Barksdale, Milton Kendall (1977). Graduate and Professional School Admissions: Social and Legal Considerations. In some respects, "discrimination" is at the heart of the college admission process, and in the selection of students for graduate or professional programs, the application of admittance criteria becomes a matter with potential moral and legal ramifications. The practice of setting aside specific places for less-prepared applicants (generally those who had suffered from discrimination and had received an inferior education) has resulted in denying access to other applicants with sufficient qualifications. The court cases of Marco Defunis and Allan Bakke, which challenge these admission policies and techniques, are discussed in this paper. Other cases are cited that are concerned with financial aid as well as admission criteria. The significance of litigation involving charges of discrimination and the attention given to the concept of due process is assessed. The ultimate effect cannot be known, but there will develop a greater concern for detailed records on the part of… [PDF]

Ruina, Edith (1980). Work in Technology and Science: Linking Education and Employment. This publication reports on a project designed to increase the awareness and appreciation of educators, and through them the awareness of middle and high school students, of the advantages of preparing for careers in technology and science. These are fields in which Boston high school students generally, and minority students particularly, have been underrepresented. In this project–Technology and Science Careers for Minorities (TSCM)–the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Work in Technology and Science (MIT/WITS) group served as the catalyst for Boston public schools and local technological companies. Through workshops, site visits, career materials, and classroom programs, Boston educators from 16 schools developed knowledge about careers and their prerequisites. They also realized that these careers represent excellent possibilities for minorities and that teachers, counselors, and administrators are in critical roles for expanding students' perceptions of career options…. [PDF]

(1980). Employment Goals of the World Plan of Action: Developments and Issues in the United States. Report for the World Conference on the United Nations Decade for Women, 1976-1985. This report focuses on economic, social, and legal development affecting women's employment in the United States during the first half of the United Nations Decade for Women. The first section reports on the economic roles of women in the U.S. as their participation in the labor force reached historically high levels during the last half of the 1970s. The employment status is detailed for such selected subgroups of the women's labor force as working mothers and wives, women who maintain families, Hispanic women, and Black women. Segregation is also addressed. Section 2 presents an analysis of policy developments and issues relevant to the World Plan of Action. It discusses measures and programs to reduce discrimination in employment as well as policies affecting the opportunities and economic regards for women who have changing and multiple roles. The final section highlights the initiatives of voluntary, nongovernmental organizations. Examples include training and employment… [PDF]

(1978). Black Share of Non-Faculty Jobs Down at Most State Universities–Up at Kentucky State. Blacks' share of non-faculty jobs in Kentucky institutions of higher education is examined in this second in a two-part series on employment in the state university system. The first report in this series was entitled "State University Faculties Stuck on Tokenism in Kentucky." Sections examine: tokenism in non-faculty jobs at state universities; blacks in executive jobs; blacks in technical and professional jobs; black percentage decline at white universities; high-paying jobs and faculty tokenism; women in the job market; and the effort of instltutions to improve their employment policies for blacks. Tables provide information on numbers and percentages of blacks hired in various positions and employment figures on females hired in various positions. Appendices cover employees, by sex, race/ethnicity (1975 and 1977); and new hirees for 1977 for the following positions: executive, administrative and managerial; professional non-faculty; technical and paraprofessional;…

Tesolowski, Dennis G.; Wichowski, Chester P. (1981). Florida Public Occupational Education Admission Standards and Practices Study. A two-phase study was conducted in order (1) to develop a profile of admission standards and practices which were being used by forty public occupational education programs in Florida; and (2) to enhance the state-of-the-art encompassing admission procedures by identifying the degree of equity associated with 19 admission standards as perceived by 173 randomly selected persons who had a relationship with occupational education or advocacy groups. The research design incorporated analysis of variance (ANOVA) on repeated measures and a rank ordering procedure to determine if there was a difference in the degree of equity associated with the 19 items and to ascertain which admission practices were the most and least equitable. A one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) procedure was applied to compare groups' degree of equity ratings. Results in phase 1 of the study identified eleven admission standards or practices which were being used to admit students to public… [PDF]

(1977). Expanding Nontraditional Opportunities in Vocational Education. Addressing the need to expand nontraditional opportunities for students in vocational education, this document contains three separate training packages intended for use in inservice and preservice training of vocational teachers, counselors, and administrators. The focus of each package is reflected in each of the following titles: \Approaches to Expanding Nontraditional Opportunities for Vocational Education Students\; \Barriers to Expanding Nontraditional Opportunities for Vocational Education Students\; and \Legislation Addressing Equal Opportunity in Vocational Education and Employment.\ Emphasis is on opportunities for secondary and postsecondary students, primarily women. Each package is designed to stand alone as a training aid or to be used in a sequence. Training packages are intended to serve as an outline and/or scripts for training leaders and as texts for the program participants. Following the textual material each part contains a list of suggested questions and…

Dunkle, Margaret C.; Sandler, Bernice (1975). Sex Discrimination Against Students: Implications of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 mandates that sex discrimination be eliminated in federally assisted education programs. Title IX has significant implications for a variety of issues including recruiting, admissions, financial aid, student rules and regulations, housing rules, health care and insurance benefits, student employment, textbooks and curriculum, single-sex courses and women's studies programs. This document examines the overall implications of Title IX as well as the specific issues that affect virtually every school and college in the country. It attempts to provide insights into the scope and nature of practices that discriminate against students on the basis of sex, and the changes in these practices that might well be required for an institution to be in compliance with federal law. (Author/KE)… [PDF]

Wilson, Roger (1988). States and Civil Rights: Is the American Dream Still Deferred?. Journal of State Government, v61 n2 p81-86 Mar-Apr. States must ensure that all citizens, regardless of race, have real opportunities to gain the education and skills needed to achieve the American Dream. If state policies, especially economic policies, fail to acknowledge the growing numbers of poor Black undereducated and unskilled urban youth, that dream of equal opportunity will continue to be deferred. (Author/BJV)…

Smart, John C., Ed. (1998). Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research. Volume XIII. The 10 papers in this handbook consider higher education theory and research. Following an opening essay, "Recollections and Reflections," by C. Robert Pace, which offers reflections on higher education as a field, on its evolution, and it future research needs, papers include: "Reflections on the Study of Effective College Teaching and Student Ratings: One Continuing Quest and Two Unresolved Issues" (Kenneth A. Feldman); "Differentiation and Diversity in Higher Education Systems" (Jeroen Huisman); "Reviewing and Rethinking Administrative Costs" (Gary Rhoades); "State Efforts to Keep Public Colleges Affordable in the Face of Fiscal Stress" (Michael Mumper); "Discriminant Analysis in Higher Education Research" (Carl J. Huberty and Laureen L. Lowman; "Faculty Demography: Exploring the Effects of Seniority Distributions in Universities" (James C. Hearn and Melissa S. Anderson); "Feminist Teaching in Higher…

Castro, Maria (2000). The Allied Health Professions: Opportunities for Minority Students. Career Guidebook. The term "allied health" refers to a cluster of health professions encompassing as many as 200 occupational titles (exclusive of physicians and nurses) involved with the delivery of health or related services pertaining to the identification, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of diseases and disorders; dietary and nutritional services; and rehabilitation and health systems management, among others. This guidebook was developed to encourage minority students to pursue allied health careers and to provide information to those considering such careers. The guide covers definitions of allied health occupations, the need for minority groups in allied health professions, and steps in preparing for a career in allied health. It also describes 23 of the allied health professions and the educational requirements for each. The guide provides lists of 23 allied health professional associations, and colleges and universities serving minority students and offering allied health… [PDF]

Sadker, David (1999). Gender Equity: Still Knocking at the Classroom Door. Educational Leadership, v56 n7 p22-26 Apr. Subtlety and complacency mask ongoing gender bias in today's classrooms. Updates are presented concerning career segregation; single-sex classrooms; safety and health problems; dropout rates; gifted programs; male/female stereotypes; classroom interactions; SAT scores; math, science and technology gender gaps; political reversals; and female college enrollments. (10 references) (MLH)…

(1999). News and Views. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, n25 p8-84 Fall. Presents a collection of articles that offer information on such issues as the progress of black student matriculations at the highest-ranking U.S. colleges; black historians teaching black history; Blacks in academic accounting; banishing the stereotype that African Americans cannot do mathematics; campus crime rates at black colleges; and the growing digital divide for black and white college students. (SM)…

(1997). Alternative Diversity Criteria: Analyses and Recommendations. A Report by Advisory Committee on Criteria for Diversity. This report presents conclusions and recommendations of a study of possible criteria to define educationally underserved populations in Texas in light of the 1994 Court decision (Hopwood v. Texas) ending the use of racial quotas. The study identified qualitative variables related to social and cultural factors and 10 quantitative criteria (such as socioeconomic background, first-generation college status, and financial status of student's school district). The study came to eight major conclusions including that: (1) there is no single criterion or combination of criteria that will produce the same level of minority participation as prior to the Hopwood decision; (2) institutions using selective admission procedures may have decreased minority applications; and (3) the use of standardized tests (such as the Scholastic Assessment Tests (SAT) and the American College Testing (ACT) program) unduly limits admissions of underserved populations. Twenty-one specific recommendations are… [PDF]

Giroux, Roy F., Ed.; Mezei, Katherine E., Ed. (1990). Exemplary Practices in Staff and Program Development. In June 1988, the heads of Staff Development of each institution of the Ontario Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology were invited to submit brief descriptions of 5 to 10 outstanding programs or practices designed to develop human resources within the college. This directory of exemplary practice provides a selection of the colleges' submissions. After a brief introduction that emphasizes the importance of both sharing and celebrating effective and innovative practices in a time of dwindling resources, descriptions, and a contact person, are presented for the following: (1) exemplary programs and practices for student retention, including retention strategies, and activities fostering student success and articulation; (2) exemplary practices in faculty and staff development, including programs for part-time teacher's, mentoring, employee recognition, employment equity, sabbaticals and retirement, curriculum development, and support staff; (3) exemplary practices that serve… [PDF]

Wittstruck, John R.; And Others (1988). Challenges and Opportunities: Minorities in Missouri Higher Education. An overview is provided of the issues related to the participation and retention of minorities in higher education in Missouri and the nation. Part I argues that significant interventions are needed to increase minority enrollment in postsecondary education in order to avert serious social and economic consequences. This section cites demographic, educational, and labor market trends that support this contention and presents the Missouri State Higher Education Executive Officers' recommendations regarding necessary interventions. Part II offers birth rate and college-age population projections by racial/ethnic group for the years 1990 to 2050, emphasizing the rapid growth of the minority population in the United States, especially within the traditional college-age group. Part III examines national and statewide enrollment and retention trends among minorities, stressing that past gains in minority participation in higher education, both as students and faculty, have eroded at a… [PDF]

Arellano-Romero, Ofelia; Eggler, John (1987). Recruitment, Retention, and Innovative Instructional Strategies for Culturally Diverse Minority College Students: A Review of the Literature. Prepared to help Santa Barbara City College (SBCC) improve its recruitment/retention efforts and graduation and transfer rates, this paper presents a review of the literature relating to recruitment, retention, and teaching strategies for the culturally diverse minority community college student. Chapter 1 discusses the growing concern over the underrepresentation of Hispanics, Blacks, and Native Americans in California's postsecondary institutions. Each of the subsequent chapters offers a literature review, followed by specific recommendations for implementation at SBCC. Chapter 2 reviews the literature on recruitment strategies, and includes recommendations related to parent involvement, mentor programs, links to minority organizations and business/industry, articulation, faculty and administrative efforts, and alternatives to on-site registration. Chapter 3 focuses on the retention of culturally diverse minority college students and recommends changes in financial aid,…

Choi, Yearn H. (1981). Equity from a Public Administration Perspective. Research and Development Series No. 214C. Equity is a significant area of public administration which is integral to all disciplines that relate to the public interest, including vocational education. Vocational education is designed to achieve equity. The Vocational Education Act of 1963 mandated ready access of all persons of all ages in all communities to vocational education of high quality and suited to their needs and interests. The 1968 Amendments reinforced this directive, and sex equity was clearly stipulated in the 1976 Amendments. Vocational education was further linked with employability of any person with passage of such laws as the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act. A chief barrier to equity is absence of public interest. In public administration the improvement of testing is a feasible way to effect equity. Agencies should be required to show evidence of criterion-related, content, or construct validity of their personnel selection procedure. As regards research and policy recommendations, public… [PDF]

Krieter, Nancy; Piercy, Day (1982). Women at Work: The Myth of Equal Opportunity. The advances women have made in the past decade have created the myth that women have achieved equal opportunity in the job market. In reality, the opposite is true. The current economic status of women demonstrates the need for strict enforcement of equal opportunity laws. Department of Labor data indicate that the wage gap between men and women is not narrowing. Despite popular concepts to the contrary, most women are not working to earn extras. Furthermore, men and women doing the same type of work do not earn the same pay. Also many believe the myths that women now have access to all types of jobs, earn less because they do not stay in the job market, and lack the education needed to get ahead. Analysis of Department of Labor statistics also reveals that minority women are still the victims of double discrimination. Finally, examination of current unemployment patterns proves that the large influx of women into the labor force is not responsible for high unemployment. Rather,…

Gilbertson, Eric R. (1985). The Supreme Court and Academe: The Evolution of Constitutional Doctrines for Higher Education. ASHE 1985 Annual Meeting Paper. The application of constitutional doctrines to controversies involving higher education institutions and legal theories emanating from the Supreme Court are discussed. The historical review covers academic freedom at colleges, or freedom from political interference of of outside intervention: freedom of speech or association in colleges and universities; the rights of students; the rights and interests of a private college; equal opportunity in the academy; and procedural rights for faculty and students. Constitutional decisions regarding academic freedom have struck down loyalty oaths for college staff, intrusive reporting requirements, and restrictions on political activity. The Supreme Court has protected the right of a student editor to publish controversial material. The controversies today concern the future of predominantly or historically black colleges, full integration of colleges that have been closed or hostile to minorities, and the question of whether sex… [PDF]

(1978). Jobs for the Hard-to-Employ. New Directions for a Public-Private Partnership. A Statement on National Policy by the Research and Policy Committee of the Committee for Economic Development. This policy statement focuses on ways of overcoming unemployment and underemployment for groups (young, old, disadvantaged) that typically experience high or prolonged joblessness, and on increasing incentives for productive work. Recommendations resulting from the CED study focus on these areas: new and expanded use on a nationwide basis of private-sector programs that already work effectively and creation of a clearinghouse for disseminating information about successful and innovative programs; stronger organizational mechanisms to mobilize private sector involvement; increased incentives and reduced disincentives for private employment of the hard-to-employ; improved approaches to the problems of particular groups among the hard-to-employ; greater business use of alternatives to outright layoffs in recessions; and improved management and closer integration of government programs that facilitate the employment of the hard-to-employ, particularly the U.S. Employment Service and the…

Vetter, Louise; And Others (1981). Building Your Own Scenario: Agriculture, Sex Equity, and Alternative Futures. This training manual, one of a series of eight, has been developed to help state and local supervisors and teacher educators in agriculture to conduct a workshop on sex equity as it relates to their future programs for vocational education teachers and administrators in the agricultural service area. The workshop's intent is to help these professionals to infuse the concepts and practices of sex equity throughout agricultural education programs. Following an introduction that gives background on the issue of sex equity and outlines the manual, the guide contains five exercises for group participation. First, with the chance to examine "what is" in a program, participants complete descriptions focusing on their communities and educational agencies. Then, through a "what if" exercise, three alternative scenarios for the future are provided with discussion questions for relating these possible futures to sex equity and agriculture. Once the participants have… [PDF]

Vetter, Louise; And Others (1981). Building Your Own Scenario: Home Economics, Sex Equity, and Alternative Futures. This training manual, one of eight in a series, has been developed to help state and local supervisors and teacher educators in home economics to conduct a workshop on sex equity as it relates to their future programs for vocational education teachers and administrators in the home economics service area. The workshop's intent is to help these professionals to infuse the concepts and practices of sex equity throughout home economics programs. Following an introduction which provides background on the issue of sex equity and outlines the manual, the guide contains five exercises for group participation. First, with the chance to examine "what is" in a program, participants complete descriptions focusing on their communities and educational agencies. Then, through a "what if" exercise, three alternative scenarios for the future are provided with discussion questions for relating these possible futures to sex equity and home economics. Once the participants have… [PDF]

Vetter, Louise; And Others (1981). Building Your Own Scenario: Industrial Arts, Sex Equity, and Alternative Futures. This training manual, one of eight in a series, has been developed to help state and local supervisors and teacher educators in industrial arts to conduct a workshop on sex equity, as it relates to their future programs, for vocational education teachers and administrators in the industrial arts programs. Following an introduction which provides background on the issue of sex equity and outlines the manual, the guide contains five exercises for group participation. First, with the chance to examine "what is" in a program, participants complete descriptions focusing on their communities and educational agencies. Then, through a "what if" exercise, three alternative scenarios for the future are provided with discussion questions for relating these possible futures to sex equity and industrial arts. Once the participants have considered "what is" and "what if," a group exercise for brainstorming needs and possible goals for sex equity is… [PDF]

Vetter, Louise; And Others (1981). Building Your Own Scenario: Technical Education, Sex Equity, and Alternative Futures. This training manual, one in a series of eight, has been developed to help state and local supervisors and teacher educators in technical education to conduct a workshop on sex equity, as it relates to their future programs, for vocational education teachers and administrators in the technical education service area. The workshop's intent is to help these professionals to infuse the concepts and practices of sex equity throughout technical education programs. Following an introduction which provides background on the issue of sex equity and outlines the manual, the guide contains five exercises for group participation. First, with the chance to examine "what is" in a program, participants complete descriptions focusing on their communities and educational agencies. Then, through a "what if" exercise, three alternative scenarios for the future are provided with discussion questions for relating these possible futures to sex equity and technical education. Once the… [PDF]

Nelson, Anne H. (1978). The One World of Working Women. Monograph No. 1. Women of many nations, particularly the industrialized countries, are achieving greater opportunity and equality in the working world. The rate at which women are joining the work force has confounded all predictions and created unexpected difficulties in securing equal pay and access to jobs and training. The most direct discrimination, separate wage scales for men and women, has been resolved for most occupations in the industrialized countries. Yet women's earnings remain substantially lower than men's. Sweden is regarded as a model for other countries because it considers married women an important source of labor and has made provisions to accommodate them in the labor force. International organizations have given increasing attention to women's employment issues. The International Labor Organization has emphasized education and training for women and a review of the effects of social security systems on women. The United Nations has provided for development of regional plans… [PDF]

(1979). Resources in Women's Educational Equity. Special Issue 1. This compilation of over 2,000 document resumes contains abstracts or annotations of materials relevant to women's educational equity which were entered into computerized data bases from January 1975 through December 1976. Covering material produced from about 1973 to 1976, the citations relate to one of six subject categories which were the primary influences in the search strategy development for document retrieval: education, legal, career, sex differences, life style, and health. The resumes are grouped by the eleven data bases which were searched: ABI/INFORM; AGRICOLA; America: History and Life; Dissertation Abstracts International; Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC); Management Contents; MEDLARS; National Technical Information Service (NTIS); Psychological Abstracts; and Sociological Abstracts. Within each data base resumes are sequenced by WE accession number. Each resume includes some or all of the following: author(s), title, institutional affiliation, source…

(1980). On Campus With Women, Number 28, Fall 1980. Developments pertinent to women's rights and women's studies at colleges and universities are reported. The following areas are covered: the status of women's college sports programs and alleged sex discrimination involving college faculty and school organizations; the impact of litigation in promoting equity for women; approaches for handling sexual harassment of college students or school employees; the status of women faculty in Canada; salary inequities of women college graduates as compared to men graduates; problems of women's professional advancement; the retirement system and women; Black women's experience in the United States; Civil Rights issues and Asian and Pacific American women; struggles of Mexican American women in the United States; resources on women in math and science; developments at women's colleges; developments regarding women's studies; financial aid to women; and resource materials. (SW)…

(1979). For the Dignity of Humanity. 2nd Annual Commemoration of Black History. This booklet contains selected background materials, biographical information, anecdotes, and statements documenting contributions made by blacks to American history. Objectives are to call attention to information about blacks which has been systematically excluded from United States history books and to help people understand the life, heritage, culture, and problems of Americans of African descent. Organized in chronological order, the 22 sections focus on black individuals including Dred Scott, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass, Blanche K. Bruce, George H. White, Homer Plessy, W.E.B. Du Bois, Booker T. Washington, Ralph J. Bunche, Mary McLeod Bethune, and Percy L. Julian. For each biographical example, information is presented on personal data, the historical period in which the individual lived and worked, types of difficulties overcome by the individual in question, and major contributions. Major topics throughout the biographical sketches focus on the… [PDF]

Perales, Cesar A. (1988). Black and Hispanic Children: Their Future is Ours. Journal of State Government, v61 n2 p45-48 Mar-Apr. Poverty, violence, illegal drugs, and despair dominate the lives of many inner-city children, most of whom are Black and Hispanic. To reverse the social and economic decline of poor neighborhoods in major metropolitan areas, the State of New York has embraced an agenda, outlined here, for rebuilding high-need inner-city communities. (Author/BJV)…

Ashcroft, Kate; Bigger, Stephen; Coates, David (1996). Researching into Equal Opportunities in Colleges and Universities. The Practical Research Series. This book examines issues in studying equal opportunity in colleges and universities, especially those in the United Kingdom, and methods for conducting research into equal opportunity issues. It is intended to provide a framework of ideas and starting points for research. Most of the techniques suggested are forms of participant research on a small scale, generally with an underlying approach of reflective practice and action research. The first chapter is an introduction to the overall series and a summary of several data collection techniques including questionnaires, interviews, observation, scenario analysis, diaries and field notes, and case study. Chapter 2 summarizes policy and procedures related to issues in equality and discusses the laws relating to equal opportunity and education in the United Kingdom. Chapter 3 explores issues related to equality in student selection such as appropriate criteria for admissions of non-traditional students and bias in vocational tests….