Zippert, John (1977). The Minority Peoples Council on the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway: A Citizen's Response to Rural Development and Industrialization. The Tennessee Tombigbee Waterway (TTW), connecting the Port of Mobile, Alabama with Appalachia and mid-America, is the largest public works project now under construction in the U.S. Investigating the potential TTW impact on poor, rural, and black populations in the impact area, the Federation of Southern Cooperatives initiated a study in 1970 which revealed that about 60% of that population was low income, 40% black, and 75% of that black population low income. Other studies have revealed that between 1950-73 over 50 million people (66% black) have migrated out of the 165 county primary impact area, projecting that employment in the TTW area will increase by over 1 million jobs (1973-2000) without TTW and by 126,200 additional jobs with TTW. As a result of a conference convened in 1974 by the Federation, the Minority People's Council (MPC) on TTW was established. Forming a coalition with the construction craft unions, the MPC has engaged in: securing an affirmative action plan for… [PDF]

Cortese, Anthony J.; Duncan, Margaret I. (1982). The Denial of Access: Chicanos in Higher Education. Chicanos are underrepresented in U.S. institutions of higher education. Attrition and completion rates indicate that a significant number of Chicanos who do choose to enroll in institutions fail to complete their degrees at each successively higher level, and are subject to high dropout rates. The percentage of Chicano students completing the associate, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees for the year 1975-76 is 4.6%, 2.86%, 1.96%, and 1.22%, respectively. While Hispanic students are increasingly enrolling in two-year institutions, their completion rate is only 7.6%. Affirmative action programs, by the federal government and by institutions, have helped to increase the Chicanos' access to institutions of higher education. However, given the current social climate, these programs cannot be relied upon as the sole instrument which Chicanos might use to increase their access to higher education. The sociocultural elements within the traditional community which may act as…

Reynolds, William Bradford (1983). Remarks before the National Civil Rights Committee of the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith (Washington, DC, June 9, 1983). In this address, the Assistant Attorney General of the Civil Rights Division, Department of Justice, reviews the Division's civil rights enforcement efforts, and discusses the Reagan Administration's position on racial quotas. To dispel the notion that the Administration is not committed to equal rights, the Assistant Attorney General describes current enforcement activities in the form of investigations and litigation concerning sex and race discrimination in employment, voting rights, school desegregation, and the rights of the incarcerated and institutionalized. Replying to criticisms of Administration policy against numerical goals and quotas to remedy past discrimination, Reynolds reaffirms the government's adherence to the principle of equality which, he says, is contradicted by the concept of affirmative action through preferential treatment. Reynolds points out that no matter how well meant, measures to redress the effects of past discrimination with further discrimination… [PDF]

Spann, Jerry (1977). Career Exploration and Specialization: A New Training Design for Adult and Youth Work Experience. Concept Paper [and Synopsis]. To address the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) client's need for career development experience and skills, the Affirmative Action Office of Dane County (Wisconsin) and the Adult Work Experience Program (AWEP) staff plan to implement a year-long training program aimed at job exploration, internship, and personalized decision making. This Experience-Based Career Education (EBCE) program is designed to introduce employer-directed career development into the placement process. Primarily adapted from the Philadelphia model which was developed and field tested by the National Institute of Education, the proposed training design utilizes a two-phase, pre-placement learning process. Following in-take evaluation, phase 1 begins with the client's exploration of as many as five areas: labor and maintenance, social services, health services, business and office, and civil and criminal law. In phase 2, specialization, clients select internship sites and design skill-centered…

(1982). A Study of Accommodations Provided to Handicapped Employees by Federal Contractors. Final Report. Volume II: Ten Case Studies. A series of 10 case studies was conducted as part of a 20-month nationwide study of the accommodations provided to handicapped employees by federal contractors. During the course of the project, case study visits were made to the following firms: the Dow Chemical Company; E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company; Hewlett-Packard; IBM Corporation; Lockheed Missiles and Space Company; Merck, Sharp, and Dohme; the Raytheon Company; the Storage Technology Corporation; Tektronix, Inc.; and the Union Carbide Corporation. The site visits, which lasted from 1 to 2 days, involved interviews with various types of individuals, including top administrators, handicapped employees, managers of handicapped employees, employment recruiters or interviewers, and individuals in outside agencies who send referrals to the firm or who handle accommodation issues. Because these companies are large, they all have at least one individual responsible for equal employment opportunity and affirmative action. In… [PDF]

Seldin, Peter (1984). Court Challenges to Tenure, Promotion, and Retention Decisions. IDEA Paper No. 12. Promotion and tenure decisions in higher education are discussed and identified as no longer private affairs within departments, but subject to affirmative action guidelines and court scrutiny. Increasing numbers of discrimination complaints are forcing committee members to justify publicly decisions that were once left to their private discretion. Reasons for this important change include the 1972 amendment to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 extending to colleges and universities the law's prohibition of employment discrimination on the basis of race, sex, or religion. Though many institutions of higher education have accordingly hired women and minorities, tenure and promotion awards are slow, prompting alleged discrimination suits. A recent study by the National Research Council found discrimination is indeed a cause. The judicial process of discovery (the right of someone involved in litigation to gather evidence) is explained. The Dinnan and Gray court cases are…

Waite, Linda J. (1981). U.S. Women at Work. Population Bulletin, v36 n2 May. Women comprised 43% of the United States labor force in 1980, up from 29% in 1950. The surge in women's employment is linked to more delayed marriage, divorce, separation, women's increased education, lower fertility, rapid growth in clerical and service jobs, inflation, and changed attitudes toward "women's place." Employment has risen fastest among married women, especially married mothers of children under six. Some 44% of employed women work full-time, year-round, but average $6 for every $10 earned by men working that same amount. This is partly because most women remain segregated in low-paying "women's jobs." Working wives were spending six times more time on housework than married men in 1975, and working mothers of preschool children are hampered by a lack of day-care facilities. Equal employment opportunity and affirmative action have improved the climate for working women but not as much as for minorities. Federal income tax and social security systems… [PDF]

Yalow, Rosalyn (1978). The Impact on Academic Medicine. The impact of women on the field of academic medicine is examined. The failure of women to have reached positions of leadership is discussed and this failure is accredited to social and professional discrimination. It is noted that the leaders of American medicine today were trained during or immediately following World War II. However, at that time there existed tremendous professional discrimination against women in admission to medical school and social pressures to discourage women from professional careers. The Veterans Administration and other government agencies have been leaders in providing women access into the field of medicine. It is suggested that this is due to consistent enforcement over an extended period of time of a nondiscriminatory, affirmative action policy. This program has allowed an increasing number of women to follow a path of upward mobility within the Veterans Administration and government medical agencies. The proportion of women in medicine is…

Shaw, Lynn (1998). Women in the Skilled Trades: Do They Perceive a Discriminatory Work and Training Environment?. The job and training experiences of women currently or formerly employed in a skilled trade were examined in a survey completed by all 41 tradeswomen who attended a West Coast tradeswomen's summit. On average, the women were 43 years old and had worked in their trade for 11.26 years. Of the women, 75.6% were white, 19.5% were women of color, 46.3% were heterosexual, and 48.8% were lesbian or bisexual. Slightly more than 56% of the women reported having been treated negatively because of their gender, 63.4% agreed that affirmative action helped them get hired as a construction worker, 82.9% considered women as physically capable as men are, 65.8% believed that women have a harder time combining construction work with family life than men do, and 65.8% thought that small talk on the job was geared to men's interests. When asked whether they were assigned job tasks on the basis of sex, 39% said they were and 39% said they were not. Of the women surveyed, 48.8% believed that sexual… [PDF]

(1982). Selected Readings from the Trustee Quarterly: A Special Publication for New Trustees and for Experienced Trustees New to ACCT. A series of articles is presented to provide information and orientation for new community college trustees and for those new to the Association of Community College Trustees. First, Victor H. Driscoll presents advice on the basic tools of boardsmanship. Next, Robert B. Prescott discusses the roles of the board of trustees, the board chairman, and the superintendent/president. After Sandra L. Hasting examines methods of evaluating boards of trustees, James E. Seitz looks at ways of objectively evaluating college presidents. Next, J. A. Catalano suggests that boards and presidents can work together more effectively through an understanding of their respective roles. Following Malcolm Pennypacker's article on the role of the board chairperson, trustee liability and legal problems are discussed by Alton L. Davies. C. R. Ward then outlines trends and projections regarding institutional commitment to affirmative action in the 1980s. Fred Mathews presents ideas for understanding,…

Content, Robin; Smelser, Neil J. (1980). The Changing Academic Market: General Trends and a Berkeley Case Study. The new dynamics of the academic marketplace and, in particular, the processes of recruitment are examined in the context of political and legal demand for affirmative action. Described is the way the sociology department at the University of California, Berkeley, carried out its search for three junior faculty in 1975-76. In assessing the Berkeley experience and more general trends in hiring, it is suggested that the traditional collegial network has survived into the 1970s, although it has been eroded by the increased bureaucratization and politicization of academic recruitment. Areas examined include: general contours of an academic market; market dynamics (selected theoretical and historical themes); organizational responses to the new market conditions; some relevant departmental history; devising a rationale recruitment plan; and an analysis of the pool of candidates. The final chapter offers recommendations for handling the present and future market conditions. It is…

Malpass, Leslie F. (1988). What's Past Is Prologue: The Board of Governors of State Colleges and Universities in Illinois, 1965-1987. A history of the Board of Governors of State Colleges and Universities in Illinois is presented. Nine sections are as follows: governance in higher education (the distant and recent past and roles and responsibilities of governing boards); the context of higher education in Illinois; the board of governors of state colleges and universities: structure, mission, and functions; board leadership (board chairpersons, administrative leadership); the board's raison d'etre: the universities; the students (enrollments, educational costs and financial assistance); the faculty (staffing and salary patterns, collective bargaining, relationships between the Board and the faculties); other major issues (affirmative action, the Cooperative Computer Center in Chicago, interactions with other state agencies); and "what's past is prologue." An appendix provides the following: a list of members of the Board of Governors of State Colleges and Universities, 1965-1988; a list of chairpersons…

Carvell, Fred; And Others (1979). Choices and Challenges – A Student Guidebook about Nontraditional Career Opportunities. First Edition. This guidebook provides direction and information that will help students understand what nontraditional occupations are, what is creating new opportunities in such occupations, and what employers and nontraditional employees say about the new trends. The first of thirteen chapters gives the student information on how to use the guide. Chapter 2 provides a self-awareness questionnaire designed to increase the student's understanding of personal values and interests. Chapter 3 examines the growth in nontraditional occupations and defines nontraditional vocational education programs, sex discrimination, sex bias, sex stereotyping, and affirmative action. Chapters 4 and 5 examine sex discrimination laws and equal employment opportunity cases. The sixth chapter explores work, life styles, and sex roles. Chapters 7 and 8 present information on the opportunities for men and women in nontraditional occupations and nontraditional employment patterns. Chapters 9-12 discuss what employers say…

Clark, George W. (1980). The Essentials of Local Autonomy: A Contemporary Focus on Control and Responsibility. Legislative and political issues are examined in this study of the forces governing the structure of control shared by the individual institutions of the California community college system (CCC) and various state agencies. The report first summarizes and compares the findings of three earlier studies of the college-state relationship: (1) William P. Smith's 1968 research into the legal basis of the powers assigned to the newly established CCC Board of Governors and of local boards; (2) Charles W. Brydon's 1973 survey of local perceptions of the state's power with regard to curriculum, personnel, facilities, planning, students, and governance; and (3) Thomas J. Nussbaum's 1979 examination of state functions as perceived by the Office of the Chancellor. The report then examines legal issues in the areas of affirmative action, collective bargaining, and the 1979 Permissive Code, which authorizes local districts to initiate any program that is not in conflict with state law. Relevant…

(1991). Intercultural Programs: Program Evaluation Report, July 1991. This report evaluates the Des Moines (Iowa) Independent Community School District (DMICSD) Intercultural programs. The following types of programs are in place: (1) a Voluntary Transfer Program; (2) paired schools; (3) magnet schools; (4) Extended Day Kindergarten; (5) English as a Second Language (ESL)/Bilingual Education; (6) a Bilingual Community Liaison/Advisor Programs; (7) multicultural, non-sexist education; (8) Minority Achievement Program; (9) affirmative action; (10) minority community liaison; and (11) discrimination compliance. In 1990-91 3,575 students were involved in the desegregation plan and the ESL/Bilingual programs. Budget expenses for salaries, benefits, materials, supplies, travel, and staff development were $1,307,455, with sources for funding including Federal Chapter II, state Title VII, state weighted formula for non-English speakers, and a general fund. The DMICSD's Office of Intercultural Programs staff provided leadership, guidance, and support to staff,…

Stalcup, Robert J.; And Others (1979). Legislation, Litigation and the Administration of Higher Education. The effects of legislation, regulations, and case law on higher education administration is discussed, and projections are offered regarding tenure, collective bargaining, use of legal counsel, affirmative action, academic due process, torts, search and seizure, privacy, and the First Amendment. Ways in which administrators in colleges and universities may deal with critical issues growing out of legislation and litigation are addressed. The situation facing the college administrator is that courts and governmental agencies have far-reaching impacts upon policies, relationships, rules, and finances within educational institutions. The movement toward accountability is one of the reasons for increased court involvement and the resulting litigation in the communitv college environment. In a national survey covering the period 1973-75, state directors of community/junior college education were asked to respond to a questionnaire regarding the amount and type of state legislation…

Schoenherr, Charles W. (1977). A Self-Study on the Impact of Federal Programs on the Sterling College Campus. Results of a self-study by Sterling College, Kansas, on the impact of federal programs are discussed. Sterling College, a small college with an enrollment of 500 students, has received 54 percent of its tuition dollars from federal and state programs. Until 1977-78 when $147,000 was received in federal support for program development, only small amounts of federal funds were received. A survey of college officials revealed that in general there is a minimum level of understanding of regulations pertaining to governmental programs. There is uncertainty about whether the college's affirmative action plan is acceptable, whether the due process system will stand up in courts, or whether the college is offering equal opportunity to both sexes in all areas. Demands of federal reports have required time-consuming efforts on the part of the office of student aid and the business office. Title IX regulations have changed priorities in the physical education program. It is concluded that the…

Hytche, William; And Others (1977). Toward Equality of Educational Opportunity and Attainment in Higher Education in Maryland. A Position Paper. A recommendation is made by the presidents and chancellor of the four historically Black colleges and universities in Maryland that the goal of racial equality requiring the education of larger numbers of Blacks at all levels of higher education in a wide variety of fields–undergraduate, graduate, and professional–be kept at the forefront of the plans of the state. Statistics are cited to support the contention that proportionately more whites than Blacks have attended or completed college. A five-point approach to higher education in Maryland is urged: (1) A statewide plan for educational equality should be developed. (2) Predominately Black institutions should be viewed and treated in their proper role as positive features of the statewide system and as contributors to the racial equality goals of the state and the federal government. (3) Affirmative action programs should be strengthened in the predominately white institutions so they may make a greater contribution to equality…

Brown, Susan E.; Vasquez, Hector G. (1982). Pluralism in the Legal Profession: Models for Minority Access. Eight papers on models for minority access to the legal profession cover outstanding programs which facilitate access to and success in higher education, concentrating on recruitment, retention, and bar passage. Susan Brown's introduction presents statistics on yearly minority enrollment in legal studies through 1981 and discusses policy perspectives. Brown's discussion of the New Mexico Supreme Court's 1980 Melendez v. Burciaga hearing on New Mexico's bar examination covers issues, proposals, and revisions instituted in the examination. Brown's third paper notes relevance for the legal profession of the simulated Medical College Admissions Test, developed to identify deficiencies in knowledge and skills so these may be remedied before students enter professional school. Angel Lopez describes the history and accomplishments of the Oregon State Bar's affirmative action program since 1973. The Professional Development Program at the University of California, Berkeley, is discuseed by…

Bernhard, John T.; Hannah, Robert W. (1978). Effects of Government Regulations on Higher Education. Results of a self-study conducted by Western Michigan University on the effects of government regulations on higher education are presented. The self-study, conducted with the aid of questionnaires, followup visits, or telephone calls, addressed the following main concerns: (1) academic programs; (2) maintenance, buildings, physical plant, and other related areas; (3) personnel policies; (4) student services; and (5) research activities. The university has started centralizing procedures and policies for complying with equal employment legislation and has appointed an affirmative action officer. The Buckley Amendment made it necessary for the records office to retain a lawyer. In general, records office personnel feel that the legal constraints interfere with normal services. Records office personnel also expressed frustration over the fact that many federal reports have been computerized by the university at great initial expense of money, time, and effort. Complying with the…

Levine, Irving M. (1975). Social Policy and Multi-Ethnicity in the 1970's. Working Paper Series, Number 1. Some of the public policy problems currently facing the United States, which have been created by a reawakening to the real multiethnic character of society, are explored and developed in great detail in this paper. The analysis is confined to domestic affairs, but the significant impact of foreign affairs on ethnic group identity and intergroup relations in America is stated. A listing of central issues dealt with include the following: (1) quota and affirmative action–the most dramatic and most far-reaching in its implications; (2) ethnic studies–with the current rising demand of white ethnic groups to be included in the curriculum revision, there is real confusion among educators as to how to respond to the new surges and militancy that have arisen; (3) bilingual education–Spanish speaking groups have long perceived bilingualism as a key to their survival, and Chinese demands are currently litigating in the Supreme Court; (4) government reorganization–overlooked in the past… [PDF]

Bordieri, James E. (1986). Employment Alternatives for Workers with Disabilities: An International Perspective. Research Report. The employment alternatives available to disabled workers in various countries throughout the world were compared. Using a six-level model in which level 1 designated no employment and level 6 indicated competitive employment with no accommodation or shelter, the researchers examined the following employment practices: competitive employment (involving quota systems, government grants and tax credits to employers, and/or government subsidies); fully integrated employment (including supported employment and affirmative action); semi-integrated employment; and segregated employment. The use and relative effectiveness of each of these strategies both in the United States and abroad were compared. It was concluded that despite the well-documented failure of sheltered workshops in helping disabled workers become \job ready,\ they have been widely used in the United States as transitional places of employment. A more effective strategy would be to structure sheltered workshops to provide… [PDF]

(1978). Women in the Labor Force: 1978. There has been a rapid increase in Mississippi women's participation in the labor force, but female participation still lags behind male participation. The 1960s witnessed dramatic increases in younger women's participation. The trend is expected to continue into the late 1970s. Annual 1977 averages showed women made up almost 40% of Mississippi's labor force. The 1977 unemployment insurance data reveals most women claimants are between twenty-two and thirty-nine. Less than one in four was hard core (fifteen weeks or longer) unemployed. Two pieces of legislation have addressed women's employment rights: the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which created the Equal Employment Commission to establish sex discrimination guidelines and the 1963 Equal Pay Act to prohibit pay discrimination because of sex. Despite Affirmative Action programs, most women have remained in traditional occupational categories (e.g., clerical and service work). There will be over 466,000 available openings in Mississippi…

Carter, Deborah J.; Wilson, Reginald (1996). Minorities in Higher Education. 1995-96 Fourteenth Annual Status Report. This report provides an overview of the available racial and ethnic data on high school completion rates, college participation, college enrollment, degrees conferred, and employment in higher education for the period 1974-1994. Major data sources are reports of the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the National Center for Education Statistics. The report also includes a special focus on affirmative action and higher education. Trends identified include the following: high school completion rates increased for African Americans but declined for Hispanics; women continue to complete high school at higher rates than men with a 6 percent gap for Hispanics, 6.3 percent gap for African Americans, and a 3.9 percent gap for whites. The total college-age population continued to decline, falling 10 percent from 1984 to 1994 while total college enrollment declined slightly. All four major ethnic groups achieved enrollment growth, with Hispanics increasing 6.9 percent, Asian Americans 7.5 percent,… [PDF]

Dudley, Jim, Comp.; Von Kennel, Tim, Comp. (1978). Target Report No. 4. Legislative Scorecard. Votes of the Senators and Representatives on selected bills deemed important to students covering late 1976 and all of 1977 are presented along with the National Student Association and the National Student Lobby (NSA-NSL) rating of each Congressman. The rating is based on the percentage of times the Congressman voted in favor of the position that NSA-NSL took on the issue. The bills and amendments voted on in the Senate that NSA-NSL considered important are: Day Care Assistance (HR 12455); Education, Affirmative Action (HR 14232); 1977 Farm Food Bill (S. 275, Student Food Stamp Eligibility); Youth Jobs (HR 6138); Aid to Disadvantaged Students (HR 7555); Enforcement of Civil Rights (HR 7555); School Busing; (HR 7555); Tuition Tax Credits (House Conference Resolution 341); Sub-minimum Wage for Youth (S1871); and Student Sub-minimum Wage (S1871); The bills and amendments voted on in the House of Representatives that NSA-NSL considered important are: Appropriation Levels (HR 7555);…

Kaplin, William A.; Lee, Barbara A. (1998). The Law of Higher Education, 1997 Supplement. Third Edition. This 1997 supplement to \The Law of Higher Education: A Comprehensive Guide to Lead Implications of Administrative Decision Making, Third Edition\ (1995) (ED 383 256), includes discussions of court opinions, statutes, regulations, and related developments, and cites selected law journal articles, books, and other resources concerning the legal aspects of college administration. An introductory chapter gives an overview of postsecondary education law, its scope and evolution, the nature of court litigation, the public-private dichotomy, and the role of religion in this dichotomy. Subsequent chapters address specific topics: trustees/administrators/staff (sources and scope of authority, institutional liability for others' acts, institutional management of liability risk); faculty (nondiscrimination in employment, affirmative action, personnel decisions, academic freedom); students (legal status, admissions, financial aid, support services, disciplinary/grievance systems,…

Stead, Bette Ann (1975). Women Management Faculty: An Empirical Look at Their Status. In March 1975, a study was begun to determine what the status of women in the management profession really is. Questionnaires were mailed to the 175 women members of the Academy of Management. Eighty-one (46 percent) useable questionnaires were returned. Conclusions were: (1) 25 percent of female Academy members are not receiving raises and promotion at the time they met criteria; (2) half the female Academy members may be considered a talent pool for administrative openings since they have strong self-concepts about their administrative ability and are interested in these positions; (3) a significant number of female Academy members are not job hunting; (4) some benefits have been received by female Academy members from the women's movement; (5) over a third of female Academy members may be considered a talent pool for industry; (6) female students of Academy members are still having problems getting jobs; (7) over half the sample is concentrated in the lower salary ranges, yet…

Bhattacharyya, Srilata (2001). From "Yellow Peril" to "Model Minority": The Transition of Asian Americans. This paper investigates factors influencing the emergence of a new ethnic identity for Asian Americans, replete with academic achievement and professional success. While Asian Americans were once considered "unassimilable heathens," they have been transformed from "cruel, enemy aliens" to "industrious, quiet, law-abiding citizens." For years, the press has portrayed Asian Americans as a model minority. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Asian Americans were depicted as achieving the American dream through hard work, attributing the model minority success to strong family values, structure, and stability. Asians have emerged as an affluent cultural minority as the result of values inherent in their culture, beliefs, customs, and traditions. Researchers contend that this image change is attributable to professional attitudes and upward social mobility among college educated Asian Americans, coupled with the new arrival of highly educated Asian immigrants…. [PDF]

Adams, Frank G. (1981). A Personnel Model: Hiring, Developing and Promoting Community College Employees. The high priority placed on staff development by business and industry has not been shared by the community college which has tended to seek talents outside the institution rather than to develop those within. Community college staff development programs are usually designed to improve job performance rather than to enhance employee growth and flexibility. Drawing upon business/industry models for personnel development might help community colleges to meet employees' professional goals within the institution. The three components of an industrial model (hiring, developing, promoting) are present within most community colleges. Hiring refers to the recruitment, screening, selection, and initial classification of employees. Developing refers to a three-dimensional process including orientation, understanding institutional goals, and preparing to meet them. Promoting involves increasing the variety of on-the-job experiences employees might have to equip them to move easily to other…

Michael N. Bastedo; Sooji Kim (2024). Who Gets Their First Choice? Race and Class Differences in College Admissions Outcomes. AERA Open, v10 n1. The debate over race-conscious admissions has gained prominence, notably in cases such as Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard. In debates on race-conscious admissions, the question is often not whether a student will go to college, but which college the student will attend. Using data from the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009, we examined racial and socioeconomic disparities in the probability of acceptance to a student's first-choice college based on institutional selectivity. Race was a significant predictor of acceptance to a first-choice college, with Black and Asian students facing odds of acceptance that were 46% to 59% lower than those of White peers. However, at highly competitive or most selective colleges, race was no longer a significant predictor, and racial disparities in acceptance rates diminished. Socioeconomic status had no significant association with the probability of acceptance to a first-choice college…. [PDF]