Price, A. Rae, Ed. (1980). AAWCJC Journal. Vol. 3, No. 1. AAWCJC Journal, v3 n1. A collection of essays, book reviews, conference reports, poetry, and prose is presented. The collection first provides excerpts from articles and poetry presented at the Rural American Women (RAW) conference. Among other topics, these articles consider a vocational training program for economically disadvantaged women in eastern Tennessee; a cooperative, self-help organization established in Greensboro, Alabama; and the funding of programs for older, nontraditional students at Moberly Junior College (MO). Next, essays by Doris A. Meek and Irene Tinker discuss the proceedings and ramifications of the Official World Conference of the United Nations and the Non-Governmental Mid-Decade Forum, which were held simultaneously in Copenhagen in July 1980. Three brief reports follow, examining attitudes toward affirmative action and funding for women's programs under the Reagan Administration; the characteristics of successful women administrators; and the Texas Student Information System…. [PDF]

(1981). Missions and Functions of the California Community Colleges. One in a Series of Staff Papers for Discussion. Commission Report 81-14. In an attempt to stimulate discussion on directions and priorities for the California community colleges (CCC), this monograph examines six issues likely to affect the colleges during the 1980's. The monograph first reviews recent literature pointing to an erosion of the colleges' transfer, vocational, and general education functions and then discusses the following concerns: (1) overcoming the image of "two-year colleges" and assuming the role of lifelong learning centers; (2) improving the implementation of open-admissions policies through student assessment, screening, and placement in courses and programs appropriate to their skills and abilities; (3) improving articulation with high schools and utilizing newly created high school graduation proficiency exams as competency standards for entering freshmen; (4) allocating affirmative action funds to programs to recruit minority students into transfer programs and programs for severely disadvantaged minority adults; (5)… [PDF]

(1978). Legal Issues in Teacher Evaluation. Handbook. Various legal issues associated with teacher evaluation and significant court decisions are summarized in this handbook. Three major legal issues are defined: (1) failure of the school district to follow due process when terminating tenured and non-tenured teachers, or when abolishing positions; (2) discrimination in employment and promotion, or failure to comply with affirmative action legislation; and (3) improper use of tests (particularly, the National Teacher Examination), or use of invalid, unreliable criteria for hiring and evaluating teachers. Summaries of 27 court cases are presented which cite landmark decisions and indicate recent legal developments which relate to the three major issues. These cases are not restricted to actions involving teachers. Several legislative acts are also summarized: the first and fourteenth amendments of the United States Constitution; Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964–Equal Employment Opportunity; Equal Employment Opportunity…

Wood, R. Ronald (1976). [Project: MOBILITY.] Research and Design Project for Disadvantaged Student Programs and Needs Assessment of Select Disadvantaged Students Programs at Fresno City College. Summary of Final Report. Need Assessment. The results of a needs assessment designed to determine the needs and problems of select disadvantaged students completing vocational education programs at Fresno City College (FCC), California, are presented in this report. Part 1 provides the needs assessment and program planning model, including a flow chart, and the narrative description. Part 2 describes the field testing of the model: the concerns assessment and the student testing and FCC records data. Part 3 includes the following measurable student objectives for the Extended Opportunity Program and the Enabler Program at FCC developed from the data obtained from the needs assessment: retention, attitudes, measurements, affirmative action, program completion, personal growth/fulfillment outcomes, required skills/knowledge outcomes, and grade point average outcomes. Part 4 presents these conclusions: using the tools and logic of educational system planning, a needs assessment and planning model for community college… [PDF]

(1979). Shortchanged and Slighted: An Assessment of the Department of Labor's National Response to Women's Employment and Training Needs. This paper examines the administration of funds under Title III of the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act by the Department of Labor (DOL) with respect to women workers. (Title III funds are discretionary funds administered by DOL's Employment and Training Administration, Division of National Programs (DNP), to provide additional services to special segments of the population, in this case, women.) Six specific DNP-administered programs are examined: Apprenticeship Outreach, Journeyman Outreach Training, National On-the-Job Training, Promotion and Development, Operational Support to Community-Based Organizations, and Program for Selected Population Segments. The analysis indicates "a serious lack of commitment to the employment needs of women at a national level." Major conclusions of the report are that DNP (1) appears to have no formal, comprehensive affirmative action policy regarding women for existing contracts; (2) has funded only a few employment programs…

Fishman, Walda Katz (1979). The Right-Wing Attack on Women. A personal evaluation is expressed on the changing role of women in the United States as a result of current social attitudes and of recent legislation regarding medical, economic, and educational matters. It is hypothesized that the United States is currently experiencing an extreme and growing right-wing political movement whose targets include women, workers, ethnic and religious minorities, and homosexuals. Right wing movements are interpreted as embodying a political philosophy (elitist versus democratic) and an organizational structure (corporate class encouragement of activities to maintain a position of power and privilege). Organizations associated with right-wing attitudes include the National Association of Manufacturers, the Chamber of Commerce, and the National Right to Work Committee. Recent instances in which these right wing attitudes have worked against rights of women and other ethnic minorities include the Bakke decision on affirmative action enforcement, anti…

(1978). Maryland Accountability Program Report, Year IV. School Year 1976-1977. The fourth report required by the Maryland Educational Accountability Act, this report contains information about goals for Maryland public education and progress toward those goals. An introductory chapter explains accountability, the Maryland Accountability Act, and limitations of current instruments for measuring learning progress. The second chapter chronicles accomplishments of the Maryland State Department of Education, including educational programs, public library programs, vocational rehabilitation programs, and other program support services in such areas as affirmative action, teacher certification, and accreditation of schools and programs. The central purpose of the report, to present Maryland accountability assessment information, is accomplished in Chapter Three. Results show that Maryland scores on the Iowa Test of Basic Skills at the third-grade level are the same as or significantly ahead of the national norms. At the fifth-grade level, scores are close to the…

Millet, June E.; Smith, Lawrence H. (1973). Video Tape Application to Higher Education: Pre-Employment Screening. Final Report. Significant needs and additional pressures have been imposed on those persons involved in faculty selection activities on college campuses today. The combination of greater numbers of highly qualified candidates and restricted interview budgets suggests the need for more efficient and less costly methods of employment screening. In addition, further exacerbation of an already difficult situation is developing from the attempts of institutions of higher education to comply with the Affirmative Action Guidelines set forth by the federal government. The videotape technique presented in this document was assessed by the participants in this study to be an extremely valuable tool in the faculty screening preemployment process. In addition, the videotape provided the feedback information necessary to counsel the interviewee with respect to his relative interview strengths and weaknesses. Most importantly, this information is based on the comparison of the interviewee's self-perception to… [PDF]

Legaspi, Perla E. (1997). The Academe in the Promotion of Adult Literacy. The delivery of literacy services by state universities in the Philippines is embedded in their academic functions of instruction/teaching, research and development, consultancy, and extension services. To reach a larger clientele and democratize access to education, the University of the Philippines (UP) has established the Open University. The Philippine Normal University has a developed a comprehensive development plan for the second district of Negros Occidental region with the following components that promote adult literacy: Nonformal Education for the Out-of-School Youth, Nonformal Education for Adults, and Continuing and Lifelong Education Program. UP has a very strong extension program. Among the services under this volunteer program that relate to the promotion of adult literacy are the following: Affirmative Action Program; Pinatubo Rehabilitation and Resettlement Program; Ecology Camp; Coastal Resource Management Program; Service Learning; Tutorial Program; Community… [PDF]

(2000). Legal Issues in Education Practice: Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century. Papers [of the] Education Law Association Annual Conference (46th, Atlanta, Georgia, November 9-11, 2000). Topic Outlines. This document contains the conference papers of the Education Law Association's 2000 conference. The papers examine school prayer; student speech under the Equal Access Act; the control of student behavior and expression; legal challenges facing the charter-school movement, the future of special-education law, school desegregation decrees, and charter-school innovation; collegiality and tenure; the use of statistics in discrimination cases; the electronic media and school violence; freedom of expression outside the classroom; developments in church/state/school relations; higher education and affirmative action; vouchers; student-led prayer in school; the Milwaukee parental-choice program; practical tips in representing school clients; a framework for addressing school test-use issues; providing services to the youngest children with disabilities; student handbooks; legal issues in teacher evaluation and remediation; Title VII and the First Amendment; litigation and the future of…

Conley, Valerie Martin; Hyer, Patricia B (1999). A Faculty Assessment of the Campus Climate for Diversity. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. This study reports on a multi-faceted assessment effort for diversity underway at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. The four major elements of this project include: (1) archival research of the institution's history of segregation and desegregation; (2) a report on the status of women and minority faculty, staff, and students; (3) climate surveys of faculty, staff, and students; and (4) interviews with various constituents and benchmarking visits to other institutions. This paper focuses on the survey of faculty's assessment of the campus climate for diversity. The survey questionnaire, which was mailed to all 2,648 faculty members both on and off campus, included questions on professional treatment and social acceptance in the department, institutional climate, attitudes about affirmative action, level of commitment evidenced by institutional leaders, and personal experiences with discrimination and harassment. The response rate was 50 percent. The survey… [PDF]

Fetter, Jean H. (1995). Questions and Admissions: Reflections on 100,000 Admissions Decisions at Stanford. This is a first-hand account of the process used in selecting undergraduates at Stanford University (California) between 1984 and 1991. The topics covered are also relevant to the procedures followed in many four-year colleges throughout the United States. There are sections on the use and abuse of standardized tests and on special considerations such as extracurricular talents, alumni parents and siblings, faculty and staff parents, and donors. The topic of ethical dilemmas, notably the possibility of dishonesty by applicants and high school and college admissions officials, is considered. There is also discussion of the underlying philosophical issues and practical applications of affirmation action policies and problems associated with scholarship support, especially for athletes and international students. Case studies and anecdotes drawn from the author's experience as the Dean of Undergraduate Admissions illustrate the text. The first chapter is a brief history of admissions…

(1991). The Basic Agenda: Policy Directions and Priorities for the Nineties. Each year, the Board of Governors of the California Community Colleges (CCC) develops and adopts a Basic Agenda that sets forth current priorities for the 107-college system. Guided by emerging trends and issues, the 1991-92 Basic Agenda constitutes the Board of Governor's long-range planning document for the 1990's. The report's introduction describes the most important objectives of the CCC for the coming decade, which include ensuring educational quality; developing the system; implementing the educational legislation of Assembly Bills 3 and 1725; improving the system's image; accommodating enrollment demands; fostering diversity; and strengthening California's economic development efforts. The next six sections of the report review issues related to general and transfer education, including educational standards, English as a Second Language (ESL), and basic skills; economic development and vocational education; student services; human resources, including staffing, diversity,…

Alexander, Benjamin H.; Royster, Preston M. (1984). Issues in the Educational Progress of Black People. Educational progress for black people requires elimination of racial prejudice and discrimination against the poor. Several issues relating to the education of black people are discussed: (1) blacks continue to be incorrectly stereotyped as intellectually inferior; (2) historically, blacks suffered from discriminatory educational practices; (3) parents, friends, and relatives of some black students, as well as the students themselves, need to provide educational motivation because it is evident that achievement is possible despite the obstacles set up by others; (4) the academic environment needs attention–with efforts being made toward making learning as interesting and enjoyable as possible; (5) failing students should be retained until they learn a given grade level's material–past problems in this area have caused many students to be unprepared for high school and college work; (6) universities should be relatively flexible in their admissions policies, denying admission only…

McCormack, Wayne, Ed. (1978). The Bakke Decision: Implications for Higher Education Admissions. A Report of the ACE-AALS Committee on Bakke. An analysis is presented of the "Bakke" decision and the several opinions of the Supreme Court Justices. The principal issue presented by the case is whether a higher education institution using a selective admission program may adjust that program by giving explicit preference to qualified members of identified racial or ethnic groups who would otherwise be denied admission. The circumstances are outlined in the application and rejection of Allan Bakke to the Medical School of the University of California at Davis. Bakke's Case in the Superior Court of California is analyzed and the considerations in the Supreme Court decision relating to violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1965 are covered. The three principal opinions in the Supreme Court decision were by Justice Powell, one by Justices Brennan, White, Marshall, and Blackmun (each of the latter three also write separate opinions), and one by Justice Stevens (joined by Chief Justice Burger and Justices…

Richer, Stephen, Ed.; Weir, Lorna, Ed. (1995). Beyond Political Correctness: Toward the Inclusive University. This collection of 12 essays examines the history of the discourse over political correctness (PC) in Canadian academia, focusing on the neoconservative backlash to affirmative action, inclusive policies, and feminist and anti-racist teaching in the classroom. It includes: (1) "Introduction: Political Correctness and the Inclusive University" (Stephen Richer and Lorna Weir); (2) "'Political Correctness': An Ideological Code" (Dorothy E. Smith); (3) "PC Then and Now: Resignifying Political Correctness" (Lorna Weir); (4) "Framing the 'Western Tradition' in Canadian PC Debates" (Victor Shea); (5) "Academic Freedom Is the Inclusive University" (Janice Drakich and others); (6) "'Fit and Qualified': The Equity Debate at the University of Alberta" (Jo-Ann Wallace); (7) "Diversity, Power, and Voice: The Antinomies of Progressive Education" (Daiva K. Stasiulis); (8) "Reaching the Men: Inclusion and Exclusion in…

Hixson, Adalyn, Ed. (1998). The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education, 1997-98. Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education, v8 n1-26 1997-1998. This document consists of all of Volume 8 (26 issues) of the journal, "The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education," a biweekly journal that addresses issues in higher education for Hispanic Americans. Each issue presents several feature articles, a policy update column called "Outlook on Washington", a description of an exemplary program, and a sample student success story. Among topics addressed by feature articles are the following: minority admissions, the Hispanic Dropout Project, the Hispanic division of the Library of Congress, the Association of Community College Trustees, a new center focused on Spain at New York University, an organization fostering entrepreneurship skills, the distance doctorate, Latinos in baseball, affirmative action at the University of Texas (Austin), open admissions on trial at City University of New York, the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities, student retention, women in higher education, financing a… [PDF]

Moyer, Kerry L. (1992). Pennsylvania and the State System of Higher Education in the 1990s: Demographics and Trends. This report presents demographics and information on Pennsylvania's state system of higher education and on issues that may influence that system in the 1990s. Following a brief introduction, the first section treats changes in state demographics including migration, minority groups, accelerated aging of the general population, and family housing. A section outlining the changes in the state system of higher education demographics covers human resource trends, enrollment changes, and the changing role of women in society. The next section outlines economic changes including trends in tuition and charges, funding for the state system, future funding from the state legislature, the state's labor force, and employment trends. A look at social changes examines public commitment to education, public responses to social changes, and affirmative action. This is followed by a section presenting a summary of student markets touching on the high school graduate group as well as on increasing…

(1978). The Changing Role of Personnel Officers. SPEC Kit 45. A 1977 Association of Research Libraries (ARL) survey showed that more than 80 member libraries had staff persons designated as personnel officers. In a series of in-depth interviews in the spring of 1978 with some of these personnel officers, the main factors contributing to changes in personnel functions were identified as: (1) a growing number of governmental regulations and guidelines, (2) increasing staff needs and demands within a complex organization, and (3) recognition by library leaders of the importance of committed staff. A concise summary at the beginning of this collection discusses affirmative action guidelines, changes in the nature of the job market, the adoption of faculty governance models, unionization efforts of library staffs, and training and counseling for library supervisors. The kit also contains: (1) documents on changes in personnel functions from University of Connecticut, Duke University, and Princeton University; (2) examples of selection and…

(1986). Equal Opportunity Laws: Topic Paper A. This paper examines the status of U.S. disability-related equal opportunity laws and identifies gaps in coverage, shortcomings and inconsistencies in interpretation and application, and deficiencies in enforcement. Problems with the scope of coverage result from: (1) laws that are not enforceable in federal courts against states, not co-extensive with laws prohibiting discrimination, and not co-extensive with the Federal Fair Housing Act (Title VIII of Civil Rights Act of 1968); and (2) the failure of the Federal Government to use its leverage as a consumer of goods and services. Problems with the language, interpretation, and enforcement of current handicap equal opportunity laws include the absence of reasonable accommodation requirements and standards, failure to spell out elements of nondiscrimination, lack of a clear distinction between nondiscrimination and affirmative action, etc. Also identified are problems in trying to apply traditional civil rights legal standards to…

Neely, Margery A.; Schuley, Marcia (1978). Assessing Competencies for Administrative Positions. Since 1928 when women represented 55% of all elementary school principals, the number of women in educational administration has been declining. In addition to historical trends which brought more men into the education profession, two factors hinder the promotion of women to administrative positions. The first factor is perceived barriers (internal). Women tend to perceive the probability of moving into educational administration as low and thus do not aspire. These barriers could be overcome by changing women's attitudes, life priorities, and/or capability concept. Other barriers (external) seem to be present in the field of vocational education and would be amendable to some educational efforts and to more formalized affirmative action. A second hindering factor is the method of assessing administrative competencies. Since some women's career patterns are different from those of many men, their skills development may also take shape in different situations. These skills may be…

(1981). Reduction in Force–Layoff and Recall. Suggested Personnel Policy Guidelines for School Districts. This document focuses on the issues involved when changes in school district staff size are planned and revises the 1977 document, "Reduction in Force." Because local Oregon school districts have statutory and constitutional authority to reduce force and lay off staff, they need to develop plans for such actions when procedures are not included in their collective bargaining agreements or when supplements to those agreements are needed. When planning for a necessary change in staff size, districts must still ensure that equal educational opportunities are available to all students, that equal student activities are offered for males and females, and that affirmative action procedures and state standard requirements remain intact. Additionally, procedural requirements of the Oregon Fair Dismissal Law and local collective bargaining agreements must be followed. Position descriptions are needed for each type of position to ease reassignments. In writing a plan, districts… [PDF]

Sullivan, Otha Richard (1980). Who Is Testing Black Children and Youth in the Public Schools of America?. Despite research conducted on the testing of minorities, little attention has been given to the issue of the race and training of the test administrator, i.e., the psychometrist or school psychologist. Black children in the present educational system are most often faced with examiners who are culturally, socially, and economically different from themselves. These differences undoubtedly create problems of rapport and may be the cause of disproportionate numbers of black children being identified as educable mentally retarded. There is great inequity in the access to professional training and equal employment for blacks in the field of school psychology. In order to train more blacks as school psychologists and to provide more comprehensive testing of children and youth, the following recommendations might be followed: (1) the implementation of affirmative action hiring programs for school psychologists; (2) Federal efforts to correct underrepresentation of blacks; (3) the…

(1977). Methods of Two-Year College Finance in Selected States. A Supplement to Financial Support for the California Community Colleges, Commission Report 77-3. In order to analyze the California system of community college finance within a national context, a review of recent literature was followed by an intensive study and survey of eight states, chosen to illustrate alternative solutions to California financing problems. National trends among community colleges that emerged included (1) the development of distinct purposes and identities; (2) funding mechanisms which increasingly resemble those of four-year institutions; (3) legally distinct governance and funding; (4) budget review procedures with line-item appropriations; (5) an increasing state share of support with decreasing local support; and (6) the development of the "community college" concept with a wide variety of programs, courses, and activities. Levels of support for students, the arguments and consequences of state/local funding, the variety of finance mechanisms, finance formulas related to affirmative action, and the issues of educational equity and tuition… [PDF]

(1979). Long-Term Finance Plan: Recommendations for the 1980's. In order to establish a clearer sense of what California community colleges are expected to accomplish, to insure adequate resources to accomplish those tasks, and to provide a sounder basis for the assessment of the return of public investment in community colleges, the Board of Governors and the Office of the Chancellor of the California Community Colleges developed a long-range finance plan. The plan incorporates a new process of establishing state objectives for the colleges, asking local districts to plan each year for new and revised programs within the annual state budget process. It envisions a continuation of state fiscal support, through statute, to meet the costs of inflation and enrollment changes. It will expand current state concerns with serving particular student populations to a more comprehensive concern with staff development, student support services, administrative improvement, development of high priority curricula, and affirmative action. The plan is presented…

Lamb, Terry, Ed.; Marsh, John P., Ed. (1975). An Introduction to the Part-time Teaching Situation with Particular Emphasis on Its Impact at Napa Community College. Part-time instructors constitute a growing proportion of community college instructors. They receive no fringe benefits or office space, they are not assigned to faculty committees, and they sign quarter-to-quarter contracts which contain no stipulation of job security, even for the quarter contracted. There are three reasons for hiring part-time instructors: (1) Part-time instructors increase the curricular and scheduling flexibility of an institution, (2) Part-time faculty can be employed to teach at one-third or less the cost of full-time faculty, (3) Factionalization of the faculty discourages faculty collective bargaining efforts. However, there are numerous problems inherent in part-time staffing policies: (1) Lack of formal hiring procedures leads to affirmative action inequities and arbitrary firing, (2) Part-time faculty do not often display a long-term commitment to the institution, and do not maintain professional ties, (3) Lack of evaluation and provision for student… [PDF]

Carter, George E.; And Others (1976). Essays on Minority Cultures. Selected Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Minority Studies (3rd, April 1975). Volume 2. The volume consists of 23 essays which examine interdisciplinary perspectives, grouped by academic areas or viewpoints on various minority issues. Topics include: the existence of a black literary tradition, the international need to develop an analysis of minority conflict and intergroup tension, the conditions faced by migrant workers, origins and attraction to "la causa" in the Southwest embodied in the National Farm Workers Organization, Chicago's experimental Quality of Life Center founded in 1974, Federal and city efforts to improve economic opportunity for blacks in Chicago, dilemmas faced by minority administrators in the 1970's, affirmative action as a model for social change, distortions of the Latin American's history in elementary and junior high school texts, the vision and articulation in Scott Momaday's "House Made of Dawn", the Chicano novel's emergence, Tomas Rivera's "… and the earth did not part" and Raymond Barrio's The Plum Plum… [PDF]

O'Neil, Robert M. (1975). Learner-Centered Education. There is no clear consensus of the term \learner-centered reform.\ Learner-centered reform has become by implication either the cause or the consequence of inflated grades, lowered admission requirements, affirmative action, elimination of language and other requirements, student evaluation of teaching, abandonment of research, and many other ills that afflict the contemporary academy. It is fair to assume that most students attending truly nontraditional institutions probably would not be enrolled at all if only the traditional options existed. Some valid cause for concern about learner-centered reform stems from the consumer protection movement. There is growing concern in this area for external and nontraditional degree programs. There is also growing concern about accreditation. There is a threat posed by learner-centered reform to scholars and teachers of the traditional mold. If the influence of the learner in shaping the curriculum and evaluating his performance expands, it… [PDF]

Loring, Rosalind; Wells, Theodora (1972). Breakthrough: Women Into Management. The book focuses on the many factors involved in recruiting, employing, training, and advancing more women into higher management positions. It is a timely book as employers are pressured by recent legislation requiring equal treatment of women and men and by timetables to work more women into management. The authors deal with actual and proposed changes and explain how and why various practices are out-of-date, as well as providing guidelines for fresh direction. Legal, social, and economic factors are traced; excerpts are included from Revised Order 4 for Federal contractors as a model for changes in practices as related to: affirmative action officers, college/university recruitment, placement agencies, assessment centers, awareness training, sponsorship, promotion, and job policies. One chapter describes the managerial climate while another deals with the societal expectations of women and men in their sex/marital/work roles. A chapter entitled \Managers, Marriages, and Mates\…

Dziuba, Victoria, Ed.; Meardy, William, Ed. (1976). Enhancing Trustee Effectiveness. New Directions for Community Colleges, No. 15. The challenges facing governing boards today have never been greater. Financial constraints, as well as legal questions, increases in teacher militancy, collective bargaining, affirmative action, and other thorny issues, make the job of the trustee increasingly complex. The 16 articles in this sourcebook examine the role of the community college trustee and present recommendations for improving trustee effectiveness. The authors recommend that trustees become more aware of the legal problems inherent in their jobs; that they become skilled in working with state and federal legislators in achieving institutional goals and in curtailing the ever-increasing state domination of community college decision-making; that they engage in continuing self-evaluation; that they work with the president as a management partner, rather than as an adversary; and that they eschew written policies and allow the president maximum flexibility. Also presented are: (1) predictions of the future course of… [PDF]