Leon, David Jess (1979). Institutional Racism and the Educational Opportunity Program: A Study of Organizational Change and Strategies for Reform. Various organizational modes for implementing desegregation in higher education are examined with specific reference to the effects of programs at the University of Washington, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of California at Berkeley. Each school established Equal Opportunity Programs (EOP) that differ structurally and operationally. The University of Washington program illustrates a self-determination model, a unified, self-contained, and relatively autonomous office. A partial-determination model was used by UC Santa Barbara where EOP operates under a somewhat decentralized system. EOP at the UC Berkeley follows an integration model where all EOP clients use regular student services for advice and assistance. The extent to which each of these models may lend itself to or embody institutional racism is examined. It is suggested that wherever racial disparities exist in an institution, institutional racism exists. Enrollment figures, relative… [PDF]

(1976). Beyond Uniculturalism. No. 1: Teachers Making a Difference through Visions, Hopes and Skills [And] No. 3: Understanding Multicultural Equality [And] No. 4: Schools and Educators Who Rate [And] No. 5: Action Guide [And] No. 7: Bibliography. The materials are designed to help teachers formulate, plan, and work for multiculturalism in schools. The first part of the unit contains a guide to help elementary and secondary teachers engage in multicultural education and eliminate racism and sexism in the schools. It discusses how teachers can make a difference and helps them assess their own goals, awareness, knowledge, and skills which can contribute to multicultural education. The second part of the unit, \Understanding Multicultural Equality,\ provides examples of uniculturalism in the schools. This implies the imposition of the values of white male, middle class dominated society. Part three, \Schools and Educators Who Rate,\ outlines the roles of key groups responsible for developing multicultural schools and furnishes a checklist for rating existing skills and understandings. The Action Guide in part 4 lists strategies which individuals or groups can use to move beyond uniculturalism. The booklet concludes with a… [PDF]

(1975). Hierarchy, Power, and Women in Educational Policy Making. A Position Paper Prepared by the National Conference on Women in Educational Policy Making. IEL Report 6. Education is the crucial institution involved in sex-role socialization. The percentage of women in school administrative positions has declined. Schools have adopted modern corporation and military management models. Women unhappy about the status quo must learn about power, both theoretically and practically, in order to change their position in the world of education and find the tools for institutional change within the schools. Women can (1) collect the qualifications necessary to be a legitimate contender for a place in the school power hierarchy; (2) summarize the research negating that administration is a male job; and (3) if necessary file legal complaints. Women in administration can provide a much-needed service by becoming participant observers and compiling handbooks and case studies of real experiences with power structures and leadership styles. (Author/MLF)… [PDF]

Wiles, David K.; Wiles, Marilyn M. (1976). Cross-Referencing the Professorship, Male Induction and Female Sexuality Models: An Inherent \Inappropriateness\ Referrent. Appropriateness for any particular organization role involves a calculation of identifiable expectations. The induction phase of new members identifies a set of role expectations. Unobtrusive but obvious \other\ expectations play a large part in determining the appropriateness of both role and induction in organizations. This paper discusses the unconventional expectations associated with the label, \feminine,\ as it affects role referrents of professorship within higher education. It is hypothesized that the present lack of consistent expectations for female faculty has created role confusion that cannot be alleviated by some manipulation of traditional bureaucratic, male, or induction role expectations. Specifically, cross-referencing the conventional classifications of university professional, male induction, and female sexuality, reveals two types of role inappropriateness for the female professor: (1) that in direct conflict with the traditional male induction model, and/or (2)… [PDF]

Blackwell, James E. (1975). Access of Black Students to Graduate And Professional Schools. The issue of access at the level of graduate and professional training is multifaceted. Absolutely nothing about this issue is unidimensional and singularly focused except perhaps the persistent effort of black Americans to attain their rights to higher education. Hence, this study highlights such important components of the access issue as admissions policies, practices and results, enrollment trends and patterns in graduate and professional schools; barriers to professional practices; and efforts to increase the number and proportions of blacks in graduate and professional schools throughout the United States. Although the scope of concern here is more national than regional, in many instances, special attention is given to conditions existing in those states immediately affected by the decision in the Adams v. Richardson case. (Author)…

(1975). Summary of the Regulation for Title IX Education Amendments of 1972. Title IX of the Education Amendemtns of 1972 bars sex discrimination in any academic, extracurricular, research, occupational training or other educational program operated by an organization or agency that receives or benefits from federal aid. The regulation (45 CFR Part 86) for Title IX summarized in this document falls into five categories: (1) general matters related to discrimination on the basis of sex; (2) admissions; (3) treatment of students once they are admitted, including housing and facilities, courses and other educational activities, counseling, student financial aid, student health and insurance benefits, marital or parental status, athletics, and textbooks; (4) employment; and (5) enforcement procedures. (Author/KE)… [PDF]

Roediger, Roger D.; And Others (1988). Theme: Instructional Materials. Agricultural Education Magazine, v61 n4 p4-20 Oct. Consists of seven articles discussing instructional materials in agricultural education. Topics include (1) selection criteria, (2) secondary vocational agriculture, (3) computer uses, (4) special populations, (5) videotapes, (6) the cutting edge, and (7) technology transfer. (CH)…

(2000). Tools for Employers: Making Equal Pay a Reality in Your Workplace. Facts on Working Women. This publication presents six primary tools employers can use to narrow or eliminate pay gaps in their workplaces. After each tool is a discussion of the problem and examples of \best practices\ by employers that have won the Department of Labor's Opportunity 2000 and EVE (Exemplary Voluntary Efforts) awards. The report is divided into six tools: \Tool #1: Evaluate Your Compensation System–Are there wage gaps between women and men at your company that cannot be explained by legitimate nondiscriminatory factors?\ Examples of best practices are Blue Cross Blue Shield of Delaware, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), and Eli Lilly and Company (Lilly); \Tool #2: Establish Effective Recruitment, Hiring, and Promotion Practices–How effective are you at recruiting, hiring, and promoting qualified women and minorities?\ Examples of best practices are Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc., PNNL, and Lilly; \Tool #3: Address Diversity–Do you address diversity?\ An example of best… [PDF]

Chang, Mitchell J. (2001). The Positive Educational Effects of Racial Diversity on Campus. This study examined links between racial diversity on college campuses and positive educational outcomes. Data came from the Cooperative Institutional Research Program database, a longitudinal set of student and faculty surveys and research that assessed the impact of college on students. This study used data from a 1985 freshman survey and the 1989 follow-up of the same students. The survey examined demographics, high school experiences, college expectations, values, attitudes, life goals, self-confidence, and career aspirations. The follow-up survey also asked students to reflect on their experiences and perceptions of college. Information on students' SAT scores, ACT scores, and educational attainment and on African American, Asian American, Hispanic, and White undergraduate student enrollment was collected. Several campus climate measures were merged with the data sets. Faculty data were collected from full-time teachers at the same institutions for which student information was… [PDF]

McPherson, Michael S. (1983). Value Conflicts in American Higher Education: A Survey. Journal of Higher Education, v54 n3 p243-78 May-Jun. Value assumptions in American higher education and the conflicts among them are surveyed. Questions are categorized as: economic versus noneconomic purposes of education, fairness and equality versus efficiency and quality, and the problems of authority and control in academic decision making. (Author/MLW)…

Hale, Frank W., Jr. (1980). Critical Issues Relative to Problems and Promises of Black Students. Journal of the National Association of College Admissions Counselors, v25 n1 p25-29 Jul. A speech delivered at the National Association of College Deans, Registrars and Admissions Officers on March 16, 1980 in Alabama, presents a case for the continued existence of Black colleges. Suggests Black colleges have an important role in educating Black youth and recommends improvements for Black colleges. (RC)…

Nyquist, Ewald B. (1979). Win, Women, and Money: Collegiate Athletics Today and Tomorrow. Educational Record, v60 n4 p374-93 Fall. Problems associated with collegiate athletics involve winning at any cost, accommodating women, and financing sports in an era of declining resources and rising costs. Abuses in athletics programs, presidential responsibility, research of the problems and its results, and predictions for the future are examined with regard to these issues. (JMD)…

Duke, Celine Ellet (1978). Section 1985(3): A Viable Alternative to Title VII for Sex-Based Employment Discrimination. Washington University Law Quarterly, v1978 n2 p367-95 Spr. Section 1985(3) is shown to be an alternative to Title VII. Inadequacies of and alternatives to Title VII are noted and questions are raised concerning section 1985(3)'s application to private sex-based discrimination, the single entity rule, and whether sex discrimination is sufficiently class-based to activate section 1985(3). (AF)…

Schmidt, Peter (1997). A Federal Appeals Court Upholds California Measure Barring Racial Preferences. Chronicle of Higher Education, v43 n32 pA28-A29 Apr 18. A federal appeals court has upheld an amendment to California's constitution that bars government agencies from granting preferences based on gender or race. The California Civil Rights Initiative, or Proposition 209, was found not to violate the Equal Protection Clause. If the ruling is not reversed, public colleges and universities will be forced to change many admissions and hiring policies. (MSE)…

Williams, Carolyn (1990). Broadening Access for Black Students. Community, Technical, and Junior College Journal, v60 n3 p14-17 Dec-Jan 1989-90. Reports on the Minority Education Initiative included in the American Association of Community and Junior Colleges' 1990 public policy agenda. Focuses on issues related to government policies and guidelines, effective teaching environments, and institutional effectiveness. Provides an assessment of each issue and strategies for change. (DMM)…

Baez, Tony; Clarke, Edwin (1990). Reading, Writing, and Role Models. Community, Technical, and Junior College Journal, v60 n3 p31-34 Dec-Jan 1989-90. Discusses the importance of cultural diversity among classroom teachers. Describes Milwaukee Area Technical College's (WI) Cooperative Urban Teacher Education Program and Wayne County Community College's (MI) Urban Teacher Program. Considers the role of teachers in building a more skilled work force. (DMM)…

Mincberg, Elliot M.; Tatel, David S. (1989). The 1989-1988 Term of the United States Supreme Court and Its Impact on Public Schools. West's Education Law Reporter, v50 n3 p661-75 Feb 16. This report of the Supreme Courts' 1987-88 term is organized by subject matter with summaries of the key cases the court decided, lower court decisions the Court refused to review, and decisions to be reviewed in the 1988-89 term. A list of all cases discussed, including case citations, is included. (MLF)…

Burton, Leone (1993). Management, "Race," and Gender: An Unlikely Alliance?. British Educational Research Journal, v19 n3 p275-90. Reports on a study of 39 females and minority females and males in British educational institutions who achieved senior management positions. Describes their experiences and identifies the themes, strategies, and institutional structures. Finds that many institutions failed to implement policies and strategies that address underrepresented groups. (CFR)…

(1992). Talk About It: Democracy Begins in Human Conversation. Teaching Tolerance, v1 n2 p53-55 Fall. Discusses the importance of fostering conversation about difficult issues such as racism and injustice. Offers six guidelines for teacher facilitated group discussions in the classroom about sensitive issues that cover planning, goals, setting the stage, rules, and encouraging openness. (JB)…

Minami, Dale (1990). Guerrilla War at UCLA: Political and Legal Dimensions of the Tenure Battle. Amerasia Journal, v16 n1 p81-107. Shows how political campaigning and legal action won a three-year battle (beginning in 1986) for tenure by an Asian Pacific American professor, D. Nakanishi, at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). Describes the case's academic context, explains the legal alternatives, and analyzes the legal/political strategy adopted. (JB)…

Nakanishi, Don T. (1990). Why I Fought. Amerasia Journal, v16 n1 p139-58. An Asian Pacific American professor, D. T. Nakanishi, describes his decision to fight the University of California Los Angeles' initial denial of tenure, including the legal and tactical considerations involved, his sense of generational duty, the case's importance for other Asian Americans, and the personal pain and suffering involved. (JB)…

Hawley, Willis D.; Wheelock, Anne (1993). What Next? Promoting Alternatives to Ability Grouping. Journal of Intergroup Relations, v20 n1 p65-74 Spr. Suggests ways to eliminate ability grouping in the schools, and explores new alternatives to improve schooling for all students. Specific guidelines are given for the development of academically and racially heterogeneous schooling. The elimination of grouping practices that deny equal access to education is a goal worth pursuing. (SLD)…

James, David P. (1991). Minority Student Retention: The Prince George's Community College Program. New Directions for Community Colleges, n74 p57-62 Sum. Describes Prince George's Community College's Black and Minority Student Retention Programs, focusing on enrollment patterns, initial retention efforts, program objectives, support services provided, selection criteria for students, and the mentoring component. Traces program growth and presents evaluation results. (DMM)… [Direct]

Cullen, Deborah L.; Luna, Gaye (1993). Women Mentoring in Academe: Addressing the Gender Gap in Higher Education. Gender and Education, v5 n2 p125-37. Explores mentoring functions that senior women provided to juniors in academe, and identifies limitations on female mentoring. Interviews with 24 women in administrative positions indicate that senior women favor career mentoring and provide less psychosocial support. Recommendations are made for academic institutions interested in using mentoring strategies to advance women. (SLD)…

Stephens, Jessica E. (1999). Wanted: Minority Educators for U.S. Schools. School Business Affairs, v65 n5 p37-42 May. Although necessary for a diversified student body, minority teachers are underrepresented due to a lingering resistance to integration efforts, unappealing classroom conditions, salary issues, and culturally biased professional exams. Equitable placement procedures, incentives, competitive salaries, mentoring programs, subject-area recruitment, and multicultural training are partial remedies. (26 references) (MLH)…

(2001). News and Views. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, n31 p8-88 Spr. This collection of articles includes such topics as: the shrinking number of white students at black colleges; the consequences of a nationwide ban on race-sensitive college admissions; a racially offensive Web site; reduction in overall crime rates at historically black colleges; black women dominating higher education; and Harvard Law School celebrating its black alumni. (SM)…

Cross, Theodore, Ed.; And Others (1996). Black Scholars Hold a Pessimistic Outlook for African American Prospects in Higher Education. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, n11 p74-77 Spr. Discusses survey findings that show black academics are highly pessimistic in their view of the future of blacks in higher education. Reasons include the following: curtailment of federal support for black colleges over the next five years; continued built-in test bias against blacks; no improvement in campus race relations; and persistent racial barriers against black faculty. (GR)…

Green, Preston C., III; Gutierrez, Kathrine J. (2004). Re-Examining Race-Based Admissions Processes of American Institutions of Higher Education Using Multi-Dimensional Ethical Perspectives. Journal of Educational Administration, v42 n2 p236-248. The Supreme Court of the USA explains when universities may use race-based admissions policies without violating the Equal Protection Clause of the US Constitution. These rulings raise important ethical issues for universities that are presently using race as a consideration in their admissions decisions. This paper discusses some of the ethical issues presented by the Supreme Court's decisions in the "Regents of the University of California v. Bakke," "Grutter v. Bollinger," and "Gratz v. Bollinger" cases. A summary of the "Bakke," "Grutter," and "Gratz" cases is provided as well as an analysis of these decisions using an ethical framework that incorporates five perspectives: ethic of critique, ethic of justice, ethic of profession, ethic of care, and ethic of community. The accompanying discussion highlights areas of agreement and conflict between the goals of race-based university admissions policies and the… [Direct]

Swain, Carol M. (2006). An inside Look at Education and Poverty. Academic Questions, v19 n2 p47-53 Jun. Behind this discussion of minority achievement is a story of one who transcended poverty and rose to the top of American education. Carol Swain advises that a student from a poor family should not be penalized because her parents are not able to involve themselves in school. This and other recommendations on policy reflect a profoundly personal awareness of what it meant to be a smart, ambitious black student caught in a disappointing educational environment. (Contains 9 notes.)… [Direct]

Baugh, John (2006). Linguistic Considerations Pertaining to "Brown v. Board": Exposing Racial Fallacies in the New Millennium. Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, v105 n2 p90-103 Oct. "Brown v. Board of Education" reminds this author, a linguist, of the linguistic diversity among black Americans, be they descendants of enslaved Africans–as he is proud to be–or Africans who escaped slavery. There is as much linguistic diversity among their race as among any other racial or ethnic group in the United States. When the Supreme Court handed down its landmark decision, "Brown" was hailed as the case that would lead to educational equality for all African Americans. That vision, however, has yet to be realized. In part, that is because, since "Brown," they have come to understand that racial segregation was only one obstacle standing in their way. This paper seeks to introduce some neglected linguistic dimensions into this realm, with particular attention to the "Brown" ruling and the growing linguistic diversity of black America. (Contains 1 figure.)… [Direct]