Scott, Robert A. (1978). The Hidden Costs of Government Regulations. More Than Greenbacks and Red Tape. Change, 10, 4, 16-23, Apr 78. Third in a series on the government's partnership with education, this article examines compliance costs in higher education, which seem to have had greater impact than the costs in industrial corporations. Focus is on the American Council of Education and Harvard cost studies, as well as the importance of indirect cost calculations, institutional characteristics, and autonomy. (LBH)…

Simon, Robert L. (1978). Preferential Treatment: For Groups or for Individuals?. Phi Kappa Phi Journal, 58, 1, 7-9, Win 78. Preferential treatment for minority groups cannot be viewed as compensatory justice for past discrimination against those groups. If policies are based exclusively on group factors, they can be charged with unfairness to individuals. Race can be relevant to preferential treatment, but eligibility should not be restricted only to members of minority racial groups. (Author/LBH)…

Wasserstrom, Richard (1978). A Defense of Programs of Preferential Treatment. Phi Kappa Phi Journal, 58, 1, 15-8, Win 78. The case for programs of preferential treatment can plausibly rest both on the view that such programs are not unfair to white males and on the view that it is unfair to continue the present set of unjust–often racist and sexist–institutions that comprise the social reality. Such programs may be effective means by which to achieve equality and integration. (Author/LBH)…

Biles, George Emergy; Mass, Michael A. (1977). Bakke: Death Knell of "Equal Opportunity"?. Employee Relations Law Journal, 3, 2, 178-88, A 77. Particular facts of Bakke v. Board of Regents and the California Supreme Court decision are described along with other recent cases that, dealing with the concept of reverse discrimination, will provide the legal environment for the Supreme Court's decision. Some alternative possible decisions the U.S. Supreme Court may make are considered. (LBH)…

Rich, Les (1978). Hardhatted Women in Construction. Worklife, 3, 2, 14-20, Feb 78. Describes the hardships, harassments, psychological adjustments, and successes experienced by several women who have entered the traditionally male-dominated, skilled blue-collar workforce. Also included is a list of organizations and individuals who offer services to women seeking training and jobs in the construction industry. (BM)…

(1978). Bakke: Pro & Con. The National Education Association Amicus Curiae Brief. Phi Delta Kappan, 59, 7, 447-50, Mar 78. This brief urges the Supreme Court to reverse the judgment of the California Supreme Court. (IRT)…

(1978). Bakke: Pro & Con. The American Federation of Teachers Amicus Curiae Brief. Phi Delta Kappan, 59, 7, 451-5, Mar 78. This brief urges the Supreme Court to affirm the California Supreme Court decision. (IRT)…

Perry-Miller, Mitzi (1977). Why, What and Where To? Title IX, Educational Amendment of 1972. Community College Frontiers, 5, 3, 23-26, Spr 77. Discusses the ramifications of Title IX and asserts that access to variety without the limitations of tradition for women, both as students and employees, is the guts of Title IX as it is the heart of the community college movement. (JG)…

Van Alstyne, Carol; And Others (1977). Affirmative Inaction: The Bottom Line Tells the Tale. Change, 9, 8, 39-41,60, Aug 77. Focusing on glaring inequities, a national study of top-level college administrators destroys the comfortable illusion that these jobs and salaries are now fairly apportioned by race and sex. (Editor/LBH)…

Zachariah, Mathew (1986). India. Education and Urban Society, v18 n4 p487-99 Aug. Reviews the historical background of the 1985 protests in the Indian State Gujerat. Discusses the major issues in promoting the policy of "compensatory discrimination," directed toward the (1) Scheduled Castes, (2) Scheduled Tribes, and (3) Other Backward Classes. Compares casteism to racism and offers suggestions for dismantling compensatory discrimination. (SA)…

Kluger, Elizabeth (1986). Sex Discrimination in the Tenure System at American Colleges and Universities: The Judicial Response. Journal of Law and Education, v15 n3 p319-39 Sum. Traces the development of the law in the area of court litigation involving charges of sex discrimination in tenure decisions at colleges and universities. Points out the weaknesses and deficiencies of court responses to discrimination claims by women professors. Suggests guidelines to resolve these disputes and proposes solutions for eradicating sex discrimination in the tenure review process. (MD)…

Hernandez, Leodoro; Luevano, Richard L. (1983). A Program for the Recruitment of Chicanos into Higher Education. College Student Journal, v17 n2 p166-71 Sum. Describes a cost effective nontraditional recruitment program at California State College, Stanislaus, which trained college freshmen to recruit Mexican American students in the high schools they had attended. Response to the program was positive, and erased some stereotypes of Chicano students. (JAC)…

Elder, Peggy (1975). Women in Higher Education: Qualified, Except for Sex. NASPA, 13, 2, 9-17, F 75. Although historical barriers to the inclusion of women in higher education are weakened, continued progress requires continued vigilance. (Author)…

(2004). Achieving Diversity: Race-Neutral Alternatives in American Education. US Department of Education This report, illustrates the rich variety of race-neutral alternatives now available. The Department of Education hopes to make clear that postsecondary student body diversity is in many respects a secondary school–and even a primary school–challenge and that the most vigorous approaches to postsecondary diversity begin with a commitment to developing a pool of students equipped not only to attend but to thrive in college, to graduate from college within a reasonable period and to profit from their educational experience. Approaches that focus exclusively on the admissions process, without regard to student development both prior and subsequent to admission, can never provide more than partial remedies. The goal of the report is to provide a catalogue of both developmental and admissions-oriented race-neutral approaches, and it highlights some of the promising strategies. The purpose behind providing this catalogue is to set out as much information as possible for institutions that… [PDF]

Ecker, Martha; Lorber, Judith (1983). Career Development of Female and Male Physicians. Journal of Medical Education, v58 n6 p447-56 Jun. The career development of female and male physicians who graduated from medical school in 1960 was compared. The effects of achievement motivation, performance in medical school, peer evaluation, prestige of internship hospital, and family responsibilities on professional attainment were analyzed. (Author/MLW)…

Woodward, Michael D. (1982). Ideological Response to Alterations in the Structure of Oppression: Reverse Discrimination, the Current Racial Ideology in the U.S. Western Journal of Black Studies, v6 n3 p166-74 Fall. Suggests that the notion of "reverse discrimination" is a cultural belief representing a racial ideological process. Describes how the notion (1) emerged from past racial belief patterns; (2) differentially influences policy on the allocation of privileged economic roles among social groups; and (3) reintegrates cultural beliefs into structural explanations of minority status. (Author/GC)…

Blumberg, Rhoda L.; Phillips, W.M., Jr. (1982). Tokenism and Organizational Change. Integrated Education, v20 n1-2 p34-39 Jan-Apr. Examines tokenism as a neglected concept in race relations theory; suggests that tokenism is the dominant group's mechanism for accommodating minority group pressure for change, while retaining its dominance; discusses dilemmas of the token role; and describes an ideal of the token role, especially in the university, as a guide for further study. (Author/MJL)…

Bernardin, H. John; And Others (1980). The New Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures in the Context of University Personnel Decisions. Personnel Psychology, v33 n2 p301-14 Sum. Standards for validity contained in the new Uniform Guidelines are probably not being met with most student rating forms in use. Administrative decisions must be based on valid information and permit equal employment opportunities. Research on sources of variance in ratings is needed. (JAC)…

Marshall, Thurgood (1979). Justice Thurgood Marshall's Opinion in the Bakke Case. Crisis, v86 n2 p45-50 Feb. Because of the legacy of unequal treatment of Blacks in America, the institutions of this society must be permitted to give consideration to race in making decisions about who will hold positions of influence, affluence, and prestige. (Author/MC)…

Shapiro, Herbert (1979). The Bakke Decision: Illusion and Reality in the Supreme Court. Crisis, v86 n2 p62-66 Feb. The opinions of the nine Justices who participated in the Bakke decision are examined. (MC)…

Gerber, Ellen W. (1979). The Legal Basis for the Regulation of Intercollegiate Sports. Educational Record, v60 n4 p467-81 Fall. Through the requirements of Title IX and of various sports organizations, enforced by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and the courts, the external regulation of intercollegiate sports is a salient fact of college and university existence. The legal basis for regulation and some examples of enforcement are examined. (JMD)…

Kirby, Susan L.; Richard, Orlando C. (1997). African Americans' Reactions to Diversity Programs: Does Procedural Justice Matter?. Journal of Black Psychology, v23 n4 p388-97 Nov. Used an organizational justice approach to examine workforce diversity programs and their potential effects on attitudes of African American beneficiaries through data from 66 African American undergraduates. Beneficiaries were more concerned about adequate procedural justification for the decision to hire them under a diversity program than the potential positive outcomes of such programs. (SLD)…

Miksch, Karen L. (2002). Legal Issues in Development Education: Diversity as a Key Element of the Educational Mission. Research and Teaching in Developmental Education, v19 n1 p55-61 Fall. Analyzes why it is important for developmental educators to keep up to date on recent court challenges to diversity. Argues that access to higher education for those who have not traditionally had access is a key element of the developmental education mission. Developmental education programs promote diversity by providing access to underrepresented groups. (Contains 29 references.) (AUTH/NB)…

Harris, Zelema (1990). Institutional Commitment to Cultural Diversity. Community, Technical, and Junior College Journal, v60 n3 p35-37 Dec-Jan 1989-90. Argues that the impact of growing cultural and ethnic diversity nationwide will have a pervasive impact on community colleges. Discusses the importance of institutional reform and commitment to ethnic diversity. Highlights shared characteristics of 10 predominantly White colleges that have successfully retained and graduated large numbers of minority students. (DMM)…

Perez, Maria (1990). Recruiting Leaders: How the Process Works and How It Fails. Liberal Education, v76 n1 p14-19 Jan-Feb. Despite all the complicating factors brought about by changes in the applicant pool, increased participation in the selection process, and the pervasiveness of institutional operational biases, the academic search process is now more inclusive and responsive to its constituents. A broader spectrum of candidates is being considered. (MLW)…

Fischer, Louis (1989). Equality: An Elusive Ideal. Equity and Excellence, v24 n2 p64-71 Win. The history of the ideal of equality is traced from Plato to the present. The relevance for American society of equality of opportunity and of condition is explored, especially in terms of legal developments and educational policy. An intermediate judicial standard has evolved, straddling rational basis and strict scrutiny interpretations. (AF)…

Pevonka, Dianne; And Others (1988). Positive Role Models Combat Race and Sex Stereotypes. Executive Educator, v10 n11 p26,28 Nov. Schools can legally provide role models for minority and female students by taking the following steps: (1) providing bias-free programs and curriculum; (2) offering career awareness programs; (3) giving academic guidance; (4) counseling students on higher education; (5) and inviting \role models\ to schools. (MLF)…

Manzo, Kathleen Kennedy (1994). Lack of Diversity Spurs Call for Reform in Public Policy Posts. Black Issues in Higher Education, v10 n26 p26-28 Feb 24. Minority participation in public policymaking has improved little in recent years, despite an increasingly multicultural population. Programs to prepare minorities for government careers are growing, but additional measures are sought, including minority hiring in growing agencies, development of advocacy groups in government agencies, mentoring programs, and wider information dissemination. (MSE)…

Carnoy, Martin (1995). Why Aren't More African Americans Going to College?. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, n6 p66-69 Win 1994-95. Addresses the question of why there is a decrease in college participation by blacks and whether this indicates that American society is becoming more racist. It explains how low expectations about going to college can negatively affect secondary school performance and how government policies contributed to those expectations. (GR)…

Ball-Rokeach, Sandra J.; Loges, William E. (1994). Choosing Equality: The Correspondence between Attitudes about Race and the Value of Equality. Journal of Social Issues, v50 n4 p9-18 Win. Argues that to more fully understand beliefs about race that seem paradoxical, it is important to understand the way that beliefs are conceptualized and measured. The authors conclude that the concept of values developed by Rokeach (1973) offers a better basis for gauging public sentiment toward social policies and toward day-to-day living in an integrated society. (GR)…