Garfin, Molly, Comp. (1977). Collective Bargaining in Higher Education. Bibliography No. 5. (Incorporating Other Than Faculty Bibliography Vol. 3). The fifth in a series of annual bibliographies, this collection represents an attempt to survey the literature of the field regarding faculty and nonfaculty in public and private colleges and universities. Primarily a source of current references for the year 1976, it also includes pre-1976 references in fields that are of particular interest but were not included in earlier bibliographies. Materials covered include books, periodical articles, research reports, unpublished reports, judicial and administrative agency decisions. Searches were made of the major journals in the field, as well as material relevant to arbitration awards, court decisions, elections, and National Labor Relations Board and Public Employment Relations Board rulings. A section called "Resources and Periodicals" offers further information on sources. Many organizations listed in the section "Useful Addresses" contributed data on meetings, speeches, and research reports. Subject areas… [PDF]

Sniegoski, Stephen J., Ed. (1980). Proceedings of a Conference on the Role of Education in the Re-Industrialization of the United States (San Francisco, California, March 30, 1980). These proceedings of a conference on the role of education in the reindustrialization of the United States consist of the conference introductory remarks, the texts of five conference presentations, reactor comments and concluding remarks, an executive summary, and a list of conference participants. The first conference report describes the South Carolina Technical Education System, which focuses on improving industrial training by developing special programs, employee-upgrading courses, and occupational programs. The need for greater cooperation between education and the world of work through improved linkages between employers and employee trainers is the subject of the second presentation. Discussed next is the importance of the small business to the American economy. Effective human resource development and management as a path for increasing employment opportunities for minorities, youth, women, and the handicapped is the key issue examined in a presentation on… [PDF]

de los Santos, Alfredo G., Jr. (1978). Hispanics in the Community/Junior Colleges: Donde Estamos en el Ano 1978. After presenting an overview of the history of the community college from the late 1800's to the present, and a discussion of the philosophic bases and accepted functions and purposes of the community college, this article presents a picture of Hispanic students in community and junior colleges in 1978. General demographic data on Hispanics in the United States are presented, focusing on age distribution, language and educational participation, and Hispanic professionals in post-secondary education. The section dealing with Hispanics in community and junior colleges considers enrollment trends, graduation rates, degrees awarded, and Hispanic faculty members. Subsequently, the reasons for the non-participation of Hispanics in the educational systems of this country are considered, concentrating on the changes that are needed in recruitment, admissions processes, student financial assistance, programs and services, and faculty and student support personnel in order to alter this… [PDF]

(1972). Women in 1971. This publication summarizes the activities during 1971 of the Citizens' Advisory Council on the Status of Women in achieving its goal to suggest, arouse public awareness and understanding, and stimulate action with private and public institutions, organization, and individuals working toward improving conditions of special concern to women. Areas of concern were: (1) appointments of women to policy posts, (2) the Equal Rights Amendment, (3) Supreme Court decisions, (4) education, (5) equal employment opportunity, (6) child care, (7) maternity benefits for employed women, and (8) National Women's Political Caucus. Some recommendations by the Council were: (1) State commissions on the status of women should review local public school systems to determine the degree of sex discrimination, (2) The Federal Government should use its influence to secure a higher priority for after-school care, making full use of existing public school facilities, (3) A woman should be appointed to the… [PDF]

Bonjean, Charles M., Ed. (1974). Social Science Quarterly; Volume 55, Number 2, September 1974. Education: Problems and Policies. This double length issue contains twenty articles by political scientists, sociologists, and economists on the current problems and policies in education. The first three articles offer overviews of the areas best represented by the essays in this issue: the economics of education, the politics of education, and the sociology of education. Five articles discuss current financial and economic problems in education. Special emphasis is given to the Rodriguez decision and \no wealth discrimination\ within the school districts. Seven articles discuss the politics of education and include topics such as teacher activism, institutionalizing conflict response, and various aspects of political socialization and the educational system. Five articles focusing on sociological issues in education include topics such as the development of a professional self-concept in graduate students, the effects of conflict in obtaining desegregation, the impact of busing on white flight in Florida, the…

Aashna Poddar; Adam Stanaland; Andrei Cimpian; Duygu Yilmaz; Melis Muradoglu; Sophie H. Arnold (2024). Why a Culture of Brilliance Is Bad for Physics. Grantee Submission, Nature Reviews Physics v6 p75-77. Women and people of colour are underrepresented in physics in many parts of the world, to the detriment of the field. How do academics' beliefs about the role of 'brilliance' in career success contribute to these representation gaps, and what can be done to address them?… [Direct] [Direct] [Direct]

Elvessa Marshall; Gail Crimmins; Gemma J. M. Read (2024). Gender Quotas Are Not Enough: The Need for Multiple Strategies to Address Gender Equity in Australian Universities. Gender and Education, v36 n6 p581-598. The paper examines a 'circulatory' system of gender inequity in Australian universities where gender bias prevents women from accessing senior decision-making roles and stultifies their capacity to act as gender change agents. It has been mooted that equity quotas for senior roles can derail this circuit of male privilege in academia. Yet a plastic reading of the shape of gender equity policy and practice in Australian universities over the last 40 years reveals an increasing acceptance of individualism, which positions women's liberation as being achievable through self-responsibilisation. If these discourses remain unchallenged, gender quotas for senior roles alone will likely only benefit those entrepreneurial women admitted to senior positions, rendering the causes of gender inequity hidden and exonerated. Using a novel methodology that combines a 'plastic' with a complex systems lens of policy manoeuvres, we suggest gender quotas, accompanied by strategy designed to develop… [Direct]

Dawn Richards Elliott; Jonathan C. Rork; Zackary B. Hawley (2024). Rethinking Racial Diversity Benchmarks in Higher Education. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, v17 n3 p297-306. Many institutions of higher learning aim to promote greater racial diversity to harness learning benefits and foster a sense of inclusion. Nevertheless, the institutional pursuit of racial diversity is difficult to benchmark. The current constitutional boundary limits the use of race to promote the diversity in college admissions to a "narrow," "holistic," and "case-by-case" strategy laden with definitional ambiguity. This ambiguity is deepened by constraints, such as institutional history, demographics, geography, and institutional rank, that often go unaccounted for in popular diversity measures. This article creates an expected diversity measure that describes the amount of racial diversity one would expect accounting for the home state of their incoming class. This initial step serves as an example that universities may follow when using their own internal data to account for a richer set of diversity constraints and to better monitor progress toward… [Direct]

Brunner, Brigitta R. (2006). Student Perceptions of Diversity on a College Campus: Scratching the Surface to Find More. Intercultural Education, v17 n3 p311-317 Aug. American universities have made efforts in the past to create a more diverse student population, and this diversity has been linked to strategic benefits for both students and society. However, little research has examined students' perspectives on these issues. In an attempt to address this issue, this paper reports an exploratory research using focus groups to examine students' thoughts about diversity and its place on an American college campus. Student from communications classes at a large Southeastern university were invited to take part in the focus group sessions. The focus group data were transcribed and analyzed thematically, meaning each transcript was compared with the others on a continuous basis. The data suggest that college students, no matter what their background, generally view diversity as something positive. Furthermore, this research suggests that more than 40 years after the beginning of Affirmative Action initiatives in the US, the diversity discussion is… [Direct]

Hughes, Carolyn; McDonald, Meghan L. (2008). The Special Olympics: Sporting or Social Event?. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities (RPSD), v33 n3 p143-145 Fall. Storey (2008), in his eloquent and timely critique of the Special Olympics and his call to close it down, focuses on the failure of the Special Olympics to achieve the goal of social integration and sustained social interaction among people with intellectual disabilities and their peers without a disability label. The authors wholeheartedly agree with Storey's condemnation of the perhaps unintended consequences of the Special Olympics, including: (1) fostering negative stereotypes of and infantilizing people with disabilities; (2) encouraging inappropriate behavior such as hugging, pitying, and paternalism; and (3) fostering attitudes of \us\ versus \them\ and service provider versus service recipient–all of which serve to hinder rather than promote social integration. Storey also argues that by diverting large amounts of charitable and federal funding, the Special Olympics further promotes segregation by limiting funds for integrated recreation and creating a dual recreational… [Direct]

Frances, Carol; Mensel, R. Frank (1981). Women and Minorities in Administration of Higher Education Institutions: Employment Patterns and Salary Comparisons 1978-79 and An Analysis of Progress toward Affirmative Action Goals 1975-76 to 1978-79. Journal of the College and University Personnel Association, v32 n3 p1-77 Fall. An ACE follow-up study of women and minorities in academic administration includes the presentation of employment patterns and salary compensation findings for the 1978-79 academic year, a longitudinal analysis of the changes experienced by women and minorities between 1975-78, and explanations for low percentages of women and minorities. (MLW)…

Hankin, Joseph N. (1986). Affirmative Action and Inaction: The Status of Minorities and Women at Public Two-Year Colleges in New York State and the Nation. Rockefeller Institute Working Papers, Number 24, Fall 1986. A study was conducted to determine the extent to which women and minorities were employed as administrators and faculty members at two-year colleges. State directors of two-year colleges and individual institutions provided data representing 770 public two-year colleges in 48 states. Study findings included the following: (1) the percentage of female and minority administrators rose from 25.66% in 1975 to 39.16% in 1983; (2) faculties showed a more modest increase from 39.23% in 1975 to 42.86% in 1983; (3) 145 public two-year community colleges had no minority administrators, 30 had no female administrators, and 21 had neither a minority nor a female administrator; (4) there were no minority faculty members at 63 campuses and no women faculty members at one college; (5) 23 of the colleges with no minority faculty members had no minority administrators either; and (6) although New York compared favorably to the rest of the nation in terms of the employment of female administrators…

Gittleman, Maury; Wolff, Edward N. (2000). Racial Wealth Disparities: Is the Gap Closing? Working Paper No. 311. Most studies of the economic progress of African Americans have focused on income or narrower measures, such as learning, to assess the extent to which any gains relative to other ethnic groups can be attributed to factors such as declining racial discrimination, affirmative action policies, changes in industrial composition, or a narrowing of the educational gap between African Americans and the rest of the population. This analysis explores how African Americans have fared in terms of wealth, a less well-known factor. The main source of data is the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) (1984, 1989, and 1994). During the study period, the ratio of average wealth between African Americans and Whites remained almost constant. The analysis suggests that it will be very difficult for African Americans to make up significant ground relative to Whites with respect to wealth. If the racial income gap were closed, it would take 72 years for the racial wealth gap to close. The implications… [PDF]

(1977). The Regents of the University of California, Petitioner, vs. Allan Bakke, Respondent. On Writ of Certiorari to the Supreme Court of California. The main question of this case is whether Allan Bakke was denied the equal protection of the laws in contravention of the 14th Amendment, solely because of his race, as the result of a racial quota admission policy. A statement of the case which reviews pertinent data such as the admission procedure of the medical school, Bakke's interview and rating, the special admission program, the proceedings in the trial court and an appeal are given. It is concluded that the special admission program violated Bakke's right to the equal protection of the law. The medical school's quota was said to up root individual constitutional freedoms and replace them with a destructive system of group rights. Furthermore, the court makes a distinction between quotas and the concept of affirmative action. It is concluded that Bakke's personal right to equal protection was violated. The California Supreme Court correctly decided this case when it considered this action to be a case of racial…

Marshall, Catherine (1984). From Culturally Defined to Self-Defined: Career Stages of Women Administrators. Women's participation in school administration is low and actually declining, despite legislation, affirmative action, and special programs. This article views the research guiding educational policy as useful, but concerned with ancillary issues. After a literature review of sex discrimination, administrator gender differences, role conflicts, and norms favoring men, this article addresses the informal criteria and organizational processes that favor men and hinder women. It describes a retrospective, ethnographic study of 25 women in educational administration careers. Data analysis reveals three career development stages. Women administrators begin as culturally defined, molding identities, behaviors, attitudes, and choices according to society's expectations. (In a school environment, this means women remain teachers, and administrators are male.) If women teachers develop supports and incentives, they may pass through transition (a difficult resocialization process) and… [PDF]

Raff, David (1975). Proceedings of New York University. Twenty-Seventh Annual Conference on Labor. Management and labor are concerned with affirmative action, Title VII, and new roles that they are being forced to play by the federal government. Employers want the employees to be more productive. Unions want the workers to enjoy what they are doing and receive a good wage. The government tells management that employees must be happy, healthy, and safe in their places of employment. These and similar concerns have forced labor and management to consider both new issues at the bargaining table and new approaches to get these demands across to the other party. While many other issues are important at the bargaining table, wages and inflationary effects on wages have top priority. Substituting binding arbitration as the final step of the negotiation process for the traditional weapons of the strike and lockout is also of interest. In higher education, bargaining is perhaps the wrong way to meet the new faculty perceptions, for it does create an employer-employee relationship and thus…

Gill, Wanda E. (1990). Racial Harmony. Issues of racial harmony in higher education are the subject of this address to participants at a college workshop on cultural diversity. Recently campuses across the country have seen an unparalleled explosion of racially-charged or motivated incidents sparking dialogue among students, staff, faculty and administrators. In addition, accrediting agencies have taken steps to encourage institutions to encourage student diversity. A dramatic conservative swing beginning shortly before the Reagan presidency has resulted in the erosion of safeguards to diversity. Citizens must learn to use the political system and personal action to improve campus climate and quality of life. Some racial perceptions are based on rumor which grow out of immediate emotional tension. Ethnic hostility is a projection of unacceptable inner striving onto a minority group. To achieve racial harmony with diversity society must go beyond implementing affirmative action and into managing diversity while avoiding… [PDF]

Alba, Manuel; Butler, Margaret; Dennis-Elmore, Monique; Johnson, Wanda; MacDougall, Sock-Foon; Rudert, Eileen; Zieseniss, Mireille (2002). Beyond Percentage Plans: The Challenge of Equal Opportunity in Higher Education. Staff Report. This staff report updates the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights' previous assessment of percentage plans in California, Florida, and Texas and examines the pattern of racial/ethnic diversity among first-time students and graduate, law, and medical students. Staff of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights analyzed college application, admission, and enrollment data obtained directly from official state and university sources in the three states. The critical question guiding the analysis was whether percentage plans can achieve the goal of equal educational opportunity, and the analysis indicates that they cannot. The findings of this report mirror those of the earlier report: percentage plans alone do not improve diversity by recruiting underrepresented minority groups and will only have their desired effect if affirmative action and other supplemental recruitment, admissions, and academic support programs remain in place. The report also examines federal outreach programs, such as TRIP… [PDF]

Marshall, Catherine (1984). University Education Administration Programs and Sex Equity. Women seeking education administration careers in the 1980's will find their employment opportunities limited by declining enrollments and unenforced affirmative action programs. The informal networks and sponsoring mechanisms aiding men's career mobility are generally unavailable to women. Universities can play a key role in developing pools of well-qualified women and helping school districts maximize their utilization in administration. Instead, women (and minorities) comprise only a tiny percentage of administrative positions. This paper explores the problems encountered by female and male graduate students at one education administration program. A survey eliciting background information on status, goals, and university and life experiences was mailed to 258 students enrolled in the program between 1976 and 1980; the return rate was 70 percent. Findings show considerable sex differences among participants in this program. Women were older, had less financial support and lower… [PDF]

Sheppard, N. Alan (1981). Equity from an Aging Specialist's Perspective. Research and Development Series No. 214O. As the incidence of older persons in American society grows, their participation in training and employment programs (including vocational education) will be of special importance. Although the elderly population has become increasingly "older," this group is retiring earlier. There will be a decrease in active workers supporting retired citizens whose income continues to be decimated by inflation. In addition, social security financing problems loom ahead. With the gradual reduction of the educational disadvantage of the elderly, the question will be whether these workers would take advantage of increased work options. A need exists for affirmative action for the aged. Barriers to equitable job training and placement are previous work history, lack of credentials, lack of access to job information, inadequate health status, attitudes and values of union and management decision makers, transportation, stereotypes, self-discrimination, employer discrimination, and job… [PDF]

(1977). Asian American Assembly Position Paper: II. A Review of U.S. Employment Policy. Occasional Papers/Reprint Series in Contemporary Asian Studies, No. 12. This volume consists of papers which were submitted to the Asian American Assembly conference in New York in 1977. The goals of the Assembly are outlined in the volume's preface. Community and academic activities undertaken by the Assembly in cooperation with the City College of New York Department of Asian Studies are described. In a paper by a Pennsylvania judge, Asian American attitudes are explored. Both attitudes toward one another and attitudes toward oneself are discussed. Steps toward self acceptance and social equality are suggested. In a second paper, by a professor of Asian Studies, employment patterns of Chinese Americans are discussed. The rate of growth of the Chinese population in the U.S. is mentioned as a factor to consider in the employment outlook for 1980. The question of whether traditional employment patterns will serve future needs is also addressed. Language education and job training, as well as the utilization of affirmative action channels, are suggested…

Milam, John H., Jr. (1997). Developing Benchmarks for Faculty Hiring. AIR 1997 Annual Forum Paper. This study analyzed 13 national datasets and evaluated their utility for addressing policy questions concerning college faculty availability (such as minority hiring, affirmative action, supply and demand in specific disciplines) and the overproduction of Ph.D.s. Each dataset was evaluated for its utility in modeling faculty availability. Also documented were the types of assumptions which need to be addressed in building models based on these datasets. Every national survey instrument related to faculty was reviewed, along with information about the data element dictionary, the value labels for categorical variables, the sample size, the population size, error estimates and weighting procedures. Analysis of the datasets suggests that, while many important policy questions may be studied with the data, it is not currently possible to complete the critical cross-tabulation of gender within ethnicity by rank within tenure status by discipline at the institution level. It is… [PDF]

Reynolds, William Bradford (1983). Legitimizing Race as a Decision Making Criterion: Where Are We Going?. The Assistant Attorney-General for Civil Rights argues that preferential treatment to individuals based on their race cannot be justified under the law. Reynolds reviews the drafting of the Constitution and notes that the Constitution wronged blacks when it accorded them a fractional status of free persons. The doctrine of "separate-but-equal" dictated public policy for over fifty years until it was struck down by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional in the 1954 "Brown vs. Board of Education" decision, he observes. The "Brown" decision and subsequent legislation such as the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964, and 1968, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Reynolds suggests, were intended by Congress to be colorblind. Thus, he contends, it is the Reagan administration policy to enforce the civil rights laws to their maximum extent and to consider "affirmative action" to be discriminatory if it bestows advantage on members of a particular… [PDF]

Countiss, Joyce R.; And Others (1977). Equity in School Athletics: A Guide. Titles VI and IX require coeducational physical education classes and equity in athletic offerings and coaches' salaries, and prohibit sex discrimination in public schools. In New Jersey, compliance with the law is in the best educational interest of both male and female students. Educators leading intramural and interscholastic athletics programs who are attempting to enforce affirmative action should adopt guidelines for compliance. Organizational patterns for equity in interscholastic athletics include options such as these: (1) integration of the entire program so that all teams are open to both sexes; (2) separate but equal teams coordinated through a joint scoring and scheduling system; and (3) a combined approach, in which both separate and mixed sex teams exist equally in each season. On the other hand, intramural and club activities should be entirely coeducational. For equal physical education programs, coaches of etiher sex who are qualified should be found and hired for…

Goldrick-Rab, Sara; Shaw, Kathleen M. (2005). Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Impact of Work-First Policies on College Access. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, v27 n4 p291-307 Win. The college participation rates of African Americans and Latinos continue to lag behind those of other racial and ethnic groups in the United States, despite the efforts of financial aid and affirmative action policies. Two recent federal policies that are "work-first" in nature threaten to further exacerbate racial and ethnic disparities in college access. This article examines the complex ways in which the 1996 welfare reform and the 1998 Workforce Investment Act differentially affect opportunities for college enrollment among disadvantaged adults. Utilizing national and state-level data, the authors argue that both policies restrict access to postsecondary education through the implementation of their guiding philosophy, "work-first," which emphasizes rapid job placement as the strategy of choice in achieving stable employment and moving out of poverty. These policies have reduced the size of the clientele receiving welfare and restricted access to education… [Direct]

Grayson, J. Paul; And Others (1994). The Social Construction of "Visible Minority" for Students of Chinese Origin. A survey and focus group study with students of Chinese origin at York University in Ontario (Canada) examined their attitudes toward the concept of "visible minority." Surveys of students conducted in 1992-94, as well as three focus group sessions conducted with 26 students of Chinese origin, have indicated that large numbers of students who spoke Chinese in their homes while growing up did not consider themselves members of a visible minority group. Focus group results indicated that many Chinese origin students did not rely exclusively on physiological characteristics such as color to ascribe visible minority status. Accent, perceived power of the group in question, numbers in the population, self-presentation, and cultural assertiveness were all seen as relevant criteria. Many students regarded visible minority as a derogatory term, and some opposed affirmative action programs because of fear of backlash, aversion to reverse discrimination, belief in merit as a basis… [PDF]

Szumski, Bonnie, Ed. (1996). Interracial America. Opposing Viewpoints Series. Books in the Opposing Viewpoints Series present debates about current issues that can be used to teach critical reading and thinking skills. The varied opinions in each book examine different aspects of a single issue. The topics covered in this volume explore the racial and ethnic tensions that concern many Americans today. The racial divide exemplified in reaction to the O. J. Simpson verdict has brought about a re-examination of race in the United States. Many people see that America is divided by ethnic and minority interests and the competition between groups, while others argue that interracial conflicts are less serious. The 26 viewpoints in this collection present competing views about these issues and are divided into the following chapters: (1) "Should America's Racial Differences Be Emphasized?"; (2) "Is Racism To Blame for Blacks' Lack of Success?"; (3) "Will Immigration Lead to an Interracial Crisis?"; (4) "How Has Affirmative Action…

Bensimon, Estela, Ed.; And Others (1978). First New Jersey Statewide Conference of Hispanics in Higher Education. Report of Proceedings. This document contains the proceedings of a conference held in December 1978 to discuss problems confronted by Hispanics in the higher education system of New Jersey. Presented are an opening statement by Chancellor T. Edward Hollander on the status of Hispanics in New Jersey higher education and the keynote address by Hilda Hidalgo focusing on landmark events in the education of Hispanics. Also included are the following papers: (1) "An Examination of the Implications of Current Trends and Issues in Policy and Planning for Hispanics in Higher Education," by Marcos Leiderman; (2) "Affirmative Action," by Alberto Montare; (3) "Admissions," by Diane S. Maldonado and Margaret Rosario Rivera; (4) "Issues in Bilingual Higher Education," by Rosa Maria Cotayo, Estela Bensimon, Yvonne Rodriguez; (5) "Academic Programs," by Leopoldo Rivera; (6) "Supportive Services," by Edward Morales; (7) "Political Dynamics in Higher…

Hunziker, Celeste M. (1987). Persistence and Graduation of UC Davis Undergraduates Admitted by Special Action: 1975-1985. Persistence and graduation rates of University of California, Davis, special action students admitted in any fall quarter from 1975 to 1985 were studied. Special action students show academic potential but do not meet admission requirements of completed course work and academic achievement. The number of special action students during this 10-year period increased by 73%. In 1975 a large majority of special action students were also members of underrepresented (i.e., Student Affirmative Action–SAA) minority groups; by 1985 SAA and White students were equally represented among special action admits. In 1985 SAA students made up 15% of all entering students but 43% of entering special action students. About half of all Black students entering the university were admitted by special action; the proportion of Chicanos was about 25%. Special action students did not persist at rates close to those of regularly admitted cohorts. About 60% of all special action students persist through a… [PDF]

Cuadraz, Gloria Holguin, Ed.; Novoa, Jose, Ed. (1985). Diversity and Excellence. Graduate Minority Students' Handbook. A handbook for minority graduate students is presented by the University of California, Berkeley. Included are 10 essays, perspectives of 14 minority students, views of 7 faculty members, a minority faculty directory, and a resources directory. Essay titles and authors are: "The Minority Graduate Experience" (Gloria Cuadraz, Jose Novoa, Ruth Bolden, Ellen Nakashima); "Graduate Affirmative Action: Past to Present" (Dan Ashby); "Asian Americans in Higher Education" (Dan Ashby); "Women of Color" (G. Cuadraz); "Minority Graduate Students in Teaching: The Berkeley TA Experience" (Robby Cohen, G. Cuadraz); "How You Can Be Part of the Solution" (Pedro Noguera, Howie Pinderhughes); "The Foreign Student Perspective" (Stephen Small); "Departmental Relations: Cast of Characters" (Nestor Gonzales); "Relations with Faculty" (Zita Nunes); and "Cultural Diversity in the Bay Area" (J. Novoa)….