Bunzel, John H. (1996). Race and College Admissions. Public Interest, n122 p49-58 Win. Explores issues related to race and college admissions, focusing on the problem of how much weight university admissions officials should give to diversity. What constitutes special considerations, what might be outright preference, and how the goal of ethnic diversity can be balanced against other factors are discussed. (SLD)…

Tyle, Peter Van (1996). The Other Shoe Drops: Courts Make College Admission a "Risky Business.". Community College Journal, v66 n6 p28-31 Jun-Jul. Discusses the effects of the federal appellate court decision in "Hopwood v. University of Texas School of Law," which found race-based admissions criteria in violation of the Constitution. Reviews issues related to permissible admissions criteria, punitive damages, class actions, and administrator personal liability. (MAB)…

Douvanis, Gus (1998). Is There a Future for Race-Based Scholarships?. College Board Review, n186 p18-23,29 Fall. Argues that in light of recent legal actions, colleges and universities would be wise to review their use of racial preferences in awarding financial aid. Federal and state legislation, court litigation, and federal regulations are reviewed, and arguments for and against minority scholarships are outlined. Ways in which institutions can justify race-based scholarships are also noted. (MSE)…

Gold, Melanie (2002). Recruiting for Results at HSIs and Tribal Schools. Journal of Career Planning & Employment, v62 n3 p17-20 Spr. To engage Hispanic and Native American students, employers may need to refine their recruitment strategies. Career services practitioners at Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs) and tribal colleges advise employers of practices that lead to–or veer from–successful recruiting outcomes. (BF)…

Hurwitz, Nina; Hurwitz, Sol (2002). Getting into College. American School Board Journal, v189 n5 p18-25 May. Describes some hurdles disadvantaged minority students face when seeking admission to college, such as high cost and early admission programs. Suggests several ways schools can help these students, for example, providing a demanding curriculum, improving guidance, and stressing early awareness. (PKP)…

Cross, Theodore (2001). How the Proper Goals of Black Colleges Undercut the Wisdom of a Ban on Considerations of Race in Higher Education. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, n33 p89-91 Aut. Examines current support for the further racial integration of U.S. black colleges, focusing on whether black colleges may be permitted to adopt race-sensitive recruiting and admissions policies specifically calculated to identify, attract, and enroll white students. Highlights the danger of framing a general prohibition that will deny black colleges the flexibility to expose its students to diverse classmates. (SM)…

King, Kimberly Lenease (2001). Is Comprehensive Racial Inclusion an Elusive Goal for Educational Institutions in the United States?. Equity & Excellence in Education, v34 n2 p43-53 Sep. Discusses a comprehensive approach to racial inclusion in education, highlighting the inclusion process undertaken at one South African university during the post-apartheid era and examining this experience for possible lessons to be learned by U.S. postsecondary institutions. Suggested strategies for racial inclusion must consider developing alternative mechanisms for improving access by under-represented populations, adopting retention strategies, and restructuring the curriculum. (SM)…

Lumby, Jacky (2005). Leadership, Development and Diversity: In the Learning and Skills Sector in England. Management in Education, v19 n3 p33-38. The White Paper Success for All set out a vision to transform post compulsory education in the United Kingdom. A key theme was "Developing the leaders, teachers, trainers and support staff of the future," reflecting a belief that leadership is one of the key elements in achieving the national vision. Alongside this positive affirmation of the worth of leadership, Oftsed/ALI inspections have echoed criticisms which have been made since the incorporation of colleges in 1993, that there are weaknesses in the leadership and management of the sector (then Secretary of State for Education). Certainly leadership within the Learning and Skills Sector (LSS) has never been more demanding. It must work in partnership with a wide range of other players, in more diverse contexts with a wider range of learners than has previously been the case, with varied demands relating to both business acumen and aspirations for social justice. There is however relatively little evidence to inform… [Direct]

Dickens, William T.; Kane, Thomas J. (1996). Racial and Ethnic Preference in College Admissions. Brookings Policy Briefs. This paper examines the use of racial and ethnic preferences in college admissions, focusing on the extent of their use and their impact on the careers of the intended beneficiaries in light of the California Civil Rights Initiative, which is designed to end such preferences. A study by Kane (1995) found that at the most selective four-year colleges students with the average academic characteristics of those applying had a 60 percent chance of being admitted if they were white, an 87 percent chance of being admitted if they were black, and a 75 percent chance if they were Hispanic. At non-elite schools, however, students with the same characteristics had approximately the same chances of being admitted. Contrary to the assurances of many of its opponents, racial preference does not appear to do more harm than good for minority youth. Rather, selective institutions seem to enhance the earnings prospects and raise the college completion rates of both minority and nonminority youth who… [PDF]

Feldman, Marvin (1992). Convocation: Opening Day Remarks, Fashion Institute of Technology. These opening day remarks by the Fashion Institute of Technology's (FIT's) retiring president focus on the Institute's educational history, mission, and future. First, the paper discusses FIT's finances which are undergoing a period of retrenchment due to a $700,000 cut in state aid, and an anticipated $500,000 reduction in city funds. The next section provides an update on institution-wide efforts to increase diversity, highlighting the Minority Recruitment and Retention Committee's newly established Committee on Diversity (which has developed an action plan to address student recruitment and retention, faculty/staff relations and administrative policy), and the Bias Mediation Committee (designed to help resolve matters of bias based on sex, race, religion, age, or disability). The final section, which focuses on the future direction of FIT, emphasizes the following activities/goals: (1) rekindling a common vision of FIT's history and mission by facilitating communication between…

Bok, Derek; Bowen, William G. (1998). The Shape of the River. Long-Term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions. This book examines issues of race in college admission through analysis of data from the College and Beyond database, a study of the college careers and subsequent lives of over 45,000 students of all races who had attended academically selective universities between the 1970s and early 1990s. The book examines how much race-sensitive admissions increase the likelihood that blacks will be admitted to selective universities and demonstrates what effect the termination of these policies would have on the number of minority students attending selective institutions. The book also examines how well black students have performed academically, their career success, and their later civic and community participation. The book finds that the overall record of accomplishment by black students has been impressive and finds that arguments against considering race in admissions generally lack substance. It urges clearer articulation of the meaning of "merit" in the admissions process…

Mabbutt, Richard (1991). Reducing Bias: Research Notes on Racism in America. This paper highlights recent developments in research on racism in the United States, and notes several conceptual issues of significance for the long-range planning work of those interested in reducing racism in America and particularly in Idaho. Growth in the number of minority researchers has resulted in increased attention toward racism as it affects other minority groups, and has led to the development of new theories or reinterpretations and to the greater sophistication of both theoretical development and empirical investigations. In addition, there is greater diversity to the definition of the word "racism". Some "constellations" of findings of recent empirical research on prejudice and discrimination include results on how prejudice is learned, class prejudice, racism and self-esteem, the impact of contact among diverse groups, additive multiculturalism, the nature of social experiences, and the role of schools. In addressing each of these subjects, the… [PDF]

(1990). Health Careers Opportunity Program (HCOP). Section 787 (Public Health Service Act). Program Guide. This document summarizes the requirements and guidelines for the Health Careers Opportunity Program (HCOP). This program is authorized by Section 787 of the Public Health Service Act to make grants to and contracts with postsecondary institutions to carry out programs which assist individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds to enter and graduate from health and allied health profession schools. Eligible institutions include schools of allopathic medicine, osteopathic medicine, public health, dentistry, veterinary medicine, optometry, pharmacy, allied health, chiropractic and podiatric medicine, and public and nonprofit private schools that offer graduate programs in clinical psychology. Of the funds appropriated, 20% must be obligated for stipends to disadvantaged individuals of exceptional financial need, 10% for community-based programs, and 70% for grants or contracts to institutions of higher education. This document describes eligible applicants, eligible professions, eligible… [PDF]

(1989). Canadian Human Rights Act. Office Consolidation = Loi canadienne sur les droits de la personne. Codification administrative. The Canadian Human Rights Act extends the laws in Canada that proscribe discrimination by establishing that each individual has the right to make the life for him- or herself that he or she is able and wishes to have, consistent with the duties and obligations of a member of society, without being hindered or prevented from doing so by discriminatory practices based on race, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, age, sex, marital status, family status, disability, or conviction for an offense for which a pardon has been granted. Discrimination on the basis or pregnancy or childbirth is considered to be on the basis of sex. Among discriminatory practices defined in this report are: (1) denial of goods, services, facilities, or accommodations; (2) denial of commercial or residential accommodation; (3) employment practices and/or employee organizations that discriminate; (4) wage differences based on one of the defined conditions; (5) expressions of discriminatory notices and…

Blank, Kermit J.; George, Thomas W. (1988). An Investigation of SCDEs' Efforts To Recruit an Ethnic and Cultural Mix of Preservice Teacher Education Students. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the degree to which schools, colleges and departments of education (SCDEs) are using investigator-identified strategies to recruit minority teacher education students and to measure the effects of those strategies. A 29-item questionnaire was developed, in cooperation with the American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education (AACTE), and sent to a proportional stratified random sample of 72 AACTE member institutions. Returns were received from 58, or 80.6 percent, of those surveyed. Chi-Square analyses were conducted between SCDEs which indicated increased and decreased overall and minority enrollments to determine differences in SCDEs' use of specific recruiting strategies. Though no statistically significant differences were noted, there was a tendency for SCDEs which had experienced increased minority enrollments to also have employed a full-time recruiter. There was also some evidence to suggest that SCDEs which award teacher… [PDF]

(1983). Minorities in Management: An Action Plan. The Report of the AACSB Program to Increase Minorities in Business Task Force. Resulting from several years of study by the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) Committee on Equal Opportunity for Minorities and the Program to Increase Minorities In Business (PIMIB) Task Force, this report presents a series of recommendations for expanding the number of talented minority students entering collegiate schools of business and, subsequently, management. The first section of the report examines the need for the project, looking at participation rates of minority students in business schools and tracing the development of the PIMIB concept. The following factors are cited as contributing to low minority enrollments: a stagnation in the number of well-qualified minority high school graduates, a prevailing negative image of business, a high minority dropout rate, and inadequate counseling at the high school level. The next section presents recommendations for increasing minorities in business in four broad areas; i.e., action should be taken to:…

(1984). Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka: An Assessment Thirty Years Later. A Series of Lectures and Discussions, Proceedings (Institute, West Virginia, February 10-11 and April 11-13, 1984). Papers presented at a 1984 lecture series and symposium on the impact of the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Supreme Court decision case are collected in this report. The papers (and their authors) are: (1) "Legal Aspects of the Brown Decision" (Robert L. Carter); (2) "Desegregation/Integration and the Media: Fallout from the Brown Decision" (Dexter D. Eure, Sr.); (3) "Civil Rights Law and the Brown Decision" (Jack Greenberg); (4) "Desegregation/Integration and the Media: Fallout from the Brown Decision in West Virginia" (W.E. Chilton, III); (5) "The Roots of Separate and Unequal: The Virginia and West Virginia Heritage–17th to 20th Century" (A. Leon Higginbotham); (6) "Educational Trends and U.S. Commitments Since the Brown Decision" (Kenneth Clark); (7) "The Impact of the Brown Decision on Higher Education" (G. Gordon Gee); (8) "Wisdom and Courage Can Often Prevent Horrible Consequences"…

Salipante, Paul F., Jr. (1981). Employment Discrimination and Organizational Efficiency. Managers' claims that reducing employment discrimination will lead to higher costs and decreased personnel efficiency in organizations are not supported by theory or empirical evidence. Economic theories, in fact, indicate that discrimination does not have a rational economic basis and that reducing discrimination should lead to increased, rather than decreased, efficiency in the long run. Analysis of discriminatory practices in hiring, selection, placement, and promotion within organizations demonstrates that, while truly equitable employment practices may result in greater costs and reduced efficiency in the short run, most the negative efficiency and cost impacts tend to be temporary. Futhermore, many existing discriminatory practices are not attributable to efficiency considerations. Proponents of employment equity should understand the economic concepts in the efficiency versus discrimination issues in order to distinguish between accurate and fallacious arguments and turn…

(1984). Civil Rights Act of 1984. Joint Hearings before the Committee on Education and Labor and the Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Ninety-Eighth Congress, Second Session on H.R. 5490. To Clarify the Application of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The hearings recorded here were convened in order to examine legislation proposed in response to the Supreme Court's decision in Grove City College v. Bell, which was considered to narrow significantly the scope of coverage of Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments, Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Section 504 of the 1973 Rehabilitation Act, and the 1975 Age Discrimination Act. Committee members expressed concern that the Supreme Court's interpretation of the language set forth in these statutes might prevent continuation of "two decades of enforcement by four presidents of both parties." The proposed legislation was offered to reaffirm that enforcement record. Testimony for and against the bill was given by government officials, legislators, educators, and representatives of various civic organizations. (RDN)… [PDF]

Gottfredson, Linda S. (1977). Providing Black Youth More Access to Enterprising Work. This study examined the possibility that the large racial differences in income are partly the result of blacks and whites holding jobs in different Holland Fields of work, some of which might pay much better than others. Data from the 1970 U.S. census were used to determine the mean income of 27,067 white men aged 26-65 grouped by educational level and by Holland type of work and to determine the proportion of white and black men aged 36-65 falling within each of these educational and type-of-work groups. Enterprising work was found to provide higher incomes with less education than do other types of work. Although a large proportion of white men at all educational levels hold enterprising jobs, relatively few blacks were found in this type of work. Counselors and educators have traditionally tried to reduce the income gap between blacks and whites by increasing college attendance among blacks. These findings suggest that counselors also can help black youth find better-paying jobs… [PDF]

(1977). The Relevance of Race in Admissions; A Summary of the Position of the Carnegie Council on Policy Studies in Higher Education as Reported in "Selective Admissions in Higher Education: Public Policy and Academic Policy.". The Carnegie Council's position on public and academic policy issues involved in the Bakke case is summarized in this publication. The Council holds that the racial experience of an academically admissible student is among the criteria relevant to admissions decisions. In speaking of race, the experience of persons raised in non English speaking homes, as well as that of members of racial minority groups, is included. Features of public and academic policy in higher education are discussed as they relate to racial criteria in admissions. Specific recommendations are offered for policy affecting admissions to selective schools at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. A two stage model of the admissions process is suggested. In this model, minimal standards would be set to determine "admissibility", the first stage. These standards would be applied uniformly to all applicants. Considerations of race, sex and ethnicity would have no place in admissibility decisions, but…

Elam, Ada M. (1977). White Students in Black Institutions. The author discusses the steady increase in white student enrollment at historically black colleges. These students are generally categorized as: (1) being older; (2) having completed military service; (3) having little interest in student activities; (4) being married; (5) being transfer students; and (6) attending as part-time commuter students. Among the attracting forces are: (1) proximity; (2) convenience; (3) adaptability; (4) program availability; and (5) easy entrance requirements. Apprehensions of the white students, their interpretations of their experiences at black colleges, and the reactions of black students to their fellow white students are presented and analyzed. Particularly interesting are the positive and adverse impact that reverse integration has on black students as well as the possibilities that such an environment can have on the racial attitudes of black and white students. (Author/VG)… [PDF]

Reynolds, William Bradford (1982). The Department of Justice Looks at EEO Enforcement. In this statement the Assistant Attorney General (Civil Rights Division) discusses the Reagan administration's plans for ensuring the enforcement of equal employment opportunities. Civil rights legislation and court litigation involving racial quotas and preferential treatment are discussed. While the author stresses the Justice Department's commitment to seeking affirmative remedies such as back pay, retroactive seniority, reinstatement, and hiring and promotional priorities, the use of quotas is said to be unjustified. Rather, the requirement of comprehensive employment recruitment techniques is said to be one way to ensure that employers follow nondiscriminatory, sex and race neutral employment practices. (Author/JCD)… [PDF]

Yoder, Janice D.; And Others (1980). The Price of a Token. As women enter nontraditional occupations and training programs, tokenism may develop and its side-effects of visibility, contrast, and assimilation may appear. Each of these effects was encountered by the first class of women cadets at the United States Military Academy, West Point, in 1976, who received great visibility from the news media. This visibility led to fears and resentment in dominant male cadets and placed performance pressures on the token women. Cadets' concerns about dating best reflected the effects of contrast; the social interaction of men and women created uncertainties for the men and isolation for the women. The stereotype of women's physical subordination encouraged men to simultaneously protect women, yet fear preferential treatment and a lowering of Academy standards. The protection of female cadets most clearly demonstrated the assimilation of individual cadets into the stereotypical helpless role of women. An investigation of the men and women who entered… [PDF]

McKay, Robert B. (1977). Review of Issues Raised in Briefs Filed with the Supreme Court of the United States in Regents of the University of California (Davis) v. Bakke. Based on a review of the briefs filed with the U. S. Supreme Court in the Bakke case, the principal arguments addressed to the Court, possible dispositions of the case, and implications for the educational community are addressed. Bakke's claim is that he had been denied the equal protection of the laws in that applicants of lesser obective qualifications had been admitted in the University of California (Davis) Medical School because of their race. The decision of the California Supreme Court and the admissions process at Davis are outlined. Among the points significant to the future of minority participation in higher education on which there is substantial agreement are the following: it is justifiable to take special steps in an effort to enlarge the proportion of minority students attending medical schools and other segments of higher education; the medical school at Davis has never practiced discrimination; in the absence of special admissions programs, the number and… [PDF]

Chisolm, Grace B. (1979). A 3-D Interpretation of Changes Induced by the Creation of Training Materials. This paper is the result of a symposium called to discuss a two-year, multiuniversity development project which attempted to assist in advancing the role of women in education. The purpose of the project, commissioned by the University Council for Educational Administration (UCEA), was to design, develop, validate, and disseminate instructional materials for use in meeting the training needs of five groups, including women preparing for educational leadership, present professors of educational administration, and other decision-makers. A three-dimensional model of change was used that consisted of the three process stages of design, development, and dissemination. Within each of these stages, changes were recorded in individuals, small groups, and the environment as a result of the increasing social interactions, the acquisition of new skills and knowledge, and the critical feedback that project personnel provided to each other. According to the report, a noticeable difference was…

Panko, Jessie Symington (1979). Sexism in Education? A Study of Future Teachers' Attitudes Toward Women. The main question investigated by this study was whether future teachers' attitudes toward women were significantly different from the attitudes of other college students. The subjects of this research were college students divided into two groups–education majors and majors in other subjects. A Likert-type scale questionnaire was administered consisting of statements about women's rights and roles in vocational, educational, and intellectual activities; dating behavior and etiquette; sexual behavior; and marital relationships. Little significant difference was found between the attitudes of future teachers toward women and those of other students. The suggestion is offered that future teachers should receive preservice and inservice training to change their attitudes from acceptance of many sex stereotypes so they may educate children in a way that is bias free. A sample of the questionnaire is appended as well as selections from the Illinois law providing sex equality in…

Cowan, Gloria; Kasen, Jill (1979). The Letter of Recommendation: A Key to Women's Career Equity. A critical piece of information in the selection process for academic positions is the letter of recommendation. A study was conducted to determine if differences exist in the letters written for female versus male candidates for academic positions. Using letters which were retyped to avoid personal, institutional, and sex-specific identification, the letters were coded on a number of coding categories, including length of letter, reference to personal and professional attributes, use of "masculine" versus "feminine" words, and proportion of words devoted to research and teaching. Sex differences in file variables which might account for differences in letters of recommendation, such as number of publications, grades, research and teaching assistantships, and teaching experience, were assessed. Sex of recommender, quality of institution, academic area, and year of recruitment (1975-76 and 1977-78) were used as major control variables. Results favored males in two…

(1979). An Equal Educational Opportunity Guide to Recruiting Minorities and Women as Teachers, Counselors and Administrators. In this booklet, information to assist superintendents, personnel directors, and their official recruiters in locating, recruiting, assigning and promoting qualified women and men of diverse racial and cultural backgrounds is provided. Employee concerns are outlined. Specific suggestions are given for ways of recruiting women and minorities. Listings include all licensed four year State colleges and universities in New Jersey, out of State extension programs, sources of minority, women, and black candidates, and a list of directories and professional rosters pertaining to women and minority groups. (WI)…

(1976). The Continuing Effort for Women's Rights. UNESCO Features, No. 697. Interviews with five women prominent in their countries are presented in this newsletter. The topic is the progress of women in achieving equal rights and opportunities. The five women talked about how they see women's situation and future in their respective countries. Interviewed were an Indian economist, an English educationalist, a Senegalese nutritionist, a French lawyer, and a Ghanaian professor of linguistics. (JD)…