(1988). Minority Recruitment Admissions & Retention in Postsecondary Education. This pamphlet summarizes the legal requirements of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as they pertain to minority recruitment and admissions at colleges and universities which receive Federal assistance. It describes steps taken by some of these institutions to enhance the recruitment, admissions, and retention of minority students. Among the 54 practices listed are the following: (1) using minority employees, students, faculty, and alumni as recruiters or members of recruiting teams; (2) developing cooperative arrangements with minority churches, community groups, professional organizations, etc., to cosponsor recruitment programs; (3) ensuring minority representation on admissions committees; (4) making financial aid information available in other languages as well as English; (5) conducting workshops in faculty-minority student relations; and (6) conducting exit interviews with minority students to identify problem areas. The pamphlet also provides a list of the U.S…. [PDF]

Hanson, Katherine (1992). Teaching Mathematics Effectively and Equitably to Females. Trends and Issues No. 17. This monograph looks at mathematics education today in the United States, particularly at how girls are treated in mathematics education in order to identify ways to increase female interest and achievement in mathematics. The first section of the review describes the current status of females in mathematics education including achievement history and trends, trends in higher education, and current gender research. The second section looks at the research on student gender differences covering learning styles and classroom behavior, attitudes toward mathematics learning, mathematics course taking, and social expectations. A third section covers educational issues of discourse, curriculum content and orientation, teacher attitudes and behaviors, and classroom organization and teaching methods. A final section of conclusions and recommendations notes that: (1) mathematics education takes place in a cultural context that educators can begin to consciously change to better respond to… [PDF]

Fairfax, Jean (1991). A Perspective on the Continuing Struggle for Equity. This publication contains a speech on the continuing struggle for equity in education for African Americans presented to the Southern Education Foundation (SEF) by Jean Fairfax when she received the John A. Griffin Award for Advancing Equity in Education. In the speech, Fairfax addressed disagreements within the black community over educational issues that have accelerated in scope, intensity, and anger since the 1960s. Covered are disagreements over integration implementation methods, the Atlanta (Georgia) school court case, the "Adams v. Richardson" suit of 1970; and the impact of the suit on traditionally black public colleges. In particular, the Adams experience is described as a possible model for confronting issues in the future as it was a conflict around which pragmatic, workable consensus developed. The future demographic diversity of the United States is described, and consequent educational issues are predicted, including multiculturalism, conflict among…

Lee, Courtland (1991). Achieving Diversity. Issues in the Recruitment and Retention of Underrepresented Racial/Ethnic Students in Higher Education: A Review of the Literature. Much has been done in recent years to enhance the quality of the educational experience for students from underrepresented racial/ethnic groups on college campuses. However, many major problems still exist, presenting professionals concerned with the educational development of students with many significant challenges. This literature review focuses on issues in the recruitment and retention of the following underrepresented racial/ethnic students in higher education: Native Americans, African Americans, Latino/Hispanic Americans, Asian Pacific Americans, and Undocumented Students. The review contains four chapters. The recruitment chapter focuses on issues related to the postsecondary transition process. The chapter on retention reviews the salient issues related to the college enrollment, retention, and graduation of students from these racial/ethnic groups. Before examining these two issues, the first two chapters discuss, respectively, enrollment and graduation trends for…

Cooper, Rita; Smith, Barbara Leigh (1990). Achieving a Diverse Faculty: Lessons from the Experience of The Evergreen State College. AAHE Bulletin, v43 n2 p10-12 Oct. Between 1986 and 1989, The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington, increased its proportion of faculty of color from 11 percent to 20 percent. This was accomplished by reorganizing the college's approach to faculty hiring and retention. Keys to hiring success involved institutional commitment, utilization of inside resources, being creative in seeking applicants, doing research to locate applicants, being open minded, being flexible in disciplinary background requirements, requiring an adequately representative applicant pool, and becoming aware of unintentional barriers in the hiring process. Retaining a diverse faculty requires building a hospitable campus environment. Orientation programs for new faculty at The Evergreen State College offer a buddy system, written materials, a fall off-campus retreat, and workshops throughout the year. Assistance in helping new faculty to become familiar with the cultural norms and idiosyncracies on campus is especially important; the…

(1991). Trustee Quarterly, 1991. Trustee Quarterly, Win, Spr, Sum, Fall. These four issues of \Trustee Quarterly\ focus on topics of current concern to community college trustees. The winter 1991 issue contains articles examining the trustee role in helping diverse students achieve, a reconceptualization of community college finance, the development of a statewide communications plan by the Washington trustees, an ethics policy developed at Richland Community College (Illinois), a campus trends report focusing on faculty shortages and general education requirements, and a commentary on two initiatives offering promise for vocational education. The spring 1991 issue discusses a vision of the Association of Community College Trustees' (ACCT's) future, recruiting and retaining minority faculty, the benefits of community college wellness programs, community college fundraising, the responsibilities of a board chair, and a commentary on the importance of quality in the community colleges. The summer 1991 issue features articles on the dangers of special…

Grosz, Karen Sue, Ed. (1989). Issues in California Community Colleges. Forum, v6 Sum. This issue of Forum, a journal designed to permit California community college faculty to share ideas, contains six articles focusing on issues related to the enactment of Assembly Bill 1725 (AB 1725). The first article, "Your Father's Oldsmobile: The Uses of Tradition in Core Programs," by John McFarland, analyzes the development of general education programs in U.S. higher education. "Management Wisdom through the Ages," by Jack Scott, discusses management techniques throughout history, focusing on six main tenets: selecting effective personnel, listening carefully, anticipating problems, correcting mistakes, maintaining integrity, and persevering. Next, Cy Gulassa argues, in "Collaborative Governance in the Foothill-DeAnza Community College District," that the increased faculty and student roles in district governance mandated by AB 1725 can be achieved through the use of policy development groups, and provides a detailed description of the…

Lindgren, J. Ralph; And Others (1985). Sex Discrimination Law in Higher Education: The Lessons of the Past Decade. ERIC Digest 85-3. The obligations of colleges and universities under existing laws prohibiting sex discrimination against employees and students are summarized. Principal federal sources of legal obligation regarding employees are the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Equal Pay Act of 1963, and Executive Order No. 11246. For students, the principal sources are the equal protection clause and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Strategies for compliance include the following: (1) carefully select and train key academic and administrative personnel, including faculty on review and search committees; (2) design and disseminate a policy of sexual equity, assign responsibility for its implementation, train line personnel, monitor residual sexual bias, and design and implement remedial programs to ensure compliance with the policy; and (3) complement the steps with indemnification of losses suffered as a result of intentional… [PDF]

Whitfield, Patricia T. (1990). Status of Access of Women and Minorities to Administrative Positions in Idaho. This study examined issues related to the access of women and minorities to administrative positions in Idaho public schools. officers of Idaho school districts; 102 women and minority school district administrators; and a sample of 22 school board district administrators, and a sample of 22 school board presidents. Factors contributing to the low number of women/minority administrators in Idaho were identified, including the "old boy network," family responsibilities, lack of mentors or role models, late entry into the career track, and difficulty in gaining credibility. Certain organizations were identified by all three groups of respondents as having credibility to impact change and provide leadership: the Idaho Association of School Administrators; and Northwest Women in Educational Administration. Responses of superintendents/personnel officers and board presidents indicated that few had developed plans to increase the access of women and minorities to administration….

Young, La Verne H.; And Others (1990). Minority Leadership Development in Technical and Vocational Education for Community Colleges and Technical Institutes: An Imperative for the State of Texas. A Report of the Study. In 1988, the Minority Leadership Project was undertaken at Texas A and M to: (1) identify potential minority leaders within technical and vocational education and recruit them for leadership training; (2) identify methods to train participants; and (3) design a leadership training program to move identified individuals into positions of greater responsibility. Project activities included the formation of an advisory committee of minority leaders and the establishment of training institutes, seminars, academic internships, enrichment activities, a mentorship program, and a computer data bank listing the leadership skills of minority men and women interested in career opportunities in two-year colleges. In addition, two surveys of post-secondary administrators were conducted, focusing on minority leadership skills and the barriers to minority advancement in leadership positions. The administrators were also asked to nominate program participants and potential mentors. Respondents… [PDF]

Mendoza, Jose (1988). Developing and Implementing a Data Base and Microcomputer Tracking System To Track and Serve Minority Students To Enhance Minority Recruitment and Retention. Brief descriptions are provided of several components of Glendale Community College's (GCC's) programs to ensure adequate links with the minority community and stimulate enrollments to achieve parity in enrollment proportions. Introductory sections offer a rationale for minority emphasis programs, define \minority,\ enumerate reasons for attending a community college, and examine the objectives and implementation of minority emphasis programs. The next sections focus on particular components of the programs, including: (1) educational outreach and recruitment; (2) retention services; (3) an early warning system whereby students in academic difficulty are referred to appropriate services; and (4) a student information system (SIS), which centralizes registration, transcripts, class rosters, enrollment reports, and financial aid data. The final sections look at the SIS in greater detail, examining system development, downloading capabilities, data retrieval, and features which permit… [PDF]

Dai, Sheila; Papalia, Anthony S. (1982). Counseling Perspectives on Sexual Harassment in Industry. This report focuses on the problem of sexual harassment in industry. Prior research documenting such harassment is cited, and the ability of the counseling profession to address the issue is discussed. Results of the authors' survey of salaried women (N=85) from a large industrial firm are reported; the demographic data and information on sexual harassment indicate that 46% of the women surveyed experienced sexual harassment while working. Results of a survey conducted by the Women's Issues Advisory Committee which confirm these findings are also reported. The need for change in the workplace, based on such data, is discussed. The legal response to sexual harassment is outlined, including the guidelines of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Issues which have yet to be clarified by the courts are explored, including the right to sue because of sexual coercion, and the rights and circumstances involved in filing a Title VII claim. The varying roles of counselors in…

Clague, Monique Weston (1984). Beyond the Title VII Framework: Racial Quotas and Teacher Employment Policies in School Desegregation Litigation. This chapter focuses on school desegregation litigation and attendant employment-related remedies decreed or rejected by the federal courts. The overarching remedial theory governing relief in school desegregation cases differs from that governing employment discrimination cases in that the central issue is equal educational opportunity, even where employment-related remedies are prescribed. This chapter analyzes judicial responses to three kinds of faculty employment policies that have been components of decrees designed to achieve a "unitary" school system: teacher assignment, preferential hiring, and layoff policies. Judicially mandated requirements for racially balanced faculties within each school of a defendant system were among the earliest remedies for racially segregated schools, since practices regarding faculty distribution were seen as important indicators of a segregated system. Preferential teacher hiring and promotion on the basis of race involves greater…

Shaw, Ruth G. (1989). Leaders for a New Century. The turn of the century will signal a profound change in the composition and character of the leadership of community colleges. Future leaders will have in common with their peers in the private sector a global perspective and a mastery of technology seldom seen in today's leaders. More of them will be women, minorities, and immigrants. Beyond changes in skills, sex, and race, however, future leaders must be characterized by a compelling moral vision for the community college and by the ability to build communities. Their vision will be based on an understanding of the social and economic climate of the community college and the institution's potential for change and renewal. Building communities will require the ability to articulate this vision, assume a role in community leadership, and create a functioning team aligned in pursuit of a common goal. Meeting the challenges implicit in building communities necessitates: (1) educating boards of trustees and presidential search…

Ost, David H.; Twale, Darla J. (1988). An Analysis of Appointments of Higher Education Administrators: Reflections of Administrative and Organizational Structures. A study of appointments of academic administrators in higher education is discussed. Its goals were: to identify the success rate of women relative to the proportion of their representation in higher education; to identify and characterize any emerging alternative career pathways in colleges and universities; to compare the success rate for position types of internal candidates with external candidates; and to determine if the hiring procedures reflect changing policies. In this study, 1,610 administrative positions were categorized according to type of position, type of institution, and sources of appointee. Results indicate that hiring committees review candidates' papers in search of credential rather than competence, and this is a disadvantage for anyone who has not had the accumulated time-in-line experience. Data indicate there has been no significant change in the percent of successful female candidates for employment in mainline administration over the past decade, though… [PDF]

Raughton, Jim L.; And Others (1989). Mid-Term Report on Partners Program. The Partners Program operates through a partnership of the Colorado Community College and Occupational Education System, the Denver Public Schools, and the Colorado Minority Engineering Association to guide minority high school students into career tracks that include a college option. Denver is a particularly suitable location for the Partners Program in that the area has a large concentration of Hispanic, Black, and American Indian students; has one of the most serious minority dropout rates in Colorado; and can offer a variety of college programs locally through the Community College of Denver (CCD). The organization and implementation of the Partners Program involved the formation of an advisory board, the development of procedures manuals, the selection of Partners Advisors at four participating high schools, the selection of 14 seniors to participate in the project, and the provision of orientation and support to the students' families. The Partners students participated in…

(1981). Staff Development. SPEC Kit #75. This set of materials on staff development in research libraries, assembled by the Systems and Procedures Exchange Center (SPEC) of the Association of Research Libraries (ARL), focuses on programs and activities designed to provide general skills training related to the work performed in a research library. Contents of the set include: (1) outlines of library staff development policies and programs from Stanford, the University of Connecticut, Cornell, Columbia, and Princeton; (2) staff development needs assessment instruments from the libraries at the University of Tennessee/Knoxville, the University of Connecticut, and Texas A&M University; (3) staff development program descriptions from the libraries at the University of Connecticut and Emory University; (4) staff development activity descriptions from the libraries at Stanford, Ohio State University, Rice University, the University of Connecticut, Texas A&M University, and Emory University; and (5) staff development program…

(1981). Civil Rights Issues of Handicapped Americans: Public Policy Implications. A Consultation Sponsored by the United States Commission on Civil Rights (Washington, DC, May 13-14, 1980). This volume contains the texts of 40 statements, 22 exhibits, and 5 unsolicited papers presented at a consultation dealing with the public policy implications of various civil rights issues affecting handicapped Americans. Among those issues addressed in the statements are the following: the nature and scope of civil rights issues affecting the handicapped; federal initiatives that address these issues; employment and the handicapped in the public sector; the employment of disabled people in the private sector; social services, constituency and advocacy, and state action for handicapped persons; physical facilities and handicapped individuals; and transportation for handicapped persons. Various public and private sector agencies and organizations were represented at the hearing, including the American Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities, Inc.; the Department of Justice; American Telephone and Telegraph Company; Mainstream, Inc.; the Department of Labor; the Department of Health… [PDF]

(1981). Special Programs in Employment: Criteria for Compliance = Programmes speciaux en matiere d'emploi: Criteres de mise en application. The purpose of this publication is to clarify the Canadian Human Rights Commission-approved criteria for special employment programs to eliminate systemic discrimination and to ensure compliance with the Canadian Human Rights Act. The basic principle of the Act is set forth: those sections of the Act that specify discriminatory practices are quoted, and the mandate of the Commission regarding special programs is discussed. In the next four sections, focus is on development of special programs in employment. Topics covered include criteria for special programs, identification of needs (problem areas within the organization in which its labor force is unrepresentative), determination of the relationship between the composition of its existing labor force and elements of its employment system (organizational policies, procedures, and practices), and three essential elements of a special program that will improve opportunities through contributing to a representative labor force…

(1985). Towards an Understanding of Stotts. United States Commission on Civil Rights Clearinghouse Publication 85. This document examines a major civil rights decision handed down by the Supreme Court in Firefighters Local Union No. 1784 v. Stotts (1984). The decision is examined for its importance in determining the extent to which seniority systems may or must be overridden as part of court-ordered relief to remedy discrimination in employment, and also for its effect on a trial court's remedial authority over hiring and promotion. The document: (1) provides a case summary, including details of concurring opinions of Justices O'Connor and Stevens and the dissenting opinion of Justice Blackmun; (2) presents the complete text of the Stotts decision; (3) discusses the significance of the Stotts decision for the scope of consent decrees, for layoffs, seniority and merit systems and preferential relief, and for judicial relief in hiring and promotion; (4) presents a statement of the United States Commission on Civil Rights concerning the Detroit Police Department's Racial Promotion Quota; and (6)… [PDF]

Polydorides, Georgia K. (1984). Women Access to Greek Higher Education. Current trends in women's access to higher education in Greece were studied. Attention was directed to recent differences in achievement by sex, as well as factors influencing success patterns in the national examinations taken at the end of secondary education. Data were obtained from a questionnaire distributed to a 10 percent random sample of secondary school graduates. A large increase in women's participation in university education was found for the last two decades. Higher upper-secondary school achievement scores were found for women than for men, while men had higher achievement scores on the national examinations. After the 1980 reform of the selection system, the rate of female admissions was proportionately equal to the rate of female applicants. In addition, women increasingly entered fields of study that traditionally were studied by men. Information is included on the fields of study chosen by women in 1960-1961, 1970-1971, and 1978-1979, along with mean achievement… [PDF]

(1977). The Bakke Case and Asian/Pacific Americans. Amidst much controversy, the United States Department of Justice has filed an amicus brief in the Supreme Court on behalf of the special minority admissions program at the University of California Medical School at Davis. This fact sheet is intended to show why Asian and Pacific Americans and those friendly toward Asians should pay careful attention to the government's position toward Asians as reflected in the Bakke case and beyond. The Justice Department's position in Bakke is of special concern to Asian and Pacific Americans because the government has become the first participant to challenge the participation of Asian Americans in a minority program. The government's brief says that Asian Americans have been admitted into medicine adequately without special admissions. It is noted that the Government brief contains misleading or irrelevant suggestions that Asian and Pacific Americans are too well off to suffer the effects of past discrimination. Furthermore, the brief fails to…

Soldwedel, Bette J. (1980). Erasing Sex Bias Through Staff Training: Education of Women. Unit II. This document, one of four staff training units in a series designed to attack problems of sex bias in the counseling of women and girls, is intended to help counselor educators consider their knowledge of and attitudes toward the sex-limited status of women. In this unit, two staff training workshop strategies are provided. The first workshop is designed to make counselors aware of the status of women as educational professionals and to increase their knowledge about sex-stereotyping practices in education. The second workshop focuses on acquainting counselors with support systems to combat sex-role stereotyping and to expose them to methods of identifying and eliminating sex-role stereotyping in educational programs and policies. For each workshop, objectives, competencies, preparation, procedures, and time requirements are listed. Examples of pre-tests, readings, and competency checks for workshop participants are also provided. (Author/NRB)… [PDF]

(1981). Compact Guides to Information on Urban and Minority Education, Volume I. These compact guides examine problems and issues related to various aspects of urban education. Individual topics covered by six fact sheets include school crime and disruption and its relationship to the community, Title IX Regulations, the problem of burnout among teachers and other human services professionals, the characteristics of instructionally effective schools, factors important to the success of school desegregation, and strategies for reforming the large urban high school. Three brief bibliographies address the issues of strategies for community organization (Asian Americans), communities and school closings, and minority groups and the arts. Finally, a directory in the form of an organizational guide covers refugee resettlement and integration. (JCD)… [PDF]

Brown, Jerry; And Others (1980). Vocational Teacher Recruitment Plans. A Sex Equity Model, Grades 7-9. Sex Equity Vocational Recruitment Plans for Ninth Grade Students. Five sex affirmative or bias free model recruitment plans are included in this booklet. They were designed by teachers for use with ninth grade students who have already been taught to recognize sex role stereotyping and the limitations it places on them in career choices. The plans address the vocational education areas of business and clerical education, home economics, industrial arts, power mechanics, and vocational agriculture. Each recruitment plan includes goals and objectives for classroom presentations. Appendices include lists of occupations related to business and clerical education and home economics, memos about learning shorthand and calculator use, a list of basic homemaking skills, home economics and industrial arts course descriptions, and a paragraph about the role of women in agriculture. (Author/MK)…

Lay, Robert; Maguire, John (1980). Toward Improving the Quality of Incoming Students While Maintaining Fairness in Admissions. AIR Forum 1980 Paper. The problem of improving the quality of incoming college students and practicing fairness in admissions was studied at Boston College. The study sample was over 2000 accepted applicants who completed an admissions questionnaire. A systematic admissions procedure is described that provides an index of applicant "quality," and the rating process is explored using a path model to measure the contributions of background and achieved characteristics of applicants to their rating. The way questions of bias may be raised and pursued is considered, and applicants are profiled to show how the effects of policy adjustments may be monitored. Six segments were defined by crossing three levels of quality (top, high, or medium) with two values of enrollment status (matriculation or nonmatriculation). Factor analysis was used to model the differing images of Boston College across the six segments. Discriminant analysis was applied to represent two dimensions, "decision" and…

Mazzarella, Jo Ann (1977). Implementing Title IX. ACSA School Management Digest, Series 1, Number 8. ERIC/CEM Research Analysis Series, Number 35. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 and the HEW implementing regulations cover two major areas: sex discrimination in school courses, athletics, extracurricular activities, employment, and counseling, and sex descrimination in hiring, promotions, and benefits for school personnel. The author of this review examines the progress (and lack thereof) made by schools attempting to comply with Title IX requirements in physical education and athletic programs, employment, counseling and vocational education, and treatment of students. Combining information from the literature with material gleaned from personal interviews, the author focuses on the successful efforts of some school districts to fulfill both the letter and the spirit of Title IX. The author notes that staff, parents, and students need to be involved in implementing Title IX. A decentralized approach involving vigorous, dedicated committees, has been used by most schools that have moved the farthest toward… [PDF]

Sandler, Bernice (1975). Sex Discrimination in Educational Institutions and the Law: Uncle Sam Wants You to be Nice to His Nieces!. The author reviews recent legislation concerning sex discrimination and examines the courts' views of discriminatory employment practices and discriminatory practices against students. The legislation covered includes the following: Executive Order 11246 as amended by Executive Order 11375; Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended by the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972; the Equal Pay Act of 1963, as amended by Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972; the Comprehensive Manpower Act of 1971 and the Nurse Training Amendments Act of 1971; and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Higher Education Act). The author expects the impact of antidiscrimination legislation to be enormous and many of the traditional practices and policies of the educational world to come under increasing fire for their sex discriminatory impact. (IRT)…

Maymi, Carmen R. (1976). Career Education: Projecting Into the 21st Century. Community and junior colleges can play an important role in helping women exercise their options in life without discrimination, as equal partners with men in fulfilling national economic and social needs. The responsibility of junior and community colleges goes beyond providing career education for women. They must also create an awareness among young women of their future role in society, and provide encouragement and insight for those oolder women who are seeking to enter or reenter the work force. Unfortunately, even in community colleges which are primarily committed to career preparation, women continue to be poorly motivated and limited in their career asPirations. The core of the problem is sex stereotyping–in textbooks, in counseling, and in the attitudes of society toward the social, political, and economic roles of women. The rights of women to equal educational opportunity have been well established by law. Community colleges must see that these laws are enforced by… [PDF]

(1975). Partial List of Actions Institutions Must Take Under Title IX. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in all federally funded education programs. The regulation of Title IX, which became effective on July 21, 1975, specifies a number of actions that educational institutions receiving federal funding (as well as other recipients of federal education funds) must take to be in compliance with the law. This document highlights some of the specific actions that the regulation requires. (Author/KE)… [PDF]