Patrick, John J. (1994). The Young Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. This book, intended for juveniles and young students, provides an encyclopedic collection of reference information about the U.S. Supreme Court. The articles are arranged alphabetically to aid in looking up words, ideas, or names. Lists of "see also" entries are located at the end of articles to refer the reader to related subjects. The book includes biographical sketches of all 107 justices of the Supreme Court, detailed discussions of 100 of the most historically significant cases decided by the Supreme Court, articles that define and discuss concepts central to the meaning of constitutionalism in the United States and decision-making by the court, legal terms and phrases associated with the Court's operation, procedures and practices in the daily operations of the court, essays on key topics and issues in U.S. constitutional law, excerpts from notable Supreme Court opinions, and tables of milestone cases in the development of constitutional law. Essays on current…

Malave, Lilliam M., Ed. (1988). Theory, Research, and Applications: Selected Papers from the Annual Meeting of the National Association for Bilingual Education (16th, Denver, Colorado, March 30-April 3, 1987). Papers in this volume include the following: "The Theoretical Framework of Jim Cummins: A Review and Critique"; "The Development of Bilingual Behavior"; "Effective Schools Research and Language Instruction Programs"; "Reading and Writing Instruction in Three Bilingual Education Programs in Connecticut"; "Instructional Discourse in an Effective Kindergarten Classroom: A Case Study"; "Ecobehavioral Variables within a Classroom with Limited-English Proficient Students"; "Creative Reading: A Relevant Methodology for Language Minority Children"; "Teachers' Perceptions of Errors in Second Language Learning and Acquisition"; "Testing the Transfer Paradigm in Second Language Learning: The Case of Spelling Skills"; "Conducting and Evaluating Oral Tests in the Second Language Classroom";"The Competency Testing Mine Field: Validation, Legal and Ethical Issues with Implications for… [PDF]

(1990). Strategic Master Planning Document, 1990. Developed at Lansing Community College (LCC) through a charrette process, this strategic master plan provides specific directions for action, while retaining room for human judgment in moving toward the college's goals. The seven sections of the plan focus on strategic planning goals, including charrette recommendations, rationales, and strategies within each priority level for action. The planning goals relate to: (1) strengthening instruction with respect to basic skills assessment, cross-curricular competencies, common core of courses, duplication of courses, the Academic Affairs Office, exit competencies, and instructional design, technology, and support; (2) strengthening student services in the areas of computer-based student services, counseling, equal access to services, student support services, child and dependent care, student minority affairs, handicapped and tutorial services, health care activities, and student activities; (3) strengthening the college's financial…

Cook, Lauraine (1991). Comprehensive Planning Resource Document, 1990-91, for the Kern Community College District. This compilation of resources for district planning in 1990-91 provides an overview of demographic, personnel, financial, facilities, and curriculum issues for the Kern Community College District (California) and its member institutions, Bakersfield, Cerro Coso, and Porterville colleges. The 10 sections of the document cover: (1) General Information, including a description of the district planning process; the text of the California Community Colleges Basic Agenda for 1990-91; and philosophy, mission, and goals statements; (2) External Characteristics, including population, labor force, and high school enrollment statistics and projections; (3) Internal Evaluation, including program evaluation and accreditation procedures; (4) Instructional Services, including an inventory of approved programs, academic calendars, and vocational education offerings and needs; (5) Student Support Services, including plans for matriculation, assessment, Extended Opportunity Programs and Services, and…

Raines, Max R.; And Others (1989). Thinking Together about the New Century in Michigan Higher Education. Project 90: A Priority Assessment from Professors of Higher Education within the Education Administration Department of the College of Education, Michigan State University, 1987-1989. Purpose of Michigan State University's Project 90 Priority Assessment was to extract, synthesize, and delineate a series of potential initiatives for public higher education in Michigan that reflect the key proposals of recent state and national studies. The study sought to compare the priorities of state legislators and officials with those of presidents, chief academic officers, and board chairs of Michigan community colleges and universities. In addition, the study sought to determine the major reasons for the selection of the top priorities and anticipated problems associated with them. Several groups were asked to assign priority to 21 initiatives, including 87 presidents, academic officers, and board chairs from community colleges; 43 members of those groups from universities; 100 members of the State House of Representatives; 48 members of the State Senate; and 11 staff members from the Department of Public Instruction. Study findings, based on responses from 55% of the… [PDF]

Stetson, Nancy E. (1990). Collegial Governance at College of Marin: A Governmental Model. Management Report 1989-90/2. The College of Marin has adopted a model of collegial governance that involves the entire campus community in recommending policies and procedures that determine the rules by which employees and students live. The model, which was designed by a task force representing faculty, staff, and students, is based on the U.S. Government model of executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Its major components are an Academic Senate, a Classified Senate, a Student Senate, and a Senate Executive Board. Each of the three Senates has two major roles: (1) to review and recommend District policies and College procedures; and (2) to recommend appointments from its membership to College governance committees. The Senate Executive Board is composed of an equal number of representatives from each of the three Senates. Proposals for new or changed policies or procedures travel through a number of committees before reaching the Senate Executive Board (comparable to a legislative conference… [PDF]

Mael, Phyllis (1989). Transforming the Curriculum for Equity and Excellence. With the changing demographics in college populations, educators can no longer offer students a curriculum that denies the very existence of women and minorities. Yet this is precisely what occurs in the traditional or womanless curriculum. If one recognizes the limitations of a curriculum that accepts male experience as universal, one is ready to begin curriculum transformation. A questionnaire was sent to all community college humanities departments in an attempt to ascertain what faculty were doing to balance their humanities courses for gender and how they were doing it. Over 250 responses from more than 70 different colleges were received. Based on these responses, the following suggestions are offered to faculty interested in transforming their humanities courses: (1) start wherever colleagues and institutions feel most comfortable (usually this means beginning to incorporate more works by women or material that includes women's experiences); (2) in classes where instructors…

Hutchins, Sally, Ed. (1981). Trustee Quarterly: Volume 5, Numbers 1-4, 1980-1981. Trustee Quarterly, v5 n1-4 1980-81. These four issues of \Trustee Quarterly\ present 31 articles on topics of concern to community college trustees, including finance, administration, and mission. Specific articles cover: (1) the board chair's political role (E. M. Duffy); (2) evaluation and goal setting (M. Hays); (3) collective bargaining (K. L. Hunt and W. Hamilton); (4) long- and short-range planning (D. B. Lake); (5) trustee role in presidential evaluations (J. Lombardi); (6) changes facing community colleges (S. E. Marsee); (7) trustee orientation (P. McGlashan); (8) adult literacy and the community college (N. M. Ellison); (9) board self-evaluation (M. M. Harris); (10) relations with the federal government (C. M. Mathias); (11) power and politics of state educational policy (B. Roberts); (12) legal liabilities of the trustee (R. E. Sechler); (13) international education (B. F. Stewart); (14) competing with industry for faculty (H. A. Tuck); (15) trustee responsibilities (A. R. Christensen); (16) board/president…

Millard, Richard M. (1978). The State Role–Beyond Bakke. Outcomes of the Bakke decision and the role of the state in developing an effective post-Bakke agenda are addressed. While the Supreme Court rejected the doctrine of complete racial neutrality in admissions decisions, there is ambiguity in the decision that could be used to rationalize complacency and justification of the status quo, doing away with quotas and two-tracks and submitting nothing in their place, or weakening programs designed to support minority students with potential for professional and graduate work. Advantages of the decision include directing attention to the issue of underrepresentation of minorities in higher education and in responsible positions in American society. It is suggested that state boards, commissions, or departments of higher education have played or have the capacity for playing significant roles in expansion of access, including providing guidance in areas related to access such as admissions standards and student aid. An agenda for state higher… [PDF]

Flax, Jane (1978). A Materialist Theory of Women's Status. The paper examines three factors–reproduction, production, and psychodynamics–which contribute to maintaining an inferior image of women in a capitalistic society. It also offers suggestions for changing these social structures so that they will not relegate women to inferior social status. In a capitalistic society production is based on commodities, which are defined as objects which have exchange value in the market place. Although the position of women as nurturers is highly valued socially, women do not gain the esteem and power which comes from the world of commodities. Also, the social organization of capitalism reinforces the division between nurturance (female) and authority (male). In addition, the tasks of reproduction and socialization of children also divide women and men into tasks of nurturance and authority. This duality is then reflected in the work which women do outside the home. When women display behavior inappropriate to their roles as nurturing females, they…

Hixson, Adalyn, Ed. (2001). The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education, 2000-2001. Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education, v11 n1-25 2000-2001. This document consists of all 25 issues of Volume 11 of "The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education," a biweekly journal that addresses issues in higher education for Hispanic Americans. Each issue contains several feature articles, a policy update column called "Outlook on Washington," a description of an exemplary program, and a sample student success story. Among topics addressed by feature articles in each issue are: (1) college admissions and the diversity plan of the University of Wisconsin; (2) education and the new Hispanic heritage; (3) Latin American jurists and legal education; (4) bilingual education and academic achievement; (5) Hispanic American achievement, Internet programs, and racial tensions; (6) Hispanic Americans in sports, science, and sociology; (7) Hispanic Americans at the City University of New York; (8) student financial aid and paying for college; (9) international education and the Latino educational agenda; (10) achievement of Hispanic… [PDF]

Cole, Eddie R. (2020). Race at the Top: Historical Insights on the College Presidency and Racial Inequities. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, v52 n2 p17-21. College presidents are important administrators who are frequently expected to address the public when racism occurs on college campuses. However, journalists and administrators often react to events and implement initiatives without understanding the broader context surrounding racial incidents. On historically White campuses, college presidents' frequent failure to acknowledge the past has become a standard operating procedure. This is unfortunate because, as history demonstrates, college presidents have the influence to shape policies and practices. Therefore, they are role models, knowingly or unknowingly, for how to move forward a real equity and social justice agenda. The views of the president–whose voice is arguably seen as a proxy for the stance of the university–are critical to showing that institutions' leaders will not tolerate racism. The college presidency is a particularly important administrative role to study historically because it offers new perspective on, and… [Direct]

Sailer, John D. (2022). The Anatomy of a Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Takeover: A Case Study of the University of Tennessee. National Association of Scholars This report offers analysis of the University of Tennessee's Diversity Action Plans. Every academic college and every Vice-Chancellor Unit on campus issued plans. True to Chancellor Donde Plowman's vision, these colleges and units propose extensive and ideologically-charged reforms. The National Association of Scholars finds in these plans nothing short of a blueprint for an institutional overhaul–the anatomy of a diversity, equity, and inclusion takeover. Such a takeover will have obvious implications for education at the University of Tennessee. The National Association of Scholars believes that true education will erode and indoctrination will flourish. These plans, moreover, reveal in extensive detail what an exhaustive diversity, equity, and inclusion program looks like. Thus the report provides a case study in the rolling revolution under way in academia…. [PDF]

(2023). Academic Freedom and Tenure: Indiana University Northwest. American Association of University Professors This report addresses the actions taken in September 2021 by the administration of Indiana University Northwest that led to the dismissal and revocation of tenure of Dr. Mark McPhail. The investigating committee found that IUN violated several AAUP-recommended standards of academic due process and the protection of intramural speech in the dismissal of Dr. McPhail, without any appropriate proceeding or disciplinary process. Furthermore, the report concludes that the behavioral complaints brought against Dr. McPhail that resulted in his termination relied on "racist tropes of incompetent, angry, and physically violent Black men" without any credible basis in truth, and that the general "conditions for academic governance at Indiana University Northwest can therefore only be described as unsound." [The text of this report was written in the first instance by the investigating committee.]… [PDF]

(1998). Education Policy. IDRA Focus. IDRA Newsletter, v25 n10 Nov-Dec. This theme issue includes five articles that focus on educational policy in the Texas legislature in relation to student retention, Internet access, and sexual harassment. "1999 Texas Legislative Session–End of an Era?" (Albert Cortez, Maria Robledo Montecel) examines educational equity issues facing legislators: school funding, including the facilities allotment, funding formulas, and special program allotments; disciplinary alternative education programs; reporting of student dropout rates; reading initiatives; public money for private schooling; and affirmative action in higher education. "Retention Fails, but Continues To Be Promoted" (Pam McCollum) reviews national and state histories of retention policies, including social promotion versus in-grade retention, the failures and costs of social promotion, summer schools, transitional schools, research on retention, and alternatives to retention. "The E-Rate and the Battle for Equity in Educational… [PDF]

Mellander, Gustavo A., Ed.; Prochaska, Fred, Ed. (1991). The Diversity Challenge: A Collection of Model Programs. Model programs designed to promote diversity within the West Valley-Mission Community College District (WVMCCD) in California are discussed and described in this report. First, an introductory chapter, "The Importance of Cultural Issues to Higher Education," by Gustavo A. Mellander and Fred Prochaska, reviews the diversity recommendations of the National Center for Postsecondary Governance and Finance, as well as the WVMCCD's commitment to a comprehensive student assessment and placement program, and to an affirmative action plan for hiring. The subsequent chapters, which describe the district's model programs, are entitled: (1) "A Brief Summary of the Cultural Pluralism Program at Mission College," by Jane Patton; (2) "The ADELANTE Project at Mission College," by Barbara Richmond and Nancy K. Wright; (3) "The Cross-Cultural Contact Assignment at Mission College," by Marsha Chan; (4) "The Role of Cultural Diversity in Vocational Courses… [PDF]

Bergmann, Barbara R.; Figart, Deborah M. (1989). Facilitating Women's Occupational Integration. Background Paper No. 26. Occupational sex segregation is one of the most obvious facts of economic life. The largest declines in the sex segregation index between 1970 and 1980 were in the managerial and professional specialty and in the service occupations. Changes were greater for white-collar than blue-collar occupations for both white and minority women. White women reduced their entry into a number of traditionally female white-collar occupations that minority women, leaving private household work, continued to enter. It has been easier to pass laws mandating equal opportunity and affirmative action than to eliminate institutional and informal obstacles, such as sexual harassment or coworker hostility, outmoded administrative rules and procedures by employers and unions, and gender-tracked promotional ladders. There has been some growth in the number of women training for and entering higher-status, skilled blue-collar crafts. There are more women apprentices than women currently employed in the… [PDF]

Mattice, Nancy J. (1995). Campus Climate Faculty/Staff/Administrator Survey. Institutional Research. In fall 1994, College of the Canyons (COC), in California, conducted a survey of all 380 faculty, staff, and administrators to determine their attitudes toward and experiences at the college. The survey rate was 31.8%, with 121 responses and results were compared to findings from a spring 1994 survey completed by 545 students for a 30.8% response rate. Study findings included the following: (1) while all administrators and nearly 90% of the faculty believed diversity was a good thing for COC, only 84% of staff and 79% of students agreed; (2) 50% of faculty, 58% of staff, and 47% of students believed that promoting diversity leads to the admission of too many underprepared students; (3) 86.3% of faculty, 88.2% of administrators, 80% of staff, and 77% of students agreed that COC had achieved a positive climate for diversity; (4) while 60% of faculty and 85% of administrators disagreed that affirmative action leads to the hiring of less qualified faculty and staff, 64% of staff and 56%… [PDF]

Eure, Dexter D., Sr. (1984). Desegregation/Integration and the Media: Fallout from the Brown Decision. The Supreme Court's 1954 Brown decision, which addressed itself to the question of race, was as applicable to the national media as to the nation's public schools. In its watchdog role, the media has often preached to government and businesses, without applying the same standards to itself. The media, an industry governed and ruled by white males who wield awesome amounts of power, has great impact on people's lives, and has had a major influence on institutional racism. Despite its power and influence, the media refuses to be held accountable for its own racism. The "liberal press" would have people believe that racism is not reflected in the exclusion of non-whites from its corporate boards, from ownership, and from the ranks of editorial decision makers. Today, 60 percent of the daily newspapers still do not employ a single minority journalist. When minorities are not allowed in newsrooms, news stories are often incomplete, poorly researched, and largely inaccurate. The…

Welch, Finis (1976). Employment Quotas for Minorities. This report, part of Rand's Labor and Population Studies Program, delves into sources of black/white income differentials. This report has as its purpose, the use of employment quotas as an analytical device for devising a priori notions of what the effects of government attempts to reduce employment discrimination might be. Following a formal solution to both a one-sector and a two-sector model of quotas, wherein the two-sector case quotas are imposed on only one sector, a number of simulations are presented. The simulations are an arithmetical exercise conducted to give order of magnitude estimates of the social cost of quota-induced income redistribution. The main conclusion is that without skill bumping quotas are expensive means of redistributing income. With skill bumping, quotas have the potential of redistributing income at costs that appear trivial, but there is a problem. Skill bumping presumes that workers are upgraded into better paying jobs than they would otherwise…

Arnold, Mary, Ed. (1996). The Full Palette Diversity Guide for High School Journalism. This booklet presents 12 activities to help high school journalism teachers and staff members balance the content of their publications and the staff makeup so that all groups of students in the school are represented. The first 11 activities in the booklet are classroom activities designed for teachers and students. The final activity is intended primarily for advisers and includes suggestions for recruiting minority staff members and step-by-step plans for forming a local press association. Included with each activity in the booklet are a goal for each activity and strategies for attaining that goal; an approximate time line for the activity; ways of getting started and wrapping up each activity; a list of materials needed; worksheets; and a list of sources and resources. Activities in the booklet are (1) The Music Lesson–A Mini-Survey Experience; (2) Cover Me Fairly–Getting Rid of Stereotypes and Biases; (3) Total Coverage–Covering All Sectors of the Student Body; (4) The…

Wright, Stephen J. (1978). Testing/Admissions: What Can and Cannot Be Done. The uses and limitations of tests and college admissions policies and procedures are considered, and some testing/admissions guidelines for selective graduate and professional schools in the post-Bakke era are suggested. Among the uses of tests are the following: diagnosing academic deficiencies and weaknesses; determining the level of mastery; identifying the very able and the very weak students who apply to selective institutions; and predicting how individuals will perform in the future with respect to relevant criteria. Four things that tests cannot do are: measure innate ability, measure without substantial error, measure drive or persistence, and predict with any substantial accuracy who will or will not succeed in a given profession. The purpose or role of public policy where admission to professional schools is concerned is to serve the public interest. The purpose or role of academic policy is to insure the educational integrity of the educational programs and the… [PDF]

Sternberg, Robert J. (1995). For Whom Does "The Bell Curve" Toll"? It Tolls for You. Although British psychologist Francis Galton lost the battle for the definition of intelligence in his own time, his views live on in the work of Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray. They argue that the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is an adequate measure of intelligence, and that IQ is highly heritable. They contend that there are racial and ethnic group differences in intelligence, and that these matter for society. They further believe that tests have been and should be a gating mechanism because they tell who will be better and who will be worse in a variety of pursuits. Their ideas, however, deserve more scrutiny than influence. Herrnstein and Murray ignore the large body of research that says IQ is not the be-all and end-all that they make it out to be. They imply that psychologists are in fundamental agreement on what intelligence really is, but, in fact, psychologists continue to debate the nature of intelligence. There are racial differences in IQ, but are these really…

(1992). Toward a Model Academic Administrator Evaluation Policy. Adopted November 7, 1992. In developing procedures for evaluating academic administrators which both meet legal requirements and foster professional development, institutions should provide for the participation of faculty and other employees directly affected by the administrator's position; develop clear and complete job descriptions for each administrative position; conduct evaluations in a timely manner at regular and reasonable intervals; and clearly explain the purposes of the evaluation. Job performance standards should be established at least 1 year in advance of the evaluation process and should be clearly communicated to those being evaluated. Job performance goals and objectives should be established which assess the administrator in such areas as knowledge of the position, planning and management in the context of shared governance, communication skills, promoting affirmative action and cultural diversity, and implementing legal mandates. Two types of procedures for the evaluation of… [PDF]

Van Alstyne, Carol; And Others (1977). Women and Minorities in Administration of Higher Education Institutions: Employment Patterns and Salary Comparisons. Special Supplement: 1975-76 Administrative Compensation Survey. Employment patterns and salary levels of 18,035 college and university administrators were compared by sex and race. The national survey compared the status of women and minorities with those of white men in order to establish baselines for measuring progress toward achieving affirmative action goals and to raise questions about the causes of differential employment opportunities. The data for 1,037 institutions were collected as part of the 1975-76 Administrative Compensation Survey conducted by the College and University Personnel Association. Among the findings are the following: the large majority (79 percent) of people holding the 52 administrative positions studied were white men, while white women held 14 percent, minority men held 5 percent, and minority women held under 2 percent; the institutions with women or minority student bodies employed a much larger percentage of women and minorities in administrative posts than did white coeducational colleges; at all institutions,…

Tiana Thompson (2024). Addressing Challenges of African American Students in an Alabama HBCC Hospitality Program. ProQuest LLC, Ed.D. Dissertation, Tennessee State University. This qualitative dissertation explored the challenges faced by African American students in a Career and Technical Education (CTE) Hospitality Program at a Historically Black Community College (HBCC) in Alabama. Framed by Social-Identity Theory, Critical Race Theory, and the Inclusive Excellence Framework, the study addressed the underrepresentation of African Americans in management roles within the Hospitality and Tourism industry (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020). Using purposive sampling and in-depth interviews with students, faculty, and administrators, the research identified structural, cultural, and academic barriers–such as educational disparities, limited networking, resource inequalities, and unconscious biases in hiring and promotion–that hindered student success. While culturally supportive environments were present, participants highlighted gaps in institutional resources and industry partnerships needed for career advancement, underscoring the need for stronger… [Direct]

(1987). Black Health Issues in New York State: Condition, Prognosis, Prescription. Preliminary Report, Health Subcommittee. The Governor's Advisory Committee for Black Affairs. Volume 1, Health. This document, which reviews the health problems of blacks in New York State, is the first volume of a study of the needs of the two million blacks in New York. The health status of blacks is examined in each of the following phases of the life cycle: (1) maternal; (2) infancy; (3) childhood; (4) adolescence; (5) adulthood; and (6) the elder years. Related issues of services, access to and availability of medical care, and affirmative action to increase the number of medical and health care professionals to serve the black community are also reviewed. The following preliminary findings are discussed: (1) the health status of blacks has improved substantially in the past 5 years, but significant disparities continue to exist between blacks and other New Yorkers; (2) there is a clear connection between poverty and poor health, with a complex interaction of socioeconomic and behavioral factors adversely affecting the health and longevity of blacks; (3) blacks of all ages are grossly…

Bayer, Alan E. (1973). Teaching Faculty in Academe, 1972-1973 [machine-readable data file]. The \Teaching Faculty in Academe, 1972-1973\ machine-readable data file (MRDF) resulted from a mail survey of faculty members in 301 institutions of higher education in the United States and represents a replication or follow-up of a previous survey conducted in 1968-1969. The purpose of the survey was to reassess college and university faculty in the light of significant changes in American higher education; e.g. tighter job market, growth in collective bargaining, alteration in tenure policies, decline in federal support for university research, introduction of affirmative action programs, decline in campus unrest, lower growth rate for undergraduate enrollments, and the precarious financial situation in many higher education institutions. The 301 institutions include 78 universities, 181 four-year colleges, and 42 junior or community colleges. Institution faculty size ranged from 20 to 4,500. A total of 53,034 faculty members responded to the survey, with 10,689 indicating either…

Aoki, Andrew L., Ed.; Haynie, Kerry L., Ed.; McCulloch, Anne M., Ed.; Schultz, Jeffrey D., Ed. (2000). Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics. Volume 2: Hispanic Americans and Native Americans. The American Political Landscape Series. The last 30 years of U.S. political history have seen dramatic strides in the impact that minorities play in U.S. politics. This second volume of a two-volume set addresses the historical and contemporary impact of two of the largest minority groups in the United States. Divided into two sections, the encyclopedia addresses the political struggles of Hispanic Americans and Native Americans. The work draws attention to those events, people, and ideas that have shaped, and will continue to shape, the political dialogue of a diverse country. The entries cover people, events, court cases, movements, and organizations that have shaped the political struggles of these 2 groups. Longer entries address some of the key issues that face minorities in U.S. politics today. These "issue entries," such as those on affirmative action, immigration, bilingual education, and political participation were written to give context to current politics and to show how these issues might be…

(1989). Annual Information Digest: Los Angeles Community Colleges, 1987-88. This statistical digest provides 1987-88 information on the enrollments, students, programs and services, finances, and personnel resources of the Los Angeles Community College District's (LACCD's) nine campuses. Following a glossary of terms, the report provides an overview of major findings. These include the following: (1) an estimated 4.6 million people lived in the district in 1987, representing a 10% increase over 1980; (2) since 1980, the district's population has shown increases in the representation of Hispanics and Asians, a steady proportion of Blacks, and a decrease in the percentage of Whites; (3) the proportion of females enrolled in the LACCD rose to 55% in fall 1987; (4) between fall 1972 and fall 1987, the representation of Hispanics and Asians in LACCD enrollments increased from 16% to 26% and from 6% to 15%, respectively; while the proportion of Blacks and Whites decreased; (5) the percentage of full-time students fell from 35% in 1972 to 26% in 1987; (6) since…