Sanders, Wayne (1991). The Oncology of Discrimination and the Disparate Impact Therapy: Title VII and Upper Level Professional and Managerial Jobs. An examination was made of the evidentiary problems that exist in using a disparate impact theory to challenge the subjective criteria many organizations use to hire, promote, or dismiss upper-level professional and managerial employees. Although subjective criteria occur at all levels of employment, they are especially prevalent when dealing with upper-level jobs. Thus, subtle race and gender-based discrimination is harder to prove. At stake are the interests of employees who want the freedom to aspire to upper-level professional and managerial jobs without race or gender barriers, employers who want to make efficient decisions, and society, which has an interest in providing equal access to economic institutions. Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act is the legislation used to combat workplace discrimination. However, applying this law to the less-blatant types of workplace discrimination has been extremely difficult. The Supreme Court has considered many cases alleging disparate…

Brown, Shirley Vining; Clewell, Beatriz Chu (1991). Building the Nation's Work Force from the Inside Out: Educating Minorities for the Twenty-First Century. This paper assesses the new immigration law and its impact on the growing minority segment of the U.S. labor force. It frames the issues raised by the law that concern non-Asian American minority citizens, presents evidence that supports these concerns, and suggests both short-term and long-term policy implications. The analysis begins with an examination of those provisions of the new immigration law that are germane to minority workers, including a brief discussion of competing views of how immigration policies affect U.S. workers. The paper then looks at the status of minorities in the labor force, determining their current location and status in the major occupational categories that comprise the structure of the American work force. This information provides the basis for an examination of minorities in the professional labor market and for examining the link between U.S. education and immigration flows and how the focus on immigration ignores educational reforms that are…

Lewis, James H. (1991). Learning from the Past–Preparing for the Future: Addressing Fair and Affordable Housing Issues in the Chicago Region. This conference paper discusses the current situation of racial differences in housing in the Chicago (Illinois) area with regard to the ramifications of the "Miliken v. Bradley" (1974) case. The Miliken case closed the door on busing and school desegregation plans crossing school district lines and in many cases, crossing municipal boundaries. It legitimized the idea that social problems could be geographically limited and that accountability for social welfare should be localized. The case's impact is far-reaching in terms of the way people think about the relationship between the predominantly Black and Hispanic American inner city and the predominantly White suburbs and who is responsible for what problems. The maintenance of separations directly affects housing and the economy within metropolitan systems. The following major topics are discussed: (1) metropolitan patterns of segregation (high segregation in Chicago with very few Blacks and Hispanic Americans living…

(1992). Workforce Readiness and Wage Inequality: Public/Private Perspectives. This report presents the background materials for a 1991 conference of the National Puerto Rican Coalition on labor force participation issues affecting Puerto Ricans. The first of three sections, "Shaping Tomorrow's Workforce: A Leadership Agenda for the 90's," calls for an effort to unite a fragmented collection of programs for workforce development with a coherent strategy through a policy framework involving public/private partnership, coordinated service delivery, accountability and decentralized administration; and a new role for the Federal Government. Several steps for federal action and leadership are offered. The second section, "A Unified State Plan for New Jersey's Workforce Readiness System," describes the efforts that New Jersey has undertaken, led by Governor J. Florio, to improve the way that the state educates and trains its workforce by aiming to increase the skill level and the competitiveness of the state's workers and employers based on… [PDF]

Baltzell, D. Catherine; Dentler, Robert A. (1983). Selecting American School Principals: A Sourcebook for Educators. This sourcebook presents results of a recent case study of how principals are selected in American public school districts. Part 1 (chapters 1-3) describes and evaluates conventional selection practices in 10 randomly supplied school districts according to a five-step process: vacancy announcememts, selection criteria, applicant pools, screening, and employment decisions. These procedures as currently practiced do not do justice to the importance of the principalship, nor do they manifest any consistent likelihood of attracting or selecting the best qualified candidates. Chapter 3, "Pathways to the Principalship," provides case histories of five principals of varying competence, in order to illustrate the vagaries of the selection process from the applicants' perspective. Part 2 (chapters 4 and 5) describes three promising alternative procedures currently in use at five school districts: (1) assessment centers; (2) district operated internships; and (3)… [PDF]

Archer, Elayne; Pincus, Fred L. (1989). Bridges to Opportunity: Are Community Colleges Meeting the Transfer Needs of Minority Students?. Drawing from research conducted by the Academy for Educational Development and the College Board, this booklet presents nine recommendations to enhance the transfer function of community colleges, especially for minority students; provides a rationale for the recommendations; and describes two major programs to promote the transfer function. Chapter 1 sets forth the following recommendations: (1) the transfer function should be the central role of community colleges; (2) the culture of the urban community college should emphasize intellectual rigor and critical thinking; (3) urban community colleges must promote a vibrant on-campus community, especially for minority students; (4) dual admissions programs should be established; (5) databases using common definitions of \transfer\ and \transfer student\ should be established; (6) community colleges should aggressively promote their upgraded transfer programs among high school students and staff; (7) each state should offer financial… [PDF]

(1990). California Community College Accountability Model. In 1990, the California Community Colleges Assembly Bill 1725 (AB 1725) Accountability Task Force created an accountability model to provide information which would facilitate the assessment of community colleges' educational and fiscal effectiveness. The model contains five major components and indicators of effectiveness for each: (1) student access, measured in terms student enrollment and participation rates; programs to promote educational access, such as financial aid, basic skills, and articulation programs; and physical facilities; (2) student success, measured in terms of academic standards, course completions, student goal achievement, basic skills and English as Second Language course preparation assessment, non-credit adult education, and accreditation standards; (3) student satisfaction, assessed by surveys of students and accreditation reports on student services and learning resources; (4) staff composition reflective of California's population in terms of ethnicity,…

Beck, Judy A. (1989). Step by Step. Educational Equity Options Project. A Seven-Step Process for Increasing the Enrollment of Women and Girls in Nontraditional Programs. A Program Manual. This program manual is a distillation of a 5-year, 10-site national experience in the development of a 7-step model for increasing the enrollment of women and girls in education and training that is nontraditional for their sex. It is intended to extend the impact of the Educational Equity Options Project by making the process accessible to educational institutions, state sex equity coordinators, women's and youth advocates, and community leaders. The document consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 discusses the need for equitable educational options. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the Educational Equity Options Project process. (The seven-step process is as follows: build the team, assess the institution, identify the barriers, select strategies, develop a plan, implement the plan, and evaluate.) Chapter 3 is a step-by-step guide to implementing the project, with information on how to accomplish each step, what problems to anticipate along the way, and what strategies to use to…

Jackson, Curtis; Tayler, Marilyn (1989). Educational Opportunity Fund Legal Studies Program. The Educational Opportunity Fund Legal Studies program addresses the need to increase access to careers in law for minority and disadvantaged students. Through early identification of interest, recognition of problems, remediation, skills enhancement, and comprehensive legal career exploration and exposure, students in Montclair State College's selective admissions program are prepared for law careers. The program has increased the pool of law school candidates from the target population, qualified on the basis of academic achievement and motivation. It also provides attractive career alternatives in the paralegal field and bilingual court interpretation. The curriculum uses a set of learning strategies to develop the needed critical reasoning, logical thinking, analytic problem-solving, writing and communication skills, and exposure to the legal professions early in the undergraduate education. The four components of this process are an individualized academic plan emphasizing the… [PDF]

(1989). Asian Americans at Berkeley. A Report to the Chancellor. An advisory committee appointed in fall, 1987 was charged with carrying out an indepth study of Asian Americans on the campus of the University of California at Berkeley. Questions addressed concerned student educational experiences, faculty recruitment and advancement, and staff employment opportunities as well as questions about campus-Asian American community relations, which necessitated examining all issues in a broader context. This report contains eight chapters, of which the first three are, respectively, a statement by the co-chairs of the committee, a preface, and an executive summary. The next four chapters take up the four substantive questions of the study in turn, and the last chapter contains brief closing remarks. The following items are appended: (1) transcripts of student hearings in which the students' opinions about the Asian American experience at Berkeley are discussed; (2) a sample of a faculty questionnaire on the status of Asian American faculty at Berkeley;…

Cusick, Theresa; And Others (1987). Beyond Title IX: PEER's State-by-State Guide to Women's Educational Equity Laws. A guide to the status of state laws that prohibit sex discrimination in education is presented. The federal law (Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972) is used as the standard against which state laws are measured. Based on a survey of the states (including the District of Columbia and the U.S. Territories) and an assessment of state statutes and regulations, 32 states (including one territory) were found to have enacted some prohibitions of sex discrimination in education. These range from comprehensive educational equity laws, similar in scope and purpose to the federal Title IX, to brief statements of nondiscrimination policy. Detailed summaries are presented of the provisions of 13 state laws that qualify as state Title IX laws; eight cover all levels of education, while five only cover elementary and secondary education. For each of these 13 laws, consideration is given to general provisions, coverage, admissions, treatment of students, employment, and enforcement….

Baltzell, D. Catherine; Dentler, Robert A. (1983). Selecting American School Principals: Research Report. A case study was conducted on how principals are selected in American public school districts. Chapters 1-3 describe and evaluate conventional selection practices in 10 randomly sampled school districts; these include vacancy announcements, selection criteria, applicant pools, screening, and employment decisions. These procedures as currently practiced do not do justice to the importance of the principalship, nor do they manifest any consistent likelihood of attracting or selecting the best qualified candidates. Chapter 3, "Pathways to the Principalship," provides case histories of five principals of varying competence, in order to illustrate the vagaries of the selection process from the applicants' perspective. Chapters 4 and 5 describe three promising alternative procedures currently in use at five school districts: (1) assessment centers; (2) district operated internships; and (3) "exemplary" common practices. A comparative analysis follows, delineating the… [PDF]

(1983). On Campus with Women. On Campus with Women, v12 n4 Spr. Developments in education, employment, and the courts concerning the status of women are covered in this newsletter issue. Topics include the following: the scope of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, which bars sex bias in educational programs or activities receiving direct federal funds; sex discrimination suits brought by women faculty against colleges; an annotated bibliography on sexual harassment in education; a book on how to publish women's studies materials in language and literature; the salary differential between men and women; administrative career patterns in higher education; changing attitudes toward marriage and single life; the experiences of Black women and resource guides on Native American women; a court decision in which women athletes obtained relief and damages; a handbook for job seekers, job changers, reentry women, and displaced homemakers; the special problems of disabled women; the causes of women's poverty; current issues and programs…

Anderson, Connie; Farland, Ronnald (1989). The Transfer Center Project. In fall 1985, California's Transfer Center Project was initiated to increase the number of community college students who transfer to four-year institutions, with particular emphasis on students from historically underrepresented groups. Transfer centers were established at 20 California community colleges. Working closely with counterparts at eight University of California (UC) campuses, 14 California State University (CSU) campuses, and 13 independent colleges, transfer center staff provide academic advising and counseling to students preparing for transfer, articulation information for specific universities and majors, information on admissions requirements, and transcript evaluations. Transfer centers also make outreach efforts to address the needs of ethnic minority students, students with disabilities, and students from other underrepresented groups. This report on the Transfer Center Project contains: (1) a project description, including information on center goals and… [PDF]

(1985). On Campus with Women. Fall 1984 [and] Winter 1985. On Campus with Women, v14 n2-3 Fall-Win 1984-85. Developments in education, employment, and the courts concerning the status of women are covered in these newsletter issues. An article entitled "High Court Slows Women's Progress" by Bernice R. Sandler presents arguments that the U.S. Supreme Court undermined legal protection against sex discrimination in educational institutions. News items include the following topics: job differences between male and female deans, reauthorization of the Women's Educational Equity Act, campus rape, recruiting and retaining women in math and science, career patterns and employment practices for female faculty and administrators, recent lawsuits testing the comparable worth issue of male and female employees and their earnings, college enrollment rates of males and females, a sexual harassment suit against a law school, employment of black women, minority women in athletics, integrating women's studies into the curriculum, resources on women in international development, a bibliography on…

(1977). Sex Equity in Educational Leadership. Report of a Conference (Eugene, Oregon, April 15-17, 1977). As part of its attempt to develop a model program for increasing sex equity among school administrators, the Sex Equity in Educational Leadership Project (SEEL) hosted a weekend conference for 150 Oregon educators. Conference activities documented in the first four chapters of this report include summaries of the workshops on Administration As a Career Choice, Legal Issues of Title IX, Sex Roles and Teaching in Elementary and Secondary Schools, Developing Support Groups, Restructuring Jobs, and a session on Androgenous Leadership. The fifth chapter is an evaluation of the conference based on information gathered from questionnaires and post-conference interviews. Various documents and supporting materials are in the sixth chapter. A summary is given of the keynote address by Aileen Hernandez, San Francisco Public Schools Commissioner. (MLF)…

(1977). Commissions for Women: Participation of Racial and Ethnic Minority Women in Membership and Program Activities. The results of a survey of existing membership and program practices of all active commissions for women conducted by the National Association of Commissions for Women (NACW) are summarized. The three-part survey was the NACW's first step in encouraging and promoting appointments of racial and ethnic minority women to local and state women's commissions. Part one, presenting the ethnic and racial membership composition of current state, county, and municipal commissions, indicates that of the 64 responding commissions, minority women composed about 20% of the membership. Geographic influences on commission membership are also briefly noted. Part two of the survey sought information about general program activities of the commissions. A list of responses, showing the relative frequency with which each activity was reported, indicates that \employment\ and \women and the law\ were most frequently reported, and \housing\ was least. The last part of the survey asked specifically for a… [PDF]

Atwater, D. M.; And Others (1978). External Labor Market Analysis and EEO Goals Planning. Research Report 33. The system being tested for the U.S. Navy civilian workforce to integrate equal employment opportunity (EEO) goals into an accountability and tracking system for effective management action is described in this report. The system is described as one that moved from a top down modeling oriented system previously used to a bottom up information system supplemented by models, which would tie together external labor supply projections with accountability and historical tracking capabilities. Particular emphasis is given in the report on using available labor pool methodologies and data sources. Topics discussed include the following: external labor market analysis concepts, testing of a relevant labor pool model for the Navy's EEO goal system for those occupations and career levels where the labor market is local, relevant labor pool methodology, data sources for obtaining preliminary statistics for estimating the relevant labor pool, and a system for EEO goals planning and…

Farley, Jennie, Ed. (1981). Sex Discrimination in Higher Education: Strategies for Equality. Papers and discussion transcripts from a 1980 conference at Cornell University on creative approaches to ending sex discrimination in higher education are presented. In \Litigation: Strategy of the Last Resort,\ Judith P. Vladeck reviews the judicial history of academic women's grievances and suggests that to avoid sex discrimination litigation women will have to be more aggressive in guarding their rights; academic administrators will have to be more reasonable in dealing with grievances; and faculty will have to be more open about their employment practices. In \Building Mentorship Frameworks as Part of an Effective Equal Opportunity Ecology,\ Mary P. Rowe advocates that administrators and faculty develop multiple helping resources for management, women's networks, and close relation between top management and the networks. Helen C. Davies and Robert E. Davies, in \Grievances and their Redress in the Eighties,\ note a need for more objectivity in performance appraisals and…

Taddiken, Nancy K. (1981). Minorities on Campus. A Survey of Black and Hispanic Participation in Colleges of the Rochester Area. This study was designed to identify and interpret trends in the participation of blacks and Hispanics in Rochester, New York, area colleges and to assess policies which affect their level of participation, either as students or as faculty and staff members. Four areas of concern were analyzed, including: (1) the extent to which admissions policies enhance higher education opportunities for minorities and the resultant enrollment trends; (2) the ways in which student financial aid is provided and the impact it has on minority opportunities; (3) how special remedial programs and support services have affected minority enrollment; and (4) the trends and policies concerning the hiring of minority staff and faculty. The report presents recommendations for increasing minority participation in Rochester area colleges. The appendix contains the responses to the survey questionnaires from the participating colleges. (Author/APM)…

(1981). Black Employees in Traditionally White Institutions in the Adams States 1975 to 1977. The status of black employees was examined in traditionally white institutions of higher education in eight states affected by the Adams v. Califano desegregation case; patterns of change in that status over a two-year period, 1975-77, were also explored. The object of the study was to use the Equal Employment Opportunity information system to construct longitudinal records on the employment of black workers in order to show relationships between employment variables such as race, sex, salary, and primary occupational activity. A further purpose was to analyze the status of black employees to show relationships between employment variables and institutional types, such as flagship institutions and community colleges, and the selectivity of institutions. Several findings are cited such as: white males dominated at the highest salary levels and black women at the lowest; for blacks the change in primary occupational activity share was greater in non-faculty than in faculty positions;…

Katz, Adolph I.; Scarlatta, Leslie (1978). Status Report on Women on New Jersey College and University Faculties (1976-77). Research Note 78-1. Results of a study by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) indicate that both the proportion of women on the faculties (at the ranks of professor and assistant professor) in New Jersey universities and four-year colleges, as well as the salaries of women faculty members compared to those of men, were generally greater than the national average for the academic year 1976-77. Data are presented on the proportion of women on college and university faculties in New Jersey and in the United States as a whole and on the percent difference between the average salary of women and men faculty members. Comparative data for New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania and for four-year and two-year colleges are provided. Tables compare the status of women on New Jersey college and university faculties with women in 14 comparable states. Comparative data are also presented on the status of women in New Jersey public and independent colleges and universities, in the United States as a… [PDF]

Loomis, Linda Jacobsen; Wild, Peggy Harrell (1978). Increasing the Role of Women in Community College Administration. Society suffers from the underutilization of more than half of the talents available to educational administration because of discriminatory attitudes against women which are reinforced in the school setting. Indeed, a 1970-71 nationwide survey showed that while 67% of all public school teachers were women, women held only 15% of the school principal positions. Similarly, a study of 37 randomly selected community colleges in six states (California, Illinois, Florida, Maryland, Texas, and Arizona) revealed that only 98 women held administrative positions at these colleges between 1973 and 1976. Of these, 51 were chairpersons and none were presidents. Most were in traditionally female disciplines, such as home economics and nursing, and only 20% held Doctorates of Philosophy. Discriminatory practices and attitudes contributing to this problem include invisible barriers, such as word-of-mouth recruitment techniques, and myths, such as the belief that women administrators are absent… [PDF]

(1980). Equity for the Eighties, Annual Report 1979. Fifth Annual Report. The 1979 annual report of the National Advisory Council on Women's Education Programs is presented. Topics concern the Women's Educational Equity Act, civil rights, minority women, vocational education, working women, other activities, and activities/publications of the Council. During 1979 Council members and staff worked with the Office of Education Women's Education Equity Act Program staff to develop a new regulation for the Women's Education Equity Act program. One of the special concerns was the needs of minority women. Other specific Council concerns include: new approaches to Title IX enforcement, Title IX athletics policy, sexual harassment of students, a study of sex equity in vocational education, the Youth Employment Act, the reauthorization of the Higher Education Act of 1965, and the White House Conference on Families. Stipulations of the Women's Educational Equity Act are included. (SW)…

Cathie, Shirley B. (1979). Select…from All Your Options. Student Guide to Vocational Education. Project SELECT (Strategies for Equalizing and Linking Education and Career Training) is a means of promoting sex equity in vocational education and career preparation. SELECT consists of three handbooks for middle or junior high school students, teachers, and parents and a resource booklet entitled "Women at Work". These materials are designed to help show that significant change is occurring in vocational education due to the increased number of women now working outside the home and other changes taking place in American society. This document includes the handbook for students and is divided into five units. These units provide information and activities to help the student in the following areas: (1) thinking about career options open to them; (2) understanding the laws promoting sex equity in education; (3) exploring individual interests, abilities, and training needs; (4) becoming more aware of social changes, especially changes in the labor market for women; and (5)…

Stein, Ronald H.; Zuckerman, Judy (1980). Federal Regulations and Higher Education: An Overview for College and University Administrators: Part II. Administrator's Update, Volume 2, Number 2, Fall, 1980. As an aid to college administrators, information is presented on the following regulations: (1) Protection of Human Subjects; (2) Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972; (3) the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970; and (4) Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The purpose of the guide is to sensitize administrators to the central issues involved in each regulation and to provide a desk-top reference that will permit judgments as to whether the matter should be pursued. In regard to the regulations on the protection of human subjects, institutions are directed to establish an Institutional Review Committee to determine subject risks, and noncompliance may result in termination of the federal grant or contract. The regulations pertaining to the Educational Amendments of 1972 (prohibiting discrimination in federally-aided educational programs) include the areas of coverage, admission of students, treatment of students, employment, and procedures. In regard to the… [PDF]

Scott, Robert A. (1980). The Evolution of Roles and Aspirations: Burgeoning Choices for Females. Traditional female status, roles, and aspirations and changes that have occurred in American society are traced. While women were barred from colleges and universities in the 1800's, they now account for more than 50 percent of college students. It is projected that by the year 2000, women will represent an even larger percentage of the college population, and that if this change is accompanied by a rise in aspirations, there will be consequences for traditional female jobs. It is suggested that labor participation rates for females will probably continue to rise since there are more single women, more working couples, smaller families with fewer demands at home, inflation, and increased opportunities for women to use their skills in the work force. Both opportunities and aspirations will probably increase as equal rights legislation has its effect, as the predicted decline in high school graduates affects both college enrollment and the demand for skilled workers, as female role…

(1979). National Academy of Education Educational Research Management Workshops: Final Report. Educational researchers have rarely been given training or apprenticeship experience in one of the most fundamental but neglected aspects of contemporary educational research: educational research management. The ability to muster the resources and develop effective management skills is an indispensable ingredient of modern research. Women and minorities have been especially neglected as potential research managers. The National Academy of Education, having received funding from the National Institute of Education to develop, run, and evaluate a pair of two-week workshops in educational research management, prepared a report on the results. The objectives of the workshops included the training of promising women and/or members of minority groups as researchers, and the enhancement of career development by fostering professional contacts. The workshops included lectures, discussions, and simulation exercises in the areas of research design and methodology, proposal preparation,…

(1980). On Campus with Women, Number 27, Summer 1980. A newsletter on issues pertaining to women's rights on campuses and in employment is presented. Developments and issues include the following: initiation of intercollegiate athletic championships for women in nine sports; a charge of unequal pay for women coaches; university cases of alleged sex discrimination in athletic programs; reference to maiden name on college admission forms; coordination of civil rights enforcement by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the Department of Labor's Office of Federal Contract Compliance Program; a ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court that racial quotas imposed by Congress are constitutional if designed to remedy past discrimination and if the quotas are flexible and temporary; a ruling that universities are to be treated similarly to other employers when they are charged with sex discrimination in employment practices; court cases regarding faculty tenure, equal pay, and sex discrimination; an organization formed at Cornell University…

Ryan, John W., Ed. (1972). Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Council of Graduate Schools in the United States. The proceedings of the 12th annual meeting of the Council of Graduate Schools contains reports on new and changing directions in the master's degree by Joe N. Gerber, Thomas C. Rumble, and Donald E. Stokes; the activities of the panel on alternate approaches to graduate education by J. Boyd Page, Robert F. Kruh, and Benjamin DeMott; financing graduate education by Philip E. Kubzansky, John D. Millett, and Clarence Scheps; women in graduate education by Robert E. Wolverton, Lorene Rogers, Elizabeth Scott, Margaret Rumbarger, and Cyrena Pondrom. Workshops offered include the dean and the law by Raymond P. Mariella, James J. Ritterskamp, Jr., and Donald J. White; new elements in graduate admissions by Stirling L. Huntley, Andrew J. Hein, Thom Rhue, Cliff Sjorgren, and David L. Jacobson; a reexamination of the residency requirement by William J. Burke, Charles A. Leone, Michael J. Brennan, and John P. Noonan; and self-evaluation of graduate programs by John K. Major, Lyle Jones, Sam… [PDF]