Garcia, Jose D.; Gonzalez, Ramon (1980). Proyectos de Educacion Migrante (Migrant Education Projects). Written in Spanish and English for project personnel, parents, and others interested in migrant education, the booklet summarizes general concepts and requirements behind Title I-Migrant activities in Oregon, which has been allocated $4,439,341 in Title I-Migrant funds for fiscal year 1980. Following brief definitions of important terms, information is organized in two main sections: project planning and project implementation. Included in the planning section is brief information regarding: how a school district qualifies for Title I-Migrant funds; project priorities to be considered; eligibility and participation of migrant children; requirements for comparable access to state and local services; required parental involvement; required provision of supplemental rather than duplicate programs and services; rights of the state of Oregon regarding property ownership, continued funding, and grants to non-profit groups; required project approvals; and support and day care services… [PDF]

O'Reilly, James T.; Simon, Gale P. (1980). Unions' Rights to Company Information. Labor Relations and Public Policy Series No. 21. In recent years a surge of conflicting laws and regulations have emanated from Congress, federal agencies, and the courts concerning the right of individuals and organizations to obtain what heretofore had been considered private information and the right of individuals and organizations to maintain the privacy of such information. To answer the host of questions involved in unions' rights to company information, the author was commissioned to make this study. Part 1 discusses the nature of disclosure. Part 2 discusses disclosure pursuant to the National Labor Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act, which requires employers and employee organizations to exchange all information relevant and useful in the collective bargaining process. Part 3 concerns the Federal Privacy Act of 1974 and employer-employee relationship. The relationship of the Freedom of Information Act and information policy is discussed in part 4. This act is a charter of rights under which members of the public can obtain…

Squires, Robert (1980). Sustaining the Essentials. There are social forces exerting a tremendous influence that would, unchecked, remove humanistic elements from the teaching and learning of language by imposing a narrow set of basics–those skills that can be measured and which threaten to become the whole, very minimum, curriculum. The "Essentials of Education," a statement developed by the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) in reply to the basics advocates, encourages sustaining the essentials in language arts. This policy would work to sustain and rediscover America's rich cultural pluralism, by respecting the dialects and languages students bring to school while still sustaining standard English. Students' right to read is another essential that must be sustained, by defending their right to make informed and mature choices for themselves. Research is essential because without it the teaching profession has neither the knowledge to effect significant change in the teaching of language arts nor the facts to…

(1979). ACCT Trustee Quarterly: Volume 3, Number 1-4, 1978-1979. ACCT Trustee Quarterly, v3 n1-4 1978-79. These four issues of the third volume of \Trustee Quarterly\ present 25 articles dealing with community college finance, administration and mission. Specific topics covered by one of more of the articles include: (1) selecting a college president; (2) accountability in college finance; (3) the political role of the community college trustee; (4) the functions of a college development office; (5) the working relationship between the trustees and the college president; (6) urban community college needs; (7) the role of the college in preserving the democratic form of government and the free enterprise system; (8) inflation and retrenchment; (9) reentry programs and lifelong learning; (10) long- and short-range planning; (11) the overall functions of the community college administrator evaluation; (14) decision-making frameworks for college governance; (15) the disadvantaged position of nontraditional, part-time students under federally funded financial aid programs; (16) the role of…

Rawles, Beth (1975). The Media and Its Effect on Black Images. While the media is not directly responsible for establishing bigoted attitudes and prejudices, movies, television, radio, and print have reinforced racial prejudice and perpetuated the negative images and stereotypes of blacks in this country. Movies as early as 1902 reflect many of the early black stereotypes: the black male is stupid and lazy, obliging and obedient, or sexually aggressive and destructive, while the black female is \mammy,\ a matriarch, ingenue, seductress, or more recently, \tough mamma.\ Racial stereotypes and inequality in radio and television programing are reflected in the following: low employment ratio for blacks in these fields, scanty representation of the black viewpoint, lack of multi-dimensional black characterization, and the absence of ethnicity in program content. Mainstream newspapers, magazines, and advertising reflect low press coverage for blacks; when blacks are included, the tendency is to reinforce negative stereotypes, particularly in…

Walter, Verne (1975). Self-Motivated Personal Career Planning: A Breakthrough in Human Resource Management. The author discusses major barriers which hinder the accomplishment of effective employee career management and presents Self-Motivated Personal Career Planning as a means to reconcile personal and organizational goals. The plan involves employee planners and management facilitators in a process of self-assessment and goal-setting, which capitalizes on the forces of one's own motivation to succeed in life and seeks to create an organizational climate of interpersonal relationships fostering personal growth and career development. Various steps are followed which lead to the composition of an individual's Personal Career Review and Action Plan Summary. The starting point for self-assessment is the construction of an autobiographical summary of educational preparation, work experience, and personal career accomplishment from analysis worksheets. Psychometric inventories are used for comparison purposes and the Career/Personal Development Profile is used for further specific…

(1972). Chancellor's Advisory Committee on the Status of Women at CUNY. Public Hearings Testimony: An Edited Summary and Evaluation. In December 1971 a committee was appointed at the City University of New York (CUNY) to recommend meaningful changes in policy to meet the problem of discrimination and to advance the status of women at CUNY. Public hearings were held in February and April of 1972, and faculty, students and staff were invited to testify regarding prejudicial practices at the various colleges. The testimony pointed to the existence at CUNY of some general attitudes about women and their proper roles in academia and the larger society. Precisely how these attitudes affect the status of women at CUNY was made abundantly clear by witness after witness. Thus, in order to understand why the status of women employed at CUNY is so uniformly low, this condensed report of the public hearings testimony begins with a consideration of the image of women. It then moves on to consider the status of women at CUNY, specifically with regard to recruitment, promotions, salaries, policy-making, parenthood, grievances… [PDF]

Cardenas, Jose A. (1974). Addendum to the Intervenor's Education Plan for the Denver Public Schools. The addendum to the Denver Public Schools education plan, which was submitted to the Court on January 23, 1974, makes specific recommendations for elements of school activities outlined in the plan. The recommendations pertain to the philosophy; policy; the scope and sequence of poverty, cultural, language, mobility, and perceptual aspects; curriculum; staffing including poverty, culture, language, mobility, and societal perceptions training; recruitment; hiring; evaluation; co-curriculum activities; student services; the testing program; psychological services; counseling services; pupil orientation programs; special motivation services; a catch-up or adjustment center; noninstructional needs; community involvement; implementation procedures; and jurisdiction. Among the recommendations are: (1) rules and regulations which are consistant with the philosophy statement issued by the Denver Board of Education shall be enacted; (2) bilingual and bicultural programs must be implemented…

Steinbach, Sheldon Elliot (1973). Equal Employment Opportunity Pressures on Colleges and Universities–Present and Pending. Presented in this paper is a discussion of various federal demands and their ramifications concerning nondiscriminatory employment practices in higher education. These demands require that colleges and universities desiring or holding federal contracts eliminate all traces of discriminatory practices with regard to faculty recruitment, hiring, anti-nepotism policies, placement, job classification and assignment, promotion, termination, conditions of work, salary rights and benefits, leave policies and fringe benefits. A complaint of discrimination may be filed by or on behalf of an individual or by one of the Commissioners of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Notice of the charge is forwarded to the employer within 10 days stating the date, place and circumstances of the alleged unfair employment practice. After an investigation, if a finding of discrimination is confirmed and the employer and complainant have failed to reach conciliation, the individual or the… [PDF]

Lipset, Seymour Martin (1972). Group Life in America: A Task Force Report. Contents of this book include discussions of the following topics: (1) issues for the 1970s (redefining American pluralism); (2) historic pattern of change (rise and fall of repressive movements); (3) unity in the post-war era; (4) breakdown in consensus (racial equality and black militancy; demand for group rights; anti-war and other protests; white ethnicity revitalized; failure of backlash politics; and attitudes toward political and social institutions); (5) the urban crisis; (6) decline of WASP provincial; (7) the democratic coalition: stable or broken (national coalitions; municipal and state coalitions; shifts in the Roosevelt-New Deal coalition; anti-Catholicism of upper class liberals); (8) crisis of liberalism and political situation of American Jewry (declining Jewish political influence?; Jews and blacks; Jews and conservatives; cleavages in the Jewish community); (9) economic issues and group tensions (income distribution in the U.S.; recomposing the GNP: changing…

Chin, Laura, Ed.; And Others (1975). The Farmington Report: A Conflict of Cultures. A Report of the New Mexico Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights….. In response to numerous complaints from Navajo leaders, the New Mexico Advisory Committee undertook this study of the complex social and economic relationships that bind the city of Farmington and the Navajo Reservation. This report examines issues relating to community attitudes; the administration of justice; provisions of health and medical services; alcohol abuse and alcoholism; employment; and economic development on the Navajo Reservation and its real and potential impact on the city of Farmington and San Juan County. From testimony of participants during a three-day open meeting in Farmington and from extensive field investigation, the Advisory Committee has concluded that Native Americans in almost every area suffer from injustice and maltreatment. Recommendations are addressed to local, county, State, and Federal agencies. They include: establishing a human relations committee in Farmington; developing a comprehensive alcohol abuse and alcoholism program; coordination… [PDF]

Mitchem, Arnold L. (1997). Setting Funding Priorities for Access: An American Perspective. This paper, presented at an international conference, tries to put the unique problems of providing access to postsecondary education in the context of the social, economic, and political climate of the United States. The paper notes that since 1979 students are assuming a growing share while taxpayers have reduced their relative contributions to the costs of financing higher education. Additionally, federal assistance has shifted from grants to loans. While the U.S. government funds only a portion of higher education, access to wealth in America is closely tied to access to college; the average income for a college graduate is $37,224, for a high school graduate it is $20,248. With funding priorities shifted away from assisting the neediest students, the current focus is on programs specifically targeting disadvantaged and first-generation college students. Such programs begin to assist students earlier in their lives and have been a successful access strategy, even as the…

(2001). The Status of Equal Opportunity for Minorities in Moorhead, Minnesota. This report contains information received at a public fact finding meeting held in Moorhead, Minnesota, in 1999. The meeting examined equal opportunity conditions for minority residents in Moorhead, noting possible disparities in four areas: income and employment, education, public safety, and housing and public accommodation. To buttress the data collected, researchers administered attitudinal surveys to white and minority residents. After an introduction to the study, data are presented on the four areas, offering background information, survey results, commentary from public and organization officials, and commentary from the minority community. Overall, there were significant differences between white and minority members' perceptions of equal employment opportunity. Whites perceived that there was equal opportunity in employment and earning, while minorities perceived barriers to equal employment opportunity. Minorities were disproportionately under-represented in the public… [PDF]

(1997). Valuing Diversity: Student Perceptions of Campus Climate in the Oregon State System of Higher Education. This report presents results of a campus climate survey which focused on student perceptions of issues related to race and ethnicity on campuses in the Oregon State System of Higher Education (OSSHE). Following a literature search and questionnaire development, questionnaires were mailed to 5,989 randomly selected students at all seven OSSHE campuses. Analysis of the 2,296 returned questionnaires indicated that: (1) financial aid was a concern for all groups of students, with significant differences among ethnic/racial groups regarding the amount and sources of aid or financial support received; (2) although students reported generally low levels of participation in extracurricular events or ethnic/cultural events, 73 percent said they would feel welcome at such events though 2.7 percent reported feeling rejected; (3) enrollment in diversity-related courses was widespread among all groups (43 percent), with African-American students the most likely to have enrolled in such courses;… [PDF]

(1996). Minority Achievement Report, 1996. In 1996 Howard Community College (HCC) (Maryland) developed three campus goals for the next 5 years for the enrollment, retention and graduation of minority students, and for the hiring of minority faculty and staff. These goals support the college's mission statement that guarantees all residents of its service area equal access, and its statement of beliefs that the college values the diversity of its student population. First, enrollment levels for minority students will reflect population percentages by race/ethnicity within the service area. Second, graduation and transfer rates for minority students will be equivalent to those rates for the student population as a whole. The college will reach parity in graduation and transfer for minority students in 5 years. Third, the college will meet its commitment to recruit, hire, and retain individuals who reflect the community's diversity. Specific objectives within each of these goals are also presented. College data related to… [PDF]

Laubeova, Laura (2000). The Role of Education in Preventing Ethnic Conflicts: The Case of Roma in the Czech Republic. GSFI Occasional Paper. This paper discusses conflicts between Romani minority people and the dominant majority in the Czech Republic, suggesting solutions based on improvements in teacher education. Chapter 1 outlines the situation of the Romani minority in the Czech Republic, highlighting the main factors that influence the negative relationship between the two groups. Chapter 2 analyzes educational opportunities for Roma students, particularly in special schools, and notes Romani attitudes toward schooling. Chapter 3 discusses the role of teachers and assesses the Czech system of teacher education, which does not meet the country's current needs. It suggests that content and methods should be changed by introducing courses on managing diversity and anti-discriminatory practice, with an emphasis on multicultural education. It looks at the entire teaching culture and educational methods that hinder efforts to democratize Czech schools, describing international and local best practices. Chapter 4 focuses… [PDF]

Hendrickson, Robert M. (1999). The Colleges, Their Constituencies, and the Courts. Second Edition. Monograph Series, No. 64. This volume examines legal concepts and issues as they apply to colleges and universities, including the key cases, state and federal statutes, and administrative rules and regulations. Chapter 1 describes the legal parameters of the nation's court system and the historical heritage of both public and private institutions of higher education. Chapters 2 and 3 address the scope of legal control of institutional boards of trustees and describe the imperatives of sunshine laws that require state governmental organizations and agencies to operate openly and publicly. Chapter 4 is devoted to faculty employment issues. The quest for equity and diversity in employment in higher education is the focus of Chapter 5. Employment issues involving sexual harassment are addressed in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 is devoted to collective bargaining in higher education and provides the case law that sets the legal parameters for determining which collective bargaining issues are grievable. Chapter 8 is…

Bria Carter; Britney Jacobs; Chioma Aso-Hernandez; Zohal Shah (2024). Lift Every Voice in Tech: Co-Designed Recommendations to Support Black Workers and Learners Seeking to Enter and Advance in Technology Industry Career Pathways. Digital Promise Research has shown that access to technology industry pathways and support for recruitment, retention, and advancement through technology careers remain inequitable for Black talent due to various systemic barriers. To help address this issue, Digital Promise conducted research that centers the voices and lived experiences of Black workers and learners seeking to enter and advance in the technology industry with the purpose of building awareness to the: (1) challenges and barriers they face navigating the U.S. technology learning and working ecosystem; (2) factors such as supports and services that have facilitated their technology career pathway entry, retention, and advancement; and (3) collaboratively designed recommendations for needed supports that they have identified that can better promote successful navigation and persistence within technology career pathways. This report further highlights actionable steps that various technology industry contributors can take to dismantle… [PDF]

Hammer, Paula, Ed.; Richman, Gary, Ed. (1975). A Compilation of the Developmental Disabilities Legislation, 1975: PL 91-517 as Amended by PL 94-103. Presented is a compilation of The Developmental Disabilities Services and Facilities Construction Act (P.L. 91-517) and its amendment, the Developmentally Disabled Assistance and Bill of Rights Act (P.L. 94-103). The document contains three sections: an index to the developmental disabilities law as amended; the compiled legislation; and the Joint Explanatory Statement of the Committee of Conference of the Congress. The provisions of the law are listed briefly by section number in the index. Included in part II are sections covering the following major areas (sample section topics are in parentheses): general provisions (definitions, employment of handicapped individuals–affirmative action, and protection and advocacy of individual rights); university affiliated facilities (demonstration and training grants, authorization of appropriations, and projects authorized); grants for planning, provision of services, and construction and operation of facilities for the developmentally… [PDF]

Jones, Rudolph F.; Thompson, Sherwood (1991). Role Perception of Minority Admission Professionals: History of Minority Admission Administrators on Predominantly White Campuses. In order to evaluate the role of race in the experience of African-American and other non-white admissions professionals at institutions of higher education, a survey was conducted. The study subjects were 130 minority admissions professionals who participated in a staff development program for non-white admissions professionals. The study sought to explore the following broad questions: (1) how do minority admissions workers view their role and status; (2) what are the advantages and disadvantages of being a black admissions professional on a predominantly white campus; (3) what role does affirmative action play in hiring of admissions professionals; (4) how do these admissions workers view their role as mentors for minority students; (5) and what is the minority admissions worker's role in institutional decision making. Results suggest that minority admissions professionals want to participate more actively and significantly in the policy-decision making of admissions offices and… [PDF]

Broomall, Lawrence W.; Cavalier, D. Anne (1980). A Study of the Costs of Compliance With Federal Social Legislation. AIR Forum 1980 Paper. An investigation concerning management of faculty at a major research university during 1977-78 was designed to identify and measure costs associated with federal affirmative action or equal employment opportunity guidelines and to analyze the financial impact of the guidelines on the institution. A cost-generating procedure was developed to identify direct and indirect costs, and a collection process was designed to provide primary source data with opportunities for verification at several levels of the organizational structure. Elements of direct and indirect costs included personnel, operating expenses, and capital outlay replacement value. The major compliance costs were associated with selection processes and accounted for approximately 98 percent of the total amount expended at this level and 93 percent of the university total. Direct and indirect expenditures attributed to compliance costs as applied to the management of teaching faculty were approximately one-half million…

(1979). Window Dressing on the Set: An Update. Analyzed in this report are the portrayals of minorities and women in television drama from 1975-1977 and the representation of minorities and women in the network news of 1977. Also analyzed are 1977 employment patterns at local and network television stations and television's effects on viewers and the first amendment. Data presented show that race and sex stereotyping in television drama continues. Taken into consideration are the age and occupational status of characters and their differentiation by race and sex. Representation of minorities and women in the network news is described as being more encouraging. Findings regarding the employment status of minorities and women at television stations indicate that, despite increases in the numbers of minority and female employees at television stations, they are almost completely absent from decision-making positions. Suggestions are made for an effective affirmative action plan in television employment. The investigation of the… [PDF]

Tesfagiorgis, Gebre H. (1991). The Legitimacy of Statistical Evidence in Discrimination Lawsuits in the Context of Employment in Higher Education. AIR 1991 Annual Forum Paper. This paper examines the use of statistical evidence, specifically regression analysis, in employment discrimination cases on college and university cases. Sections of the paper provide the following: (1) a description of regression analysis focusing on the specific features that make it appropriate for use in discrimination lawsuits; (2) a review of the basic legal principles and other factors which lend legitimacy to the use of statistical evidence in employment discrimination cases; (3) an examination of the status of current law in employment discrimination, including affirmative action, in the context of which statistical evidence is used; and (4) a discussion of the implications of this emerging law for university administrators in general and institutional researchers in particular. Two Supreme Court rulings (Bazemore v. Friday, Watson v. Fort Worth Bank) are noted as addressing the use of statistical techniques. General observations reveal that multiple regression analysis… [PDF]

(1991). The Educational Equity Plan of the California Maritime Academy. A Report to the Legislature in Response to Language in the Supplemental Report of the 1990-91 Budget Act. This report responds to the California Maritime Academy's plan to develop a student affirmative action plan to address the needs of underrepresented, women, and low-income students. The report concludes that the final version of the plan (attached as an appendix) provides a good beginning for the changes that must occur at the Academy if educational equity is to be achieved and supports it. However, the Commission encourages the Academy's Board of Governors to improve upon this initial effort by reexamining the Academy's existing admissions policy to more clearly articulate the Academy's entrance requirements. It is felt that the articulation of a clearly defined admissions policy will greatly assist the Academy in its efforts to encourage applications from all interested students, and particularly those from underrepresented backgrounds. The plan itself addresses the goals of making the income and ethnic characteristics of Academy applicants, students, and graduates more closely… [PDF]

Thomas, June Manning (1982). Racial and Income Characteristics of Communities Receiving Local Public Works Funds. This study investigated communities in 10 randomly selected states to determine the extent to which Local Public Works (LPW) funds, which were disbursed according to procedures intended to benefit areas of unemployment and provide assistance for the chronically unemployed, were actually received in targeted low income or high minority areas. The Local Public Works program was established by Congressional legislation in 1976 to provide aid for public works projects that would generate jobs in municipalities with high levels of unemployment. An early study indicated that, contrary to the program's reputation for promoting affirmative action, the allocation of LPW funds tended to bypass areas with large concentrations of minorities. Analysis of the associations between the size of LPW grants and the proportion of blacks, per capita income, and number of unemployed in a community indicated that, generally, the program did benefit communities with large numbers of blacks and low per…

Green, Shelley; Pryde, Paul (1996). Black Entrepreneurship in America. The economic condition of black Americans is discussed, proceeding from the assumption that black economic progress does not depend on a renewed struggle for unobtained civil rights, but rather on the creative response of black Americans to economic opportunity and problems. In the long run, black economic development must rely on the entrepreneurial ability of the black American community. In spite of the economic gains achieved through affirmative action, blacks have not benefited in equal measure over the last 20 years. Worsening black poverty represents a failure of policymakers to understand the income gap between blacks and whites as a development problem. Blacks have become aware that, somewhere along the line, an ingredient for economic progress has been omitted. This ingredient is entrepreneurship, which is viewed not only as an agent for the accumulation of capital, but also as a mover for social reconstruction. The chapters present a sketch of black entrepreneurship in…

Hyer, Patricia B. (1984). A Ten-Year Progress Report on Women Faculty at Doctorate-Granting Universities. The changing status of female faculty at doctorate-granting universities during 1971-1980 is examined, along with patterns in the wide range of female representation across institutions. The data were drawn from the Higher Education General Information Survey. The percentage of women at all ranks increased 4.1 percent during the decade, from 14.7 percent to 18.8 percent. Most of the change occurred at the lower ranks; almost no change occurred at the full professor rank. However, at many universities, the number and percentage of female faculty oscillate up and down over the decade, suggesting that any increase is more likely the result of a random event than a vigorous affirmative action program. Fifteen of the 183 universities had fewer women faculty in 1980 than they did in 1971. Twenty-six report about the same or a lower percentage of women. An increase in availability of female doctorates during the period did not translate into automatic increments in female representation on…

(1987). Oversight Hearing on Hispanic Employment. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Employment Opportunities of the Committee on Education and Labor. House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, First Session (September 16, 1987). This document reports the oral and written testimony of five witnesses who discussed the employment status of Hispanics in the American workplace. Testimony centered around the fact that, while the Hispanic population is growing, Hispanic Americans continue to lag in their participation in the U.S. workforce. Witnesses testified to the importance of education and employment programs designed to close this gap. Among the topics mentioned were the Hispanic dropout rate, job training programs, affirmative action, and language education. All the witnesses spoke generally against job discrimination and for equal opportunity for Hispanics in education and the workplace. During the hearing testimony was given by Franklin Chang-Diaz, an astronaut with NASA; Martha Inez Jimenez, a policy analyst with the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF); Ray Garcia of the Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers; Rita DiMartino, the chair of the board of directors of the… [PDF]

(1974). Minority Groups Among United States Doctorate-Level Scientists, Engineers, and Scholars, 1973. This report is intended to provide statistical data that may be useful to organizations undertaking affirmative action programs with respect to minority groups. Its data are limited to the doctoral level (PhD, EdD, ScD and equivalent) but do not include such professional degrees as MD, DDS, DVM, or JD. It includes data on Blacks, Orientals, American Indians, and Latins (the latter term covering such groups as Mexican-Americans, Puerto Rican-Americans, Chicano), but it does not aim to include all possible minority groups within the U.S. population. There are no policy interpretations or recommendations included in this report. The literature review in the current report is very brief, limiting itself to other studies concerned with minority groups at the doctorate level that aim at an assessment of the numbers of persons in such groups. Almost 4,000 of the PhD's of fiscal 1973 in the U.S. were members of minority groups but only 37 percent of these were U.S. citizens. The Orientals… [PDF]

Solmon, Lewis C. (1975). Man and Women Graduate Students: The Question of Equal Opportunity. Final Report. This study of differential opportunities for men and women graduate students was undertaken for several reasons: (1) to help reach a consensus on a proper and operational definition of sex discrimination in graduate schools; (2) to turn the debate over sex discrimination toward efforts to document quantitatively the allegations previously substantiated by anecdotes; (3) to see whether the affirmative action legislation regarding students, which has been imposed on graduate institutions and caused great havoc in their operation, is required or justified, that is, whether it is the fault of institutions or of earlier conditioning of both sexes by society. The document begins with a review of earlier discussions of sex discrimination in graduate schools. This review is followed by attempts to document and explain differences by sex in the admissions process, time spent in graduate study, geographic and interinstitutional mobility, and financial aid practices. It is in these areas that… [PDF]