(1995). Perspective of the California Postsecondary Education Commission on Educational Equity. This publication sets forward the California State Postsecondary Education Commission's historical and present perspective on educational equity in California higher education and was prompted by Governor Wilson's June 1, 1995 Executive Order to End Preferential Treatment and to Promote Individual Opportunity Based on Merit (Executive Order W-124-95). The statement draws on the Master Plan for Higher Education, the California Education Code, and the Commission's adopted policies and recommendations on educational equity. The Commission believes that educational equity is vital to the state's economic and social future and that the focus of attention ought to be on the preparation of students for college, particularly for meeting eligibility requirements for California State University and the University of California institutions. The Commission notes that it has long supported effective collaborative student preparation programs whose goals are to enhance the number of students who… [PDF]

Harris, Zelema M.; Kayes, Pauline (1995). Multicultural and International Challenges to the Community College: A Model for College-Wide Proactive Response. Parkland College, in Illinois, has taken a proactive approach to responding to the multicultural and international challenges facing all community colleges. The action has been spurred by national indicators that suggest that the nation's workforce is becoming older, is being comprised of more female members, is including more members from traditionally minority groups, and will include jobs requiring higher skill levels. The college's approach was also based on a review of local conditions, including Parkland's mission and objectives and changing demographics of the community, students, and faculty and staff. The resulting initiative called for changes in the following areas: (1) school policies and procedures to eliminate exclusive policies; (2) school culture and the hidden curriculum (i.e., the underlying attitudes transmitted to students), resulting in the offering of diversity training for students, faculty, and staff; (3) the dominant learning styles at the college, resulting… [PDF]

Clagett, Craig A. (1992). Assessing County Support for Maryland Community Colleges: An Institutional Research Success Story. At Prince George's Community College (PGCC) in Largo, Maryland, a number of environmental and revenue changes in the 1980's resulted in complex political issues for the college. Changes in the county's black population (from 14% in 1970 to 51% in 1990) meant that the faculty's composition no longer reflected the diversity of the student population. Tuition fees at PGCC from 1985 to 1992 continued to surpass the state average, reaching 12% higher than the next most expensive Maryland state two-year college in 1992. Questions from legislators and the county concerning minority hiring policies and the high tuition fees abounded. In 1991, a state law was passed requiring PGCC, and only PGCC, to provide a detailed costs analysis report annually to the General Assembly. In January 1991, PGCC's office of institutional research initiated a study of comparative county aid to community colleges in Maryland. The study revealed that between fiscal years (FY's) 1987-90, Prince George's County… [PDF]

(1992). Democracy's Next Generation II: A Study of American Youth on Race. This report presents the results of a national study of American youth on relations between the races, particularly black-white relations. The study surveyed youth between the ages of 15 and 24 years in three parts: (1) a national telephone survey of 1,170 young people; (2) face-to-face, in-depth interviews with 78 additional young people nationwide; and (3) two focus groups with young whites–one group college-educated, the other not–in Raleigh, North Caorlina. The publication begins with a group portrait derived from the study of the children of the Civil Rights Era including a discussion of the racial divisions, hopeful trends among youth on race, and a vision of a new moral consensus on race. The second major part presents the study and its findings. After an introduction and executive summary, key findings are analyzed in the following eight sections: (1) social perspectives; (2) social values; (3) views of race relations in America; (4) race relations and personal…

Haskins, James (1992). Thurgood Marshall: A Life for Justice. This biography for young readers recounts in 10 chapters, the life of Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, and focuses on his life as a civil rights litigator who played a key role in the integration of education in the United States. Marshall's family history; boyhood and schooling in Baltimore (Maryland) and New York City; decision to attend a small all-black college, Lincoln University in Pennsylvania; experiences at Lincoln University; marriage in his junior year; college major in pre-dentistry; and decision in his senior year to go on to law school at Howard University Law School in the District of Columbia, where he had early experiences working for law professors on civil rights cases, are discussed. The following topics are highlighted: (1) Marshall's work as director-counsel for the Legal Defense and Education Fund of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; (2) his legal work for blacks during World War II; (3) his efforts under discouraging…

Pedersen, Paul B.; Ponterotto, Joseph G. (1993). Preventing Prejudice. A Guide for Counselors and Educators. Multicultural Aspects of Counseling Series 2. A model and a mechanism are presented for improving interracial and multiethnic relations. The need for multicultural awareness programs to be preventive, developmental, and long-term is emphasized. A comprehensive theoretical context of racial and ethnic identity serves as the foundation for planning and directing multicultural programs. Part 1, \Understanding Prejudice and Racism,\ includes three chapters that provide the background needed to understand prejudice and racism. In Part 2, \Racial/Ethnic Identity Development,\ two chapters provide the theoretical basis for work in multicultural awareness and prejudice prevention. A pragmatic approach is the focus of Parts 3 and 4. Part 3 outlines intervention roles for counselors and educators, with a series of developmentally sequenced exercises. Part 4 contains an overview of the leading assessment instruments and resources for use in multicultural education. Appendixes contain the Social Attitudes Scale and the Multicultural…

Gutierrez, Oscar, Ed. (1998). Report of the Texas Commission on a Representative Student Body. This report results from the 1996 U.S. Supreme Court decision, Hopwood v. Texas, which declared that race may not be taken into account for the purpose of creating a diverse student body. The report offers recommendations to Texas policymakers and educators concerning creative approaches to encourage more representative student bodies in light of this decision. Short-term and long-term recommendations are made for programs and strategies in three areas: recruitment and admissions, retention, and financial aid. Discussion of the issues and effective strategies in each of these areas is followed by presentation of ten major recommendations, including the following: (1) creation of a fund for supplementary financing of recruitment programs; (2) creation of incentives for two-year students to earn an associate degree or transfer to a four-year college; (3) increases in state financial aid funding; (4) expansion of current work-study programs; (5) expansion of partnerships between the… [PDF]

(1992). School Desegregation–The Unfinished Agenda. Proceedings from the Daisy Bates Educational Summit (Little Rock, Arkansas, May 9-11, 1991). This publication presents the proceedings of an educational summit held in May 1991 to honor D. Bates and to examine the unfinished agenda of the desegregation movement. Bates was President of the Arkansas State Conference of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) when the Little Rock (Arkansas) School Board voted to desegregate Central High School in 1957. At the summit in 1991, 21 education scholars, NAACP staff and national board members, state and local NAACP presidents, and selected education and legal redress chairpersons gathered to discuss the current status and future prospects for school desegregation. The proceedings are presented in a narrative form concerning the following topics or sections: (1) introduction; (2) conference overview; (3) whether school desegregation is still feasible; (4) desegregation successes and failures; (5) second and third generation desegregation (within school segregation and unequal educational outcomes); (6)…

Shultz, Eileen L.; And Others (1992). Perceptions of Institutional Climate. A study was conducted at Kutztown University (Pennsylvania) to examine issues affecting women in higher education. Areas addressed in the study include aspirations for advancement, perceptions of family support, perceived institutional support, perceived barriers to advancement, and networks perceived to support faculty. Data were solicited through a survey from all faculty members (N=340), half of whom responded. Data from the survey provide a profile of male and female faculty and suggest that the university is still operating within a male-dominated organizational structure with a glass ceiling still in place. Results suggest: women must network and form supportive internal structures that include mentoring; a need exists to reexamine current hiring practices at the university; greater institutional support is needed for faculty; the most attractive support is found to be in professional development monies awarded for research and professional opportunities; and the main sources… [PDF]

(1992). Maintaining Inequality: A Background Packet on Tracking and Ability Grouping. This document includes a selection of materials from the National Coalition of Education Activists (NCEA) on tracking and ability grouping designed to be a tool for teachers who wish to organize their school or district against tracking. The packet contains a cover letter, a response/feedback form, and reproductions of the following articles: (1) \What is Tracking?\ (NCEA); (2) \Tracking: Maintaining Inequality\ (NCEA); (3) \Selma High Student Speaks Out\ (an interview with M. Sanders); (4) \My Tracking Experience\ (C. Richard); (5) \The Pigs\ (M. Schwabe); (6) \What's Wrong with Tracking\ (S. Karp); and (7) \Tracking: An Old Solution Creates New Problems (a chapter from \Making the Best of Schools\ by J. Oakes and M. Lipton). Also included is a list of 11 resources on tracking. (JB)…

(1992). Opening up the Mathematics and Science Filters: Our Schools Did It, So Can Yours! A Nine Step Guide to Increasing Minority Student Participation in Mathematics and Science. This publication is a practical guide to implementing the Mathematics, Science, and Minorities: K-6 (MSM: K-6) Project, a program to increase minority student participation in mathematics and sciences in the kindergarten through sixth grade levels. The guide is organized into five parts. Part 1 is an introduction that explains why minority participation in mathematics and sciences is important, describes how this particular project began, notes typical obstacles to be overcome, and describes project components. Part 2 contains four testimonials from different schools that have implemented the project in the District of Columbia metropolitan area. Two accounts are told from the teacher's point of view, one is a principal's reflection, and the other is told from the guidance counselor's point of view. Part 3 is the key section that describes a nine-step implementation process (determining the nature of the problem, deciding how to get started, developing goals, identifying leadership… [PDF]

King, Diane (1994). Providing Leaders in ADA Compliance: A Business/Education Alliance. In an effort to help businesses comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 and equal opportunity employment practices, Miami-Dade Community College, in Florida, established the Microcomputer Education for Employment of the Disabled (MEED) Program, training disabled adults for careers as business applications software specialists. The MEED program focuses on technical skills training, job skills development, and interpersonal skills. Participants meet 8 hours a day, 4 to 5 days a week for 9 months, and then are placed in a 3-month internship with a local corporation. MEED is supported by Rotary International and over 100 local companies and organizations who comprise the Business Advisory Council. Council members provide resources, scholarships, equipment, and services and take active roles interviewing and selecting participants, delivering lectures, and acting as mentors. Throughout the program, the emphasis is on job readiness and placement. While MEED does not… [PDF]

Evans, Robert W.; Nieman, Ronald H. (1992). The Bronson Settlement Review: Year Eight 1991-92. The Cincinnati (Ohio) Public School System was evaluated for the eighth year on progress on ongoing issues resulting from the Bronson Settlement, a court ordered equal education program. This year's evaluation focused on staff racial balance, the Coalition of Innovative Schools, student discipline, and continuation of Bronson initiatives. The district was released from continued court involvement in staff racial balance when the teaching staffs of each district school were brought within the established guidelines in September, 1991. The Coalition for Innovative Schools was modified in 1991, and the success experienced in the first years of the program was documented once again. The district addressed student discipline, focusing on the disproportionate number of suspensions of black students through court-instigated recommendations, increases in the in-school suspension classes, involving many of the staff and students in disciples-related training programs, and work done by the… [PDF]

(1984). Looking to the Future: Equal Partnership between Women and Men in the 21st Century. Information about the world conferences for and about women held during the United Nations' Decade for Women, 1975-1985, demonstrates that women have been responsible for promoting change on local, national, and international levels. The booklet begins with a chronology of the events leading up to and including the decade and its conferences. Overviews of the two conferences held to date–the Mexico City (Mexico) conference of 1975 and the Copenhagen (Denmark) conference of 1980–are presented. Some documents from each conference are presented in a condensed form. The purpose and functions of the third world conference on women to be held in 1985 in Nairobi, Kenya, are discussed. Organized into non-governmental associations which interact with governments, women have promoted changes aimed at advancing the status of women, contributing to economic development, and promoting peace and international understanding. (RM)…

(1982). Oversight of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Hearing before the Committee on Labor and Human Resources. United States Senate, Ninety-Seventh Congress, Second Session. Examination of Certain Financial Management Practices within the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. This congressional report contains testimony that examines certain financial management practices within the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Among those agencies represented at the hearing were the General Accounting Office, the EEOC, the Office of Program Planning and Evaluation, the Office of Special Projects and Programs, and Georgetown University. The focus of the hearing was on various management and financial problems in the EEOC, such as unreliable and inaccurate records, inadequate fund controls, unrecorded transactions, and mismanagement of funds that may possibly have involved violations of the law. (MN)… [PDF]

Mincy, Ronald B. (1989). Paradoxes in Black Economic Progress: Incomes, Families, and the Underclass. Discussion Paper. This paper is a product of the \Changing Domestic Priorities\ project which has examined the shifts taking place in the nation's economic and social policies under the Reagan Administration and is now focusing on the major economic and social problems facing the nation over the coming decade. The following topics are discussed in this paper: (1) trends in black economic progress; (2) how these trends may have contributed to the development of an underclass; (3) new estimates of the size and growth of the underclass in a non-technical way; and (4) the implications of these trends for policies aimed at reducing some of the remaining disparities between blacks and whites and assisting the most severely disadvantaged blacks. Three tables, three figures, and 41 references are included. (JS)… [PDF]

Warfield, Deborah (1985). Florida Keys Community College's College Reach-Out Program. Because of its Reach-Out Program, Florida Keys Community College (FKCC) has been successful in recruiting black high school students to achieve its highest proportion of racial parity in first-time-in-college enrollments (i.e., 5.2%). Through its Eighth Grade Visitation Program, High School Recruitment Program, and other components, the Reach-Out Program has attempted to: (1) identify students who do not realize the value of postsecondary education; (2) counsel/advise students and parents through the Financial Aid Awareness Seminar, College Visitation Day, and Eighth Grade Visitation Program, as well as the FKCC slide show; (3) provide supplemental instruction in study skills through the publication of \Your Quick Guide to Success in College\; and (4) offer instruction on the relationship between learning skills and economic/social mobility in mini-lectures presented during the Visitation Program and College Visitation Day. This report on the Reach-Out Program includes a summary of…

Walker, Doris Kay Parker (1988). Strategies for Increasing Retention of Hispanic Students in Community Colleges. A study was conducted to determine the strategies used by 145 community colleges in Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas to meet the educational needs of Hispanic students and to investigate the relationship between these strategies and Hispanic student retention rate. Questionnaires were sent to the presidents of Southwestern community colleges with a 5% or greater Hispanic enrollment, requesting information on retention rates and strategies in effect. Study findings, based on responses from 88 colleges, included the following: (1) 50% of the colleges actively recruited Hispanic students; (2) 37.5% offered financial aid; (3) 92% provided academic advising about transferability of courses, 70.5% career counseling into selective programs, 88.6% academic support services, and 21.5% special orientation; (4) 38.6% offered bilingual courses, 55.6% English as a Second Language (ESL) courses, 50% Hispanic studies courses, and 100% developmental courses; (5) 89.8% had mandatory…

Allard, Celia A. (1984). Assessing Faculty Salary Equity. Association for Institutional Research, n20 Fall. Approaches for undertaking a faculty salary equity analysis are discussed. An institutional researcher must have a clear understanding as to why the study is being performed. Faculty handbooks and policy manuals are good starting points for determining how salary decisions are made. Once the salary allocation criteria have been identified, the next step is to translate those criteria into quantifiable variables. Much of the data needed for variables representing individual qualifications can be obtained from records maintained by the university personnel and payroll departments. The most reliable data elements probably will be those used in ongoing administrative processes like payroll and reappointment. Statistical procedures and tests of significance that are helpful to the researcher include: the chi-square, t-test, correlation, and analysis of variance. Three multivariate techniques frequently used for salary studies are analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, and multiple… [PDF]

Welter, Clyde W. (1981). Equity from a Vocational Teacher Educator's Perspective. Research and Development Series No. 214Q. Vocational teacher educators need to take an active role in the move toward ensuring equity in vocational education. Tradition appears to be the major obstacle to achievement of sex equity in vocational occupations, and the workrole perception of vocational teachers, teacher educators, vocational guidance counselors, and administrators has likewise been molded by the sex role traditions of society. Race and ethnic discrimination is more subtle. Grossly unequal enrollments continue in vocational programs, and this can only lead to prepetuation and prolongation of inequity in employment for women, the handicapped, and minorities. Some strategies that have been used to promote equity in vocational programs include sensitivity workshops or activities; interdisciplinary teams; using sound research relating to equity concerns and problems that pertain to vocational education, occupational equity, and employment opportunities to modify teacher education programs; redesign of teacher… [PDF]

(1981). Index of Federal Regulations and Court Cases on the Implementation of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. This index is divided into two sections: an Index on Federal Regulations and an Abstracts section of Court Cases and Administrative Decisions. Section 1 provides a topic index and comparison of contents and coverage of 16 federal departments with regulations established as of August 1981. Presented in tabular form, this index shows major topics and subtopics; in alphabetical order, names of each federal department whose regulations are cited; Federal Register volume numbers, dates, and Codes of Federal Regulations; specific regulation sections or "part numbers"; and "subpart numbers." Seven topics are covered: Administrative Requirements; Assurances; Discrimination; Education (all but postsecondary); Education–Postsecondary; Employment; Health, Welfare, and Social Services; and Program Accessibility. An appendix lists federal departments with regulations, guidelines, or requirements. Section 2 provides short summaries of court cases (1976-81) and administrative…

(1982). Economic Status of Women. Hearing before the Joint Economic Committee. Congress of the United States, Ninety-Seventh Congress, Second Session. This document is a transcript of a Congressional hearing on the economic status of women held by the Joint Economic Committee on February 3, 1982. Witnesses who testified at the hearing included Representatives Reuss, Richmond, Heckler, Wylie and Schroeder, Senators Jepsen and Kassenbaum, and a number of women active in women's equality programs. Witnesses focused their discussions largely on two of the problems that confront women today: the inequities faced by women in the labor market and the inability of low-income women to escape poverty and dependence on welfare. Witnesses testified that women's progress in the labor market has been slow, with more than two-thirds of women earning less than $10,000 per year; even for college graduate women, the median was only about 60 percent of the median wage for men. These gaps cannot be explained by differences in skills or productivity, said the witnesses, but have much more to do with occupational patterns, the concentration of women in… [PDF]

(1976). The Creative Woman: A Report of the Committee on the Arts and Humanities. This monograph presents a report on the status of women in the arts and humanities. The report points out the inequities and sex discrimination widespread in the field. Inequities occur in salary, opportunity of employment, and advancement to higher positions. The study was prepared by a Committee on the Arts and Humanities designated by the National Commission for the Observance of International Women's Year. Information was gathered from four major sources: (1) testimony in seven hearings before the Commission; (2) women working in the arts and humanities; (3) selected survey of private foundations; and (4) selective public members with specific and general knowledge of the field. Information in the report addresses itself to the creative and performing arts, architecture, cultural institutions such as libraries and museums, private foundations, teachers of the arts and humanities, and the government. The Committee recommended that women be appointed to managerial, administrative,…

Edmundson, Lorna Duphiney, Ed.; Seaman, Eleanor Ekblade, Ed. (1981). Growing Opportunities for Women in Mathematics and the Sciences. Conference Proceedings (1st, New York, NY, February 28, 1981). This report presents the proceedings of a conference on career opportunities for women in mathematics and the sciences. In keynote remarks, Eloise Clark discusses how the recently passed National Science Foundation Authorization Bill for 1981 provides for the participation of women, minorities, and the handicapped in science, and outlines some of the problems that might be expected in implementing the legislation. Dr. Clark furthermore discusses future challenges to science and technology that will be posed primarily by financial support considerations. Anne Briscoe emphasizes that in the struggle for equal employment opportunities, women and other minority groups must work together rather than compete with one another. Jonathan Cole discusses the issues involved in combining career with marriage, the community role in recognizing equal opportunities for women, and Federal support for women's participation in science. Francine Essien describes the factors that might influence…

Marshak, Robert E. (1980). Academic Renewal in the Seventies: Memoirs of a City College President. A personal account of the years 1970 to 1979 at The City College of New York is presented in the form of memoirs of the eighth president of City College, Robert E. Marshak. Topics discussed include: the history of City College, urban higher education, open admissions, the liberal arts, ethnic studies, professional training, biomedical education, community outreach of the college, fund-raising for urban public education, the tax-levy budget, and private fund-raising. It is argued that during the years between 1964 and 1970, colleges and universities were the centers of disruptions and social explosions that emanated from social, economic, political ethnic, and generational forces. Many American campuses were physically surrounded by racial minorities whose expectations and anticipations had been elevated to new highs by federal court decisions and legislation in the earlier years of the decade, and whose disappointment and frustration of the nonrealization of the promised… [PDF]

Youssef, Nadia H. (1978). Women and their Professional Future: An Assessment of Training Needs and Training Programs in Morocco. This report examines the professional future of women in Morocco. There are five major sections. Section one provides background information about the report. An exploratory trip was made to Morocco to (1) investigate ways to promote the entry of a large number of women into the public sector and social service agencies and to upgrade those women who are currently employed into more responsible positions, and (2) identify local training organizations which do or can operate training programs for women. Section two describes the educational system of Morocco. There is a great deal of failure and withdrawal at all levels. Section three, entitled "Identification of Training Needs," deals first with common themes that emerged in discussions regarding particular areas of training for which there is national need and then identifies the particular segment of the female population which is in greatest need to participate in any projected training program. This is followed by a…

Smith, Jeff E., Ed. (1981). The Impact of Desegregation on Higher Education. Proceedings of the National Conference on Desegregation in Higher Education (Raleigh, North Carolina, July 18-20, 1979). The first National Conference on Desegregation in Higher Education was held in response to the issues of segregation, desegregation, and integration within postsecondary institutions. This book presents the proceedings of the conference. An introduction to the conference presentations and an overview of the proceedings comprise Part I. Part II contains the keynote address, which discusses research studies on the impact of desegregation on higher education. Part III includes five papers which focus on the impact of current desegregation policies on students. Part IV and V present two major addresses on Federal and State influences on the desegregation of traditionally black postsecondary institutions and on faculty and staff recruitment, promotion, tenure, and retirement. Two papers concerned with the impact of desegregation policy on statewide systems of higher education are included in Part VII. Part VIII presents two addresses focused on the impact of legal and governmental…

Atelsek, Frank J.; Gomberg, Irene L. (1978). Special Programs for Female and Minority Graduate Students. Higher Education Panel Report, Number 41. A study was conducted to assess the extent to which academic institutions are currently providing special assistance to women and minorities for graduate study. The survey was limited to formal programs designed specifically for female or minority students and is not an inventory of all opportunities. Coeducational and predominantly white colleges and universities awarding a professional degree, doctorate degree, or other degree beyond the master's were surveyed. Usable data were received from 311 institutions for a response rate of 91 percent. National estimates were obtained by weighting each response by the ratio of the number of institutions in the population to the number that responded. Nearly half of the doctoral and professional institutions offered some form of special recruitment, academic, or financial aid program to benefit female or minority graduate students. The degree of involvement varied by the control of the institution as well as by the type, with universities… [PDF]

(1980). Need to Ensure Nondiscrimination in CETA Programs. Report to the Congress of the United States by the Comptroller General. A General Accounting Office (GAO) review assessed enforcement of provisions prohibiting discrimination to people within five protected categories–race, national origin, sex, age, and handicap–in the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) program. It evaluated Department of Labor (DOL) and prime sponsor policies and procedures for ensuring nondiscrimination both in program services provided by recipients of federal financial assistance and in recipients' employment practices. The review was performed at DOL's headquarters (Washington, D.C.), three of DOL's regional offices, and eleven of tne 460 CETA prime sponsors. GAO found that (1) the prime sponsors generally do not adequately serve significant segments, (2) DOL needs better reporting or servicing of significant segments, (3) DOL and prime sponsors need to improve monitoring and evaluation of equal opportunity activities, (4) prime sponsors need to improve design of programs to better service all segments, and (5)… [PDF]

Bargerstock, Charles T.; Zirkel, Perry A. (1980). The Law on Reduction-in-Force: A Summary of Legislation and Litigation. ERS Monograph. Declining enrollment and lower teacher turnover have forced many school districts to reduce the number of professional personnel employed. State legislatures, the courts, and local collective negotiations have been the principal scenes of legal activity concerning reduction in force (RIF). In this monograph, both technical legal information and direct assistance are provided to practicing school administrators and school boards. The monograph summarizes RIF legislation and litigation, including collective bargaining cases where generalizable. The focus is on loss of positions by teachers for nonpersonal reasons. The analysis considers cases involving other professional school staff, such as principals, as well as peripheral issues, such as demotion and transfer, only as they relate to this primary focus. Footnotes and a glossary of selected legal terms conclude the monograph. (Author/MLF)…