansas City, 150 in Detroit, 140 in Atlanta, and 80 in Boise. Industry representation ranged from two-fifths to four-fifths of the conferees in all the cities except Detroit, where… [PDF]

(1972). Latino and Anglo in Holland, Michigan. A Comparison of Their Economic, Housing and Educational Characteristics Based on Data from the 1970 U.S. Census. The report is a comparison of the economic, housing, and educational status of Latin Americans and Anglos based on the 1970 U.S. Census. This report provides factual data to organizations and institutions in need of it. This includes firms adopting affirmative action employment programs, private and public institutions, and social agencies which need such documentation to support funding applications. Another purpose of the report is to further motivate the social conscience of the community to reduce inequalities between Latin and Anglo and to promote integration and reconciliation. The report is presented in a question and answer form. The 22 questions cover such areas as: (1) What percent of Holland, Michigan, residents in the labor force speak Spanish? (2) Is Holland an integrated community? (3) How does the average income of Latin families contrast with that of the entire community? (4) Does the typical value of homes owned by Latin families differ much from the estimated value… [PDF]

Swail, Watson Scott (2003). Retaining Minority Students in Higher Education: A Framework for Success. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report. Jossey-Bass Higher and Adult Education Series. In the last decade, the rates of enrollment and retention of many students of color have declined. Access and completion rates for African American, Hispanic, and Native American students have always lagged behind white and Asian students, as have those for low-income students and students with disabilities. Because students of color often make up a much smaller percentage of students in studies, their experiences and needs are often lost and go undetected. As the authors note, the United States will become significantly less white over the next 50 years, so these issues are becoming more urgent. We must have institution-wide programs to improve the graduation rates of minority students. Pre-college preparation, admission policies, affirmative action, and financial aid are important factors, but campus-wide support, from the chancellor's office to the classroom, is critical to success. This ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report is intended as a reference for key stakeholders regarding… [PDF]

Hubbard, Philip G. (1999). My Iowa Journey: The Life Story of the University of Iowa's First African American Professor. Singular Lives: The Iowa Series in North American Autobiography. This autobiography recounts the life story of an African American educator at the University of Iowa from 1965 to 1991, as its first African American professor and then as its first African American administrator. The book recounts his childhood and family relations, his student years at the university and his graduation as an electrical engineer, his employment as a teacher, and his experiences of discrimination. The professor's major accomplishments during his tenure as an administrator as establishing policies that focused on human rights and which transformed the makeup of the student body are defined, as well as its faculty and staff, by seeking to eliminate discrimination based on race, religion, or other nonacademic factors and by substituting affirmative action for the traditional old-boy methods of selecting faculty and administrators. The book is organized into four sections which cover (1) the early years (his childhood and moving to Iowa); (2) the engineering years…

Holsendolph, Ernest (2005). My Brothers' Keeper. Diverse: Issues in Higher Education, v22 n18 p22-25 Oct. This article describes a University of West Georgia program that focuses on creating a brotherhood of successful Black male students. The students, all freshmen, live together, counsel together and reinforce one another in the effort to learn, achieve–and graduate. Called the West Georgia Learning Community, the students are learning to trust one another, almost as brothers, and then are learning to care about one another's success. These are the rudiments of cooperation that so many other students take for granted. What makes these young men unique is that they represent a cross section of the school's Black population. They were not selected by grades or academic records. They are 25 volunteers out of the 174 African-American men admitted in the class of 2009. The West Georgia Learning Community comprises one of the latest attempts in an anti-affirmative action environment to bridge a problem that has concerned educators not only in Georgia but across the country over the past two… [Direct]

Banks, James A. (2004). Remembering "Brown": Silence, Loss, Rage, and Hope. Multicultural Perspectives, v6 n4 p6-8. The author was in the seventh grade at the Newsome Training School in Aubrey, Arkansas when the Supreme Court handed down "Brown v. Board of Education" on May 17, 1954. His most powerful memory of the "Brown" decision is that he has no memory of it being rendered or mentioned by his parents, teachers, or preachers. In his rural southern Black community, there was a conspiracy of silence about "Brown". It was completely invisible. The silence, loss, rage, and hope that "Brown" evoked still simmer in Black and White communities throughout the United States. Schools throughout the nation are now resegregated. Blacks and Whites often remain silent to maintain the peace. Blacks feel that much of their culture has been lost and eradicated from the schools in their communities. There is White rage about affirmative action and massive immigration and Black rage about their plight in America. "Brown" gave people hope that America might one day… [Direct]

Lundin, Janet, Ed.; Smith, Theodore, Ed. (1984). University and College Opportunities Handbook. Information about college preparation programs, opportunities for leadership experiences, funding sources, and resource organizations is presented to help schools develop preparatory programs for youths currently underrepresented in higher education. The following qualities of an effective university and college opportunities (UCO) program are considered: instruction, instructional support, counseling/advising, parental involvement/support, career awareness, district support, and data collection. Youth leadership programs provided by resource organizations and UCO offices are described, and the name, address, and phone numbers of the contact person are identified. Information is included on: federal and state legislation authorizing funding for UCO programs, the UCO network of support/information exchange; Title IV-C programs of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, and UCO program evaluation concerns. The UCO Network School District Profile and a list of publications and… [PDF]

Shocklee, Georgia (1981). Sex Equity: Is It Feasible?. This guide presents a model and plan to expedite implementation of sex equity in vocational education through the elimination of sex stereotyping and sex bias. Aimed at vocational education administrators, the guide is organized into the four steps of the plan. Step 1 provides a rationale for the decision to implement a model sex equity program, including how to get help from administrators, state equity coordinator, local equity coordinator, instructors, and advisory committees. Step 2 explains why and how to conduct a needs assessment of instructional staff, students, and employers, while step 3 details the plan of action: training of school personnel, recruitment, and placement. Step 4 addresses evaluation of the sex equity program, including enrollment, completions, and job placement. Supplementary materials in the publication include survey forms, summary of vocational education legislation, key words, definitions, examples of language usage, guidelines for evaluating textbooks… [PDF]

Bowen, Gordon E. (1975). Employment Outlook for 1975 College Graduates in New England. Regional Report Number 75-5. Based on interviews with placement officers at more than 24 colleges in New England and information sought from corporate placement officials and college seniors, the job outlook for many 1975 New England college graduates seemed favorable according to early spring indications. Campus recruiting, as measured by the number of firms scheduling campus visits, was fairly active in late 1974 but worsened as the economic downturn continued in 1975. In areas of occupation, demand for most engineers was relatively favorable, there was a strong demand for accounting majors, and some encouragement for general business graduates, but liberal arts and science graduates faced a less favorable outlook. There were favorable opportunities in the health field, while teaching jobs continued to be scarce; other fields offered mixed opportunities. Other fields/topics discussed in this report are agriculture, communication, computer sciences, conservation, library science, oceanography and ocean… [PDF]

Benton, Thomas H. (2006). Love Me; I Celebrate Diversity. Chronicle of Higher Education, v53 n16 pC1 Dec. According to this author, by now everyone in America has learned to celebrate diversity. People do so to signify that they are a good person, they are hip, trendy, and "down with the program." He claims, however, that in academe, the word "diversity" still functions as a rhetorical trump card, always uttered with the tonal implication that the speaker is taking some kind of brave moral stand. The author examines the consequences of the mantra of diversity losing its oppositional stance and becoming just a ritual profession of faith. He further argues that academe can deal with its avowed concerns with social justice more effectively and honestly than it presently does, and, in the process, it might be able to save affirmative action. Lastly, he contends that for an educational setting to become truly diverse, it must take many variables into account, particularly class, or it will, in the end, just become a magnifier of social inequality and a source of… [Direct]

Meader, Ellen Waterson (1998). College Student Attitudes toward Diversity and Race-Based Policies. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. This study used data from the Midwest Colleges Study to examine the personal characteristics and environmental features that affect the development of college students' attitudes toward diversity and race-based politics. Specifically, it evaluated how college students' demographic characteristics, precollege backgrounds, perceptions of discrimination, and college environment differentially affected these attitudes. Astin's Input-Environment-Output impact model was used as the study's framework. The study found that a few personal characteristics (parent educational level, gender, and attending a white high school) influenced student attitudes. However, environmental factors appeared to influence students attitudes to a greater extent. Students most supportive of diversity included black students who were involved on campus, white students who were members of organizations concerned with black issues, white students who lived on campus, and white students who did not have mostly… [PDF]

Kress, June (1982). The Current Attack on Women's Rights: A Political-Economic Perspective. The right-wing attack on women's rights in the United States manifests itself in the regulation of reproductive rights, the family, and the workplace and corresponds to the changing needs of capital in an era of social and economic crises. Against this background, anti-abortion legislation, the Family Protection Act, and discrimination in the workplace are supported by a national network of power and corporate wealth funded by industrialists and financiers. Currently, more women are entering the work force to supplement family income or as single heads of households. Women remain subjugated, however, by a bourgeois morality that suggests they are primarily wives and mothers and secondarily workers; as a result, low wages for women are legitimized. Until this bourgeois morality is challenged in the United States, women will continue to be exploited and capital will retain a free hand to move them in and out at will. The attack on women is only a small part of the national network of…

Jason, Hilliard; Westberg, Jane (1981). Workshops in Educational Administration for Administrators/Teachers in PA Programs. An Educational Resource Document. This document provides guidelines for persons who intend to supervise, plan, and implement workshops in educational administration for administrators and teachers in physicians assistants (PA) programs. The guidelines are also suitable for workshops for administrators and teachers in other health professions instructional programs, such as medical or nursing schools. Introductory materials provide brief overviews of the need for workshops in educational administration, cautions about such workshops, and overall planning and implementation considerations. The first of two major sections considers steps in planning a workshop: identifying the audience, assessing learning needs, selecting workshop leaders, formulating goals, selecting the workshop strategies and format, selecting instructional resources, and making arrangements for the workshop. The second section focuses on these areas of conducting and evaluating the workshop; creating and refining goals and strategies, fostering…

Schenck, John Phillip (1977). Sex Fairness in Vocational Education. Information Series No. 120. A review and analysis of programs and strategies which help program planners and curriculum developers eliminate sex bias in vocational education are presented in this state-of-the-art paper. It is noted that vocational educators are only now beginning to report in any volume on the subject of sex fairness and that there is little doctoral research in this area. The following topics and issues are discussed: sex fairness in vocational education as a warranted assumption, impact on careers of sex-role stereotyping and sex bias in vocational education, forces promoting sex fairness in vocational education (including socialization, instructional materials, vocational interest inventories, world of employment), and forces promoting the eradication of sex unfairness in vocational education (including legislation). Recommendations are made to maximize reduction of sex unfairness in vocational education. These include the following: enforce appropriate laws, provide overt support, take… [PDF]