Melguizo, Tatiana (2007). Latino and African-American Students' Transfer Pathway to Elite Education in California. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, v39 n6 p52-55 Nov-Dec. Transfer is a crucial point in a student's educational pathway since a student who fails to transfer will not be able to attain a bachelor's degree or the benefits that accompany it, such as middle-class status and higher earnings. When members of ethnic minority groups are particularly disadvantaged in reaching their full educational potential, a state like California loses substantial income, since an increasing proportion of its residents will end up in lower-paying jobs that generate lower tax revenues. In this article, the author identifies the main transfer pathways for students to the two most selective public institutions in California, the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) and the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). The author focuses on the most selective institutions in the UC system because individuals who attend these types of institutions attain higher graduation rates, higher graduate-school attendance rates, and higher earnings–advantages… [Direct]

Flansburg, Sundra; Hanson, Katherine (1993). Legislation for Change: A Case Study of Title IX and the Women's Educational Equity Act Program. Center for Equity and Cultural Diversity Working Paper 3. This paper uses Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 as a case study to explore the education field and the impact on civil rights legislation dealing with gender. The U.S. record in gender-equity legislation has been mixed, no doubt due in part to the fact that female representation in U.S. legislative bodies has been among the lowest in the world. Title IX is the most extensive U.S. legislation addressing gender equity in education. With the United States entering its third decade under this regulation, Title IX can provide a good study in what legislation can and cannot do to bring about social change. The paper discusses what Title IX is, its origins and context, successes and failures of Title IX, and points to consider when legislating equity. Contains 21 references. (EH)… [PDF]

Griffin, Barbara (1983). Sex-Fair Counseling Practices: A Descriptive Analysis. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 challenged school counselors to provide sex fair guidance and counseling practices. To determine Connecticut counselors' compliance with the law, and to examine factors affecting their compliance, 147 secondary school counselors completed surveys. The questionnaire was designed to examine counseling procedures, programs, and materials used with female students to determine counselors' factual knowledge and attitudes toward women and work, and to determine their attitudes toward the social, educational, and economic roles of women. The results indicated that the majority of counselors possessed above average knowledge of women in the current labor force and endorsed positive attitude statements regarding the roles of women, with females endorsing positive attitudes more often than their male colleagues. The most widely used career inventories and tests included the Kuder Interest Survey and the Strong Campbell Interest Inventory, which…

Morris, Arval A. (1975). Equal Educational Opportunity, Constitutional Uniformity and the "Defunis" Remand. Washington Law Review, 50, 3, 565-95, Jun 75. Analyzes competing definitions of equal educational opportunity and determines that some state courts are required to give affirmative content to the term, but the Fourteenth Amendment is interpreted only as a limitation on state action. Relates this discussion to the inconclusive history of Defunis v. Odegaard regarding racially conditioned law school admissions. (JT)…

Reidhaar, Donald L. (1975). Minority Preference in Student Admissions. Journal of College and University Law, 2, 3, 197-209, Spr 75. Overviews current and recent preferential admissions cases other than DeFunis, particularly Bakke v. the Regents of the University of California, pointing up major issues in racial preferential admissions cases and concluding that universities and their professional schools, not the courts, must fashion and apply admissions policies responsive to educational objectives and needs. (JT)…

Osborne, Nancy Seale (1983). Pre-K-12 Multicultural Education. Making Connections: Racism, Militarism, and Feminism. Young students not impressed in mind and heart by their school's curricula are likely to be influenced by the media with which they amuse themselves. Video arcade games and television suffused with militarism and violence will help them create their own culture and develop their own values. They may begin to believe nothing can be done to ensure the survival of the world. If minorities are invisible in the curriculum, children will believe that difference and otherness must be shunned. Curriculum developers who are willing to reconceptualize have the opportunity to interpret diversity of culture and experience so that children learn from and appreciate their own culture, while at the same time affirming and learning from the cultures of other people. Laying the groundwork for the study of global peace in the classroom assists children in developing strategies for both understanding and survival. (SM)… [PDF]

Hyer, Patricia B. (1984). Assessing Progress in the Status of Women Faculty. This paper reports on the development of a "change index" and its application in evaluating the relative performance of individual doctorate-granting universities in hiring and promoting women faculty. Employee data collected in the annual Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS) by the National Center for Educational Statistics was used to develop the index. The final model comprised five variables reflecting percentage change over the base year for the number and the proportion of women faculty, the year for the number and the proportion of faculty, the number of women tenured, the number at full professor rank, and the ratio of male to famale faculty. The index is a relative measure of change experienced by an institution; it facilitates comparisons among institutions. A wide range of institutional performance in hiring and promoting women faculty was revealed by applying the index to HEGIS data for doctorate-granting universities. The index served, also, as…

(1976). Equal Opportunity in Physical Education and Athletics: Chapter 622, Title IX. This pamphlet is designed to help school personnel in Massachusetts achieve equal opportunity in physical education and sports programs for all students, regardless of sex. Answers are provided for some of the most commonly raised questions on this issue: (1) Do the regulations require that all physical education classes be coeducational? (2) Do the regulations require that the physical education curriculum be identical for boys and girls? (3) What constitutes an equitable athletic budget under Massachusetts' Chapter 622 and the Federal government's Title IX? (4) Where are the funds to come from to expand extracurricular sports programs? (5) Why can't top expenditures for one or two sports be justified in terms of gate receipts? (6) What point is there in developing a girls' team in a particular sport if there are no other teams for them to play? (7) In view of equal opportunity regulations, what can prevent boys from trying out for and taking over girls' teams? (8) When differences…

Clement, Annie; Hartman, Betty (1978). The Design and Validation of a Self-Study Guide to Assure Equal Opportunity for Women in Required Secondary School Physical Education Classes. Small Grant. Final Report. The development of an inventory used to investigate the degree of sex equity in secondary school physical education departments is described. The report is in six parts: 1) the development of the conceptual plan; 2) the design and preparation of the inventory; 3) analysis of the inventory by external readers; 4) selection and briefing of field test participants; 5) data gathering and analysis; and 6) recommendations for publication of the inventory and report. Appendices include a copy of the letter sent to the participating schools, a list of the schools involved with the study, and a copy of the survey used to gather reactions to the product. Also included is a list of recommended resources. (LH)… [PDF]

Barnett, Malcolm Joel; Wilkinson, Etta Lou (1976). General Revenue Sharing in St. Louis City and County. Unlike typical Federal catergorical grants which are highly specific, General Revenue Sharing grants (GRS) are free of restrictions or conditions. The Missouri Advisory Committee, in viewing the impact of GRS on St. Louis City and County, received evidence regarding: (1) the nature of GRS-funded expenditures; (2) the limits of citizen participation; (3) the extent of job or facility discrimination in activities funded with GRS money; (4) the consequences of methods for calculating entitlements; and (5) the extent of Office of Revenue Sharing supervision. All of these suggested to the Advisory Committee the need for change. Among the findings were: neither city nor county used GRS funds to support long term programs specifically designed to benefit those with greatest need, minorities and the poor; neither sought to improve the effectiveness of ongoing social programs or to provide for newly identified social needs; neither city nor county provided ample opportunity for citizen… [PDF]

Pearn, M. A. (1978). Beyond Tokenism–Equal Employment Opportunities Policies. Briefing Paper. At the national level, there is ample evidence of considerable racial inequality in employment in Britain. The two main components of this inequality are discrimination and disadvantage. Under the Race Relations Act of 1976, industrial tribunals are empowered to impose penalties on those who discriminate unlawfully, but the Act does not impose an obligation on employers to actively prevent discrimination. It is in the context of preventing discrimination that an Equal Employment Opportunity Policy (EEOP) is considered necessary. Very few employers in Britain have formulated EEOPs, unlike the situation in the United States where active government intervention and harsh penalties for offenders have made EEOP a reality. In Britain, however, statutory penalties are so light that most employers can budget for the risk. Employers vary in the degree of their commitment to equal employment opportunity. The most complete strategy is pursued by the employer who has recognized that his is not…

Tittle, Carol Kehr; And Others (1975). Women in Educational Research: Their Status from Student to Employee. Educational Researcher, 4, 9, 15-24, Oct 75. Data presented here are based on responses to mail questionnaires which focused on the multiple roles of women in the educational research community; women as students, as faculty members, and as employees in research organizations. (Author/AM)…

Marshall, Thurgood (1978). Dissent in the Bakke Case. Freedomways, v18 n3 p127-35 1978, 78. While the author applauds the judgment of the Supreme Court that a university may consider race in its admissions process, he considers it ironic that, after several hundred years of class-based discrimination against Blacks, the Court is unwilling to hold that a class-based remedy for that discrimination is permissible. (Author/KR)…

Bolce, Louis Henri, III; Gray, Susan H. (1979). Blacks, Whites, and "Race Politics.". Public Interest, n54 p61-75 Win. A random sample of 600 New York City residents were interviewed by telephone in 1977 to determine the extent to which Blacks and Whites are divided over the issues of preferential treatment, racial quotas, and busing for the purpose of achieving school desegregation. (Author/MC)…

(1978). Bakke Wins, Quotas Lose. Time, 112, 2, 8-16, Jul 10 78. Ruling 5 to 4, the Supreme Court finds a middle ground in the sensitive Bakke case. It gives something to everybody, outlawing strict racial quotas but permitting race to be considered in college admissions policies. (Editor)…

(1978). A Call to Trustees. AGB Reports, 20, 2, 3-9, Mar/Apr 78. A Colloquium on Government and Higher Education resulted in this appeal, containing four steps trustees can take to deal with the increasing problem of the governmental presence. Focus is on ways in which trustees can provide policy guidance to their institutions to preserve their individual characteristics and independence of action. (Author/LBH)…

Rosenzweig, Robert M. (1978). After Bakke. AGB Reports, 20, 2, 10-5, Mar/Apr 78. The first need after the Bakke case is for an atmosphere in which the right questions can be asked and answers sought. Advocates and opponents of preferential admissions need to be willing to discuss the root issues with candor and courage. (Author/LBH)…

Love, Margaret C.; Summers, Clyde W. (1976). Work Sharing as an Alternative to Layoffs by Seniority: Title VII Remedies in Recession. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 124, 4, 893-941, Apr 76. Argues that the solution to the problem of the discriminatory impact of layoffs on the work forces to employers with a history of past discrimination lies not in an attack on seniority but in avoidance of layoff, not in formulas for the order of layoff but in devices for distributing available work. (JT)…

Duster, Troy (1976). The Structure of Privilege and Its Universe of Discourse. American Sociologist, 11, 2, 73-78, May 76. Notes that racism, like casteism, is structural. The manifestation and tools of racism are systematic discrimination in the interest of sustained racial privilege. (Author/AM)…

Jordan, Ruth (1976). Full Employment: A Womens' Issue. Civil Rights Digest, 8, 2-3, 26-29, W-Spr 76. Suggests that an atmosphere of full employment, of expansiveness, of opportunity, would be a favorable atmosphere for the achievement of many other issues that women consider essential such as day care and health care. (Author/AM)…

(1977). Research Notes. Summary of Laws and Court Decisions Relating to Affirmation Action. Urban League Review, 2, 2, 45-52, Sum 77. …

Nabours, Larry (1987). Firing 'At Will'. School Business Affairs, v53 n6 p57-59 Jun. Reviews employee hiring and filing policies in relation to recent court cases involving employee grievances (since 1979) and in relation to \firing at will.\ Discusses oral employment contracts and presents a checklist for unjust dismissal prevention. Includes an inset offering interviewing tips. (MD)…

Lyons, James Earl; Walton, Kathleen O'D. (1988). Magnetic Attractions: Desegregating a Minority School District. Educational Record, v68 n4 v69 n1 p32-34 Fall-Win 1987-88. Politicians and chambers of commerce in Prince George's County, Maryland, recognized the need to improve opportunities for and achievement by Black students. Magnet and compensatory programs were implemented, as well as the "Comer School Development Program," which places special emphasis on parental involvement. (MLW)…

Smith, A. Wade (1987). Racial Trends and Countertrends in American Organizational Behavior. Journal of Social Issues, v43 n1 p90-94. When American businesses hire, promote, and reward on the basis of race,they are not countering a trend, but behaving in accordance with the general norms of this society. To run counter to the trend they need only place Black managers in positions of power over the livelihood of other (White) employees. (PS)…

Gilman, Michael; Sparks, Andy (1986). More Light on Set-Asides. New Perspectives, v18 n2 p12-16 Sum. Minority business set-asides must be more carefully scrutinized than they have been. To improve minority employment, the government should encourage all firms willing to employ minorities. (LHW)…

Vogel-Polsky, Eliane (1985). Positive Action Programmes for Women. 1. A Theoretical Analysis. International Labour Review, v124 n3 p253-65 May-Jun. The author discusses the theoretical aspects of positive action programs for women. In looking at the results achieved by the various laws and institutional machinery introduced in Western Europe to enforce equal pay and equal treatment for men and women in employment, she concludes that no notable progress has been made over the past 10 years. (CT)…

(1984). A Defense of the Reagan Administration's Civil Rights Policies: An Interview with Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights, William Bradford Reynolds. New Perspectives, v16 n1 p34-38 Sum. The Assistant Attorney General asserts that it is wrong and naive to equate discrimination with economic disparity and to say that because there is an economic disparity between Whites and Blacks, it is due to discrimination against the latter group. (Author/GC)…

(2003). A Brief for the United States as Amicus Curiae Supporting Petitioner. In the Supreme Court of the United States, Jennifer Gratz and Patrick Hamacher, Petitioners, v. Lee Bollinger, et al. on Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. This legal document addresses whether the University of Michigan's use of racial preferences in undergraduate admissions violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. 2000d) or 42 U.S.C. 1981. This brief filed in support of the petitioners by the federal government argues that the use of race-based admissions criteria is not justified in light of the ample race-neutral alternatives, noting that: public universities have ample means to ensure that their services are open and available to all Americans; the University's 1995-98 admissions policies were not narrowly tailored because they operated as an express racial quota; and the University's current admissions policy is also unconstitutional (it ignores race-neutral alternatives; it represents a forbidden quota; it would permit race-based discrimination in perpetuity; it places an automatic, inflexible, and disproportionate emphasis on race; and it unfairly… [PDF]

Cox, Matt (2002). Preferences versus Preparation: UC Regents Return to Race-Based Admissions. Briefing. The University of California Regents have instituted a "Comprehensive Review" system for admission that purports to consider the whole student instead of merely grades and test scores. An examination of the Comprehensive Review reveals a back door attempt to reinstate racial preferences in college admission, a practice the Regents banned in 1996 and the voters nabbed in Proposition 209. Comprehensive Review will further degrade standards and achievement by sacrificing academic excellence to political correctness and a narrow concept of diversity. Under Comprehensive Review, students are judged on 14 criteria, and campuses are free to emphasize any of these criteria, to any degree. The University of California, Berkeley, has been testing a comprehensive review since 1998. Under this system, Comprehensive Review means that Black and Latino students can be admitted with academic credentials far lower than their White and Asian counterparts. The personal essay will be the… [PDF]

Tobin, Brian G. (1997). Academic Freedom. The strength of academic freedom has always depended upon historical circumstances. In the United States, higher education began with institutions founded and controlled by religious sects. The notion of who gets educated and to what ends expanded as American democracy expanded. By the 1980's, legitimate calls for equality became a general debunking of the culture of 'dead white males' and higher education became highly politicized as multiculturalism came to dominate. The ethics of multiculturalism and academic freedom, however, have often come into conflict, with professors and students being accused of racism in lectures or discussions about race. Closely related to multiculturalism, in terms of academic freedom, is the notion of political correctness, or the adoption of official terminology deemed inoffensive to \victim groups,\ which has had a tremendous effect on the classroom environment and led to censorship of speech. New laws to control computer communication and the… [PDF]