Ducci, Maria Angelica; And Others (1993). Theme: Women Reach for the Top. World of Work, n2 p4-13 Feb. Includes "Women in Authority: The Ideal and the Reality" (Ducci); "Unequal Race to the Top"; "What Training for Career Advancement?" (Fromont); "Motherhood, Family, Career" (Seguret); and "It's Up to Women to Make Things Change." (JOW)…

Valadez, James (1994). Critical Perspectives on Community College Education. New Directions for Community Colleges, n87 p81-86 Fall. Describes a study examining the interplay of individuals with institutional culture and practices in a small, rural institution in the southeastern United States. Reports conflicts between traditionalists and iconoclasts with respect to minority representation, which reflected the tension between established forces of education and newly emerging groups. (10 citations). (MAB)… [Direct]

Houston, Marsha (1994). Creating a Climate of Inclusion: Success Starts at Home. Journal of the Association for Communication Administration (JACA), n3 p146-51 Sep. Outlines three strategies for retaining students of color and 13 strategies for recruiting and retaining faculty of color. Notes that the suggestions are not intended to persuade anyone to engage in recruiting and retaining faculty and students of color but to facilitate these activities for those already committed to them. (SR)…

Treloar, Linda L. (1999). Editor's Choice: Lessons on Disability and the Rights of Students. Community College Review, v27 n1 p30-40 Sum. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 form the basis for this discussion of students with disabilities and the role played by community college faculty in promoting their success. Practices that ensure receptive classroom environments are defined with examples. Contains 21 references. (TGO)…

Rosman, Michael E. (2000). The Error of "Hopwood's" Error. Journal of Law and Education, v29 n3 p355-64 Jul. Notes various omissions in Daniel and Timken's (EJ 591 141) recitation of "Bakke" and "Hopwood." Examines their chief criticism of the "Hopwood" decision: that it overruled "Bakke," and the contention that the Fifth Circuit overruled because it did not have to address the question of whether educational diversity should be a compelling government interest. (Contains 57 footnotes.) (MLF)…

Canady, Charles T. (1998). America's Struggle for Racial Equality. Policy Review, n87 p42-47 Jan-Feb. Discusses the civil rights movements of the 1950s and 1960s and the need to recapture the commitment to ending discrimination. The legal principle on which the early civil rights movement was based and the law's degeneration into preferential treatment and race-based entitlement are discussed. It argues for embracing the colorblind legal order begun 100 years ago. (GR)…

Scheurich, James Joseph (1998). The Grave Dangers in the Discourse on Democracy. International Journal of Leadership in Education, v1 n1 p55-60 Jan-Mar. Democracy rightly holds a critical significance in any context in which relatively small elites have subjugated majorities. When a democracy has been established in a societal context that encompasses minority subgroups along with a dominant majority, minority groups are in danger. Democracy is not equity, nor any guarantee of equity. (MLH)…

Grogan, Margaret (1999). Equity/Equality Issues of Gender, Race, and Class. Educational Administration Quarterly, v35 n4 p518-36 Oct. Critiquing two "Handbook" chapters on gender and race, this article observes that equity concerns have given way to concerns with quality and excellence. Both chapters explore reasons behind lack of equity (for poor students of color and women in school administration) and criticize "liberal" solutions to social problems. (Contains 55 references.) (MLH)…

Allen, Felicity (1991). Academic Women in Australian Universities. Monograph No. 4. This monograph explores some of the explanations commonly proffered to justify the existing pattern of academic women's employment in Australian universities. The research, data, and explanations in this monograph address the university area of the higher education sector only. It examines the adequacy of some of the explanations given for women's concentration in the lower ranks of academic employment. The validity of various explanations is tested by examining them against available relevant data. This examination strongly suggests that academic women experience sex discrimination, particularly systemic or indirect discrimination, in employment in universities. Among the topics discussed concerning women's participation patterns in academic employment are the following: (1) selection and promotion procedures; (2) turnover in academic employment; (3) academic employment and domestic responsibilities; and (4) gender-based differences in academic merit, such as qualifications,…

Schmuck, Patricia A. (1993). Gender Equity: A 20 Year Perspective. This paper describes progress made between 1973 and 1993 toward creating gender equity in education, with a focus on the Oregon experience. Four topics are addressed: (1) law and policy; (2) language; (3) the culture of school; and (4) school administration. Law and policy are needed at least to change behaviors, though they may not be sufficient to change attitudes. Regarding language, the implications of the words \gender\ and \sex\ are discussed. Gender is not a biological distinction but is socially constructed. Regarding gender equity in the culture of schools, it is argued that schools can maximize or minimize the differences between males and females. Unless schools directly confront institutional racism and sexism, they are not dealing with the issues. Regarding gender equity in school administration, there are now more women in educational administration, primarily in elementary and secondary principalships. However, very few superintendents are women. Women's move into… [PDF]

Atwood, John W.; And Others (1971). Survey of Black Law Student Enrollment. Student Lawyer Journal, 18-38, Jun 71. A survey of 1971 black law student enrollment and a discussion of the need for more financial aid to minority law students are included. This journal is available from the American Bar Center, Law Student Division, 1155 E. 60th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637. (Author/DE)…

Fuerst, J. S. (1976). Quotas as an Instrument of Public Policy. Society, 13, 2, 11,18-21, Jan-Feb 76. Suggests that key question is not whether quotas are right or wrong but at what level particular quotas should be set, what the rate of change to achieve a particular goal should be, when to increase or eliminate them, and the establishment of procedures and personnel used for executing them. (Author/AM)…

Takaki, Ronald T., Ed. (1987). From Different Shores: Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity in America. This collection of essays deals with the multiple origins of Americans from a variety of points of view. It is designed to involve students in the discussion and debate over the nature and meaning of America's social diversity. Following an introduction by the editor, the essays are presented in five categories, each of which is preceded by an introduction: \Patterns,\ which deals with the historical configurations of race and ethnicity; \Culture,\ which is concerned with the realm of ideology and perceptions; \ Class,\ which considers the economic and material basis of social divisions; \Gender,\ which examines the experiences of women and how they have intersected with race and class; and \Prospects,\ which discusses public policies and strategies for social change. The book concludes with a bibliography. (DM)…

Theodore, Athena (1986). The Campus Troublemakers: Academic Women in Protest. The struggle for sex equity by U.S. academic women in higher education during the early years of the women's movement, based on the experiences of 470 academic women, is addressed in a book suitable for sociology courses. All aspects of the academic employment process are covered, including acquiring degrees, job seeking, promotion, salary, tenure, and part-time employment. Attention is directed to: some aspects of the sexist environment that help raise the consciousness of academic women and lead to their decision to fight discrimination; the major employment disparities between academic women and similarly situated men that lead to sex discrimination charges; working through the system and going outside it; ways in which administrators and colleagues demonstrate their resistance; the kind and degree of support academic women receive when they challenge their employers and the effect of lack of support; the outcome of protest on both women and the institution and reasons the first…

(1985). Summary of Regional Conferences: Increasing Minority Access to the Licensed Professions through Two-Year College Programs. In 1984-85, a cooperative project was undertaken in New York to address the issue of minority access to those professions that can be entered through two-year college programs (e.g., animal health technology, certified shorthand reporting, dental hygienist, land surveying, and physical therapist assistant). Project activities were guided by a central steering committee and five regional steering committees. Anticipated outcomes of the project were: increased awareness of Regents of the State of New York's goals and activities relating to the problem of minority access to the professions; increased commitment at local levels to undertake activities to increase access to two-year college programs; identification of activities that are feasible for local educators and professionals to undertake; and identification of useful and feasible state-level actions to address the problem. The major activity undertaken to achieve project outcomes was a series of five regional conferences, which…

(1985). Oversight Hearing on the EEOC's Enforcement Policies. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Employment Opportunities of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, Ninety-Eighth Congress, Second Session (Washington, DC, December 14, 1984). According to its chairman, the Subcommittee on Employment Opportunities called the hearing in order "to gain some fuller understanding of the nature, scope, and purpose of the significant modifications of … policies, regulations, and guidelines" proposed by the Equal Opportunity Commission (EEOC), particularly as they affect enforcement. The booklet contains prepared and supplemental statements and materials from Barry Goldstein (assistant counsel, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund), William Robinson (director, Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights under Law), and Clarence Thomas (chairman, EEOC). Also included are letters to the Subcommittee chairman from Representative Cardiss Collins and from Helen C. Gonzales (associate counsel, Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund). (CMG)… [PDF]

Crandall, Katherine Wendt; Reed, Donald B. (1986). Career Patterns of Female Administrators in Public Schools. Women's representation in educational administration positions is inconsistent with the extent of their employment in education (and in management positions elsewhere.) Recent research by F. I. Ortiz reveals two distinct types of career patterns for female educational administrators: the specialist, supervisor, and elementary principalship path and the secondary principalship and superintendency path. The specific position held determines the career pattern the woman administrator will follow; similarly, pre-administrative career activities (teaching, coaching, counseling) influence movement into administrative careers. In this study, a self-response questionnaire was administered to a stratified sample of women administrators in Washington public schools. Career patterns were analyzed for all respondents and for each position category identified. Possible career contingencies were also reviewed and included educational background, district attitudes toward women's employment,…

(1984). Faculty/Staff Recruitment Report: Calendar Year 1983. This report presents the Austin Independent School District's (AISD) Affirmative Faculty/Staff Recruitment Plan 1983 evaluation findings. The plan has two long range goals: (1) to have male and female representation at all employment levels whenever possible; and (2) to attain ethnic percentages for all levels of the professional personnel population that approximately correspond to the ethnic percentages of the district's pupil enrollment. The report addresses: (1) ethnic distribution of AISD students and Texas students; (2) ethnic distribution of AISD employees and Texas employees; (3) ethnic distribution of the available labor market; (4) AISD recruitment and hiring efforts; and (5) current staffing patterns. Student overall ethnic percentages have changed little from 1982. Percentages of minority professionals and administrators have increased. AISD is getting closer to matching Black ethnic percentages, but is not close to matching Hispanic percentages. The percentages of Black… [PDF]

Dabreu, O. Lisa (1987). The Public Schools Contracts Law. Focus on School Law Series. New Jersey's Public Schools Contracts Law, enacted on June 2, 1977, places limits on the authority of local and regional boards of education to make purchases and to enter into contracts, agreements, or leases for supplies or services. This publication is designed to provide information and guidance that will assist boards of education in meeting legal requirements for contracts and in keeping abreast of pertinent developments in the law. The first five sections cover legal requirements governing the initial stages in negotiating a contract: advertising for bids, soliciting quotations, drawing up specifications and plans, bidding requirements, and the contract itself. The last five sections cover the following special cases: (1) school building repairs: supervision, inspection, condemnation, rejection; (2) sale of personal property; (3) set-aside programs for women and minority businesses; (4) joint purchasing agreements; and (5) miscellaneous provisions. Appended is a flowchart…

Arden, Eugene (1987). The Provost's Number One Priority. AAHE Bulletin, p8-10 Oct. By means of a humorous description of a series of meetings between a college provost and several faculty and staff members, this article illustrates the difficulties of determining what a university's highest priority should be, in the light of different and conflicting opinions and interests among the faculty. (KM)…

Jones, Steven W. (1985). How to Sell Your Institution on EEO/Retention. Presidents and top-level administrators often need to hear more than the obvious reasons to maintain a commitment to retention programs, equal access, and equal opportunity. The most potent arguments center on appeals based on the costs of not having a well-managed program of equal educational opportunity, (e.g., litigation costs, tarnished image, recruitment impacts, and enrollment/revenue losses) and not implementing a student retention program (e.g., mission failure, negative public relations, and lost revenues). An awareness of the following strategies can promote the effective negotiation of changes on campus: (1) gaining administrative support by appealing to the \college purpose,\ illustrating the impact of student attrition, focusing on costs and student opinion, and highlighting marketing benefits; (2) establishing cooperation between academic and student affairs areas; (3) building faculty support by personalizing the approach, building \ownership\ into the programs, and… [PDF]

Reynolds, Wm. Bradford (1985). Statement of the Assistant Attorney General, Civil Rights Division before The Federalist Society Symposium on Equality and the Law. Comparable worth is a concept not merely alien but also inferior to the traditions of the American people. The thesis that jobs of "comparable worth" demand pay equivalency–at least as between male-dominated and female-dominated occupations–is unworthy of serious attention in both legal and economic terms. The consequences of accepting in the United States a system of compensation based on comparable worth would all be bad. The main criticisms of comparable worth are: (1) it is concerned neither with employment discrimination nor compensation discrimination but with the redistribution of wealth along gender lines; (2) it is difficult to determine how one would ascertain whether a certain job was comparable in value to another; (3) in an open economy individual compensation is determined not by the intrinsic societal value of the job but by the marketplace factors of supply and demand; (4) the wage gap between genders can be explained by factors other than gender-based… [PDF]

Smith, Stephen; And Others (1977). Impact of Variations in Subcounty Allocation Procedures on Title I ESEA Allocations to School Districts: Volume II of the Title I, ESEA, Subcounty Allocation Study. In this study, research focused upon four major areas: (1) the impact of variations in State allocation formulas; (2) the influence of district level hold harmless positions on the distribution of Title I funds to districts; (3) the impact of variations in the source or tabulation of poverty data used by States; and (4) the impact of the two tier system of allocating funds to counties on the basis of the statutory formula and then allocating county funds to districts on the basis of a possibly different formula. Data, which were collected at State, county and district levels are contained in numerous charts and tables. Districts and types of districts which would gain or lose funds under alternative allocation formulas and procedures are identified through statistical analysis. The impact of each research area is both summarized and discussed in detail. (WI)…

Lewis, Charles H. (1980). The Future of Blacks in the Recreation Profession. Qualified recreation professionals are abundant, particularly for administrative positions. However, many trained professionals have White, middle-class backgrounds which sometimes limit their understanding of the needs of low-income and minority neighborhoods. Blacks, women, and minorities can improve this situation if they can overcome economic and educational problems. They should look for employment in the commercial, industrial, private, voluntary, and religious sectors of recreation. Minority recreators must assume a greater responsibility for the quality of leisure services they provide. Good recreational planning will reduce the occurrence of crime as a leisure activity. Minority recreators must be prepared to meet future social and community needs. (CJ)…

Hartman, Elizabeth A.; And Others (1978). Vocational Education Sex Equity Coordinators' Survey Results. In 1978, the Joint Task Force on Sex Equity established by the National Advisory Council on Vocational Education and the National Advisory Council on Women's Educational Programs surveyed all State Directors of Vocational Education to determine whether the Sex Equity Coordinators were being appointed and were functioning as specified by the law. The Joint Task Force proposed to use the survey information to assist the states in complying with the new sex equity requirements. Of the 51 questionnaires sent to the states and the District of Columbia, 50 were returned. The survey requested information about the Sex Equity Coordinators' functions, backgrounds, positions in administrative structures of the state departments of education, and operating budgets. The findings indicated that most states had adequately complied with the law in establishing and funding the position of Sex Equity Coordinator. The Coordinators' access to high level administrators varied, but 66% had high or…

Clarenbach, Kathryn F.; Thompson, Marian L. (1974). Handbook for Commissions on the Status of Women. The Interstate Association of Commissions on the Status of Women has prepared this revised "Handbook for Commissions on the Status of Women" as a service to the growing number of Commissions across the country. Because both government and citizen groups are increasingly aware of the problems women face and are addressing them with new seriousness, the information contained in this handbook will have use and value to many other groups and individuals who join Commissions on the Status of Women in creating a more equitable, just society. This handbook is divided into the following parts: (1) Organization and Operation of a Commission; (2) Interstate Association of Commissions on the Status of Women; (3) Communication with the Public and Each Other; (4) Influencing the Legislative Process; (5) Public Hearings; (6) Surveys; (7) Reports; (8) Project Proposals; and (9) Conferences. (Author/JLL)…

(1975). Commissions on the Status of Women: A Progress Report. This progress report on the status of women presents: (1) the general background including structure (state, local, regional, and national), membership composition, and funding methods of such commissions; (2) general and special (Equal Rights Amendment, International Women's Year) program activities; and (3) lists of currently active state and local commissions (state, municipal and county.) (JLL)… [PDF]

Torge, Herman (1978). A Fast-Track Late-Entry Program for Women in Engineering. The scarcity of women in engineering prompted the design of this program which moves eligible women into engineering with 12 months of intensive course work. Qualifications for entry included a college degree with emphasis in math or science, underemployed or employed in non-degree related work. Evaluation activities included program monitoring, score comparisons with regular students, staff interviews, and women self-concept measurements. Problems encountered were low self-concept, extreme competition, family and financial concerns, and student-staff conflicts. A longitudinal study is planned. (Author)…

Muhich, Dolores (1974). Sex Discrimination Patterns in Educational Administration. This review focuses on women in educational administration as compared with men. Recognizing sex discrimination as an historical fact, the author begins by discussing some of the current psychological effects of cultural conditioning, examines the counselor role with high school seniors who express an interest in executive and organizational activities, and then turns to those problems encountered in admissions to college and in obtaining financial aid while pursuing the degree. Finally, she deals with the employment conditions existing after the earning of one or more advanced degrees and relating to recruitment, promotions, salary increases, tenure, and trends for the future. (Author/MLF)… [PDF]

(1976). Race and Sex Analysis of Students. This report provides an in-depth look at student enrollments as compiled for the College Plan of Compliance to Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Data from the Mississippi Gulf Coast Junior College Student Enrollment History, 1973-1975, were utilized in analyzing race and sex of enrolled students during this period. Analysis revealed that while overall enrollment increased by 40.2%, minority enrollment increased by 53%. Greatest minority enrollment growth in numbers and percentages was in full-time freshmen students while the smallest growth occurred in the percentage of minority students enrolled in part-time academic, technical, and vocational programs. Percentages of females increased in almost all discrete categories utilized, from 38.1% to 42.6%. College-wide total full-time female enrollment increased from 42.1% to 43%; full-time freshmen decreased from 45.3% to 43.4%, and part-time increased from 30.8% to 41.9%. Information regarding the percentage of freshmen…