Morris, Lorenzo; And Others (1981). Equal Educational Opportunity Scoreboard: The Status of Black Americans in Higher Education, 1970-1979. Fourth ISEP Status Report, Part I. This fourth report of the Institute for the Study of Educational Policy examines the status of black Americans in higher education from 1970 to 1979, with special consideration to a discussion of a basis of parity which takes into account the rapid growth of the black population and to enrollment patterns in traditionally black institutions of higher education. Total undergraduate enrollments by race, sex and ethnicity, and total black enrollment by type and control of institution are examined. Also analyzed are graduate and professional school enrollments by race and ethnicity; percent differences and percent growth in full-time, first professional school enrollment by race and ethnicity for 1974, 1976 and 1978; and enrollments in law and medical schools by race, ethnicity and national origin. Data on degrees conferred are treated similarly. Tables describing the age structure of student populations by race, and tables describing the educational attainment of the population by age…

(1981). Voc-Ed Update. An overview is presented of vocational education in Hawaii. The first two sections define vocational education and contrast it to employment training, emphasizing the need for coordination between secondary and postsecondary programs. Noting the impact of federal funding laws, the next section describes the composition and responsibilities of the state boards, councils and offices concerned with vocational education in Hawaii and the relationships among them. The federal role in vocational education is covered next and significant federal legislation in the field is reviewed since 1972. The accomplishments of vocational education are then illustrated in terms of steady enrollments, program completions, employer satisfaction, sex equity, and professional personnel training. The following section examines the challenges for vocational education in the 1980's. These include fiscal austerity which may require the curtailment of programs, support services and expansion; the role of…

Milanovich, Norma; Turpen, Kathryn (1980). A Manual of Strategies for Educational Equity for the Administrators, Faculty, Staff & Students of Our Public Schools. Plans for units and lessons that help make elementary and secondary students aware of sexism are presented in this book. The plans encompass the following curriculum areas: art, athletics and physical education, career education, language arts, mathematics, social studies, and special education. Each plan includes a statement of the problem, strategy descriptions, performance objectives, teaching procedures and resources, terms and definitions, evaluation procedures, and follow-up activities. Also presented are strategies that school administrators can use to help overcome discrepancies that result from sexist practices. Each administrator strategy plan includes a description of the problem, a rationale, goals and objectives, procedures, a time table, and evaluation techniques. Copies of transparencies for classroom use are included. (MK)…

Gottfredson, Linda S. (1978). Race and Sex Differences in Occupational Aspirations: Their Development and Consequences for Occupational Segregation. A study was conducted to examine race and sex differences in occupational aspirations and the role of these differences in perpetuating under- or overrepresentation of women and blacks in different occupations. The underrepresentation of women, especially blacks, in all levels of entrepreneurial jobs was stressed since these jobs constitute a large proportion of all jobs and pay better for less education than other fields. Data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress regarding occupational aspirations, values, and self-reported competencies of thirteen-year-olds, seventeen-year-olds, and adults aged twenty-six to thirty-five were used to examine race and sex differences in orientation to particular types of occupations. Based on these results, speculations were presented about how people adjust their occupational goals in ways that help perpetuate occupational segregation. The following five principles were formulated: (1) society-wide stereotypes about good jobs are… [PDF]

Harrisson, John A. C.; Reubens, Beatrice G. (1980). Apprenticeship in Foreign Countries. R & D Monograph 77. A study of apprenticeship systems in a large number of foreign countries revealed considerable interest in expanding and improving apprenticeship systems, both as initial training systems and as a way of easing the transition from school to work and relieving youth unemployment. The American apprenticeship system differs from those of other Enghish-speaking countries by a relative absence of skill shortages, the alternative routes to skilled status, the absence of training boards or councils, the concentration on construction trades in apprenticeship, and the advanced age of apprentices. In these other countries apprentices are concentrated in relatively few occupations, and full-time vocational education competes with or is replacing apprenticeships in many occupations. On-the-job training includes broadbased introductory training and pay incentives. Successful related instruction depends upon administrative or institutional coordination of instruction and on-the-job training. Few… [PDF]

Astin, Alexander W. (1978). Data Pertaining to the Education of Women: A Challenge to the Federal Government. Data requirements for a comprehensive assessment of the educational status of women are evaluated. Issues concerning school personnel and women's educational development are considered. Postsecondary and elementary/secondary education are considered separately. Sex role stereotyping of teachers and administrators and numbers and ranking of men and women in academics are addressed. The federal government needs a mechanism for surveying recruitment and promotion of college faculty that provides data on faculty sex distributions by rank, longitudinal surveys of individual faculty members, and separate tabulations of newly-promoted and newly-hired faculty. Similar needs exist for elementary and secondary systems. Regular monitoring is needed of faculty pay scales among institutions differing in faculty sex composition. Analyses and dissemination of information on the sex composition of school administrators are needed. Monitoring of tne educational status of women should address… [PDF]

(1975). Women in Educational Leadership: An Open Letter to State Legislators. A Position Paper Prepared by the National Conference on Women in Educational Policy Making. IEL Report 4. This open letter suggests significant changes in the educational structure that state legislators can effect so that women will not be excluded from decision-making posts. Statistics are cited that indicate that a decreasing percentage of women hold positions in educational administration. In higher education, women hold an increasing percentage of instructorships but a decreasing percentage of full professorships. Policy changes are outlined in the areas of certification, school personnel, funding, curriculum, inservice training, appointment of women to policy-making boards, and state registries of educational personnel. (Author/MLF)… [PDF]

(1975). World Plan of Action: Decade for Women. The World Plan of Action adopted by the United Nations World Conference of the International Women's Year in Mexico City in July 1975 is presented in condensed form. The major purpose is to provide guidelines for national action over the ten-year period 1975-1985 as part of a sustained, long-term effort to achieve the objectives of International Women's Year. The report is addressed primarily to governments and to public and private institutions, women's and youth organizations, employers, trade unions, mass communications media, nongovernmental organizations, political parties, and other groups. The report calls for a clear commitment at all levels of government to take the action necessary to implement the plan and for governmental review of legislation affecting the status of women in the light of human rights principles and internationally accepted standards. The guidelines treat the following topics: peace, political action, education; employment, health, the family,…

(1976). Framework for Evaluating Institutional Commitment to Minorities. A Guide to Institutional Self Study. Reassessment of institutional programs and policies that affect minorities is needed to bring some order, understanding, and renewed energy to practices that influence institutions' commitments to equal educational opportunity for all persons. This guide to self-study focuses on: (1) undergraduate admissions and recruitment; (2) financial aid; (3) counseling, support services, and placement; (4) curriculum; (5) environment; (6) graduate and professional programs; (7) faculty and staff hiring, evaluation, and retention; and (8) administrative policies. (Author/KE)… [PDF]

Cope, Robert G., Ed. (1974). Public Policy: Issues and Analyses. Selected panel discussions and papers presented during the 14th annual forum of the Association of Institutional Research present analytical approaches–if not solutions–to imperatives identified in 1973. The articles build upon the six major policy reports on higher education released during the academic year: Carnegie Commission, Committee for Economic Development, National Board of Graduate Education, National Council of Independent Colleges and Universities, Newman Report, and the National Commission on the Financing of Postsecondary Education. (Author/KE)… [PDF]

Matthews, Martha; McCune, Shirley (1976). Complying with Title IX: The First Twelve Months. The regulation to implement Title IX became effective July 21, 1975. It establishes criteria to which education institutions or agencies receiving federal funds must adhere in eliminating sex discrimination from their education programs and their employment policies and practices. This handbook describes the five general requirements that must be implemented by July 21, 1976: notification of policy; designation of responsible employee; grievance procedures; institutional self-evaluation; and assurance of compliance. Appendices provide a sample program plan for compliance and checklists of procedural steps for ensuring compliance. (JMF)… [PDF]

Slaughter, Sheila (1988). Academic Freedom and the State: Reflections on the Uses of Knowledge. Journal of Higher Education, v59 n3 p241-62 May-Jun. The changing environment in which academic freedom is practiced and the new challenges confronting it are examined including: retrenchment and the crisis in state funding; national reform and accountability; the politicization of expertise; and the rise of new research funding patterns that emphasize government-university-industry partnerships, especially in defense. (Author/MLW)…

Lerner, Robert; Nagai, Althea K. (1998). Racial Preferences in Michigan Higher Education. Racial Preferences in Undergraduate Admissions at the Public Colleges and Universities of Michigan. This study examines the extent to which racial preferences are used in a cross-section of Michigan's public universities and attempts to determine how the elimination of racial preferences would affect the enrollment patterns of these schools. It submits actual admissions data from eight public universities to statistical analysis. All eight schools show a qualifications gap between white and black students admitted. There was no school at which the black median Scholastic Aptitude Assessment, American College Testing program test, or grade point average (GPA) was equal to or higher than the white median. Most schools also showed a qualifications gap between White and Hispanic students, with data strongly suggesting that most of the schools used racial preferences to increase Hispanic enrollment. There was no evidence that Asian Americans were benefiting from racial preferences, and there was strong evidence that they did not receive special consideration at all. Schools routinely… [PDF]

Adam, Anthony J., Ed. (1999). The New Era for Enrollment Management: Recruitment, Remediation, and Retention in the 21st Century. A Directory of Promising Practices, Notable and Significant Programs for Higher Education. This directory contains case studies which examine some of the more innovative responses to the problems presented by technological change, a more diverse and expanding student population, and increased access to institutions of higher education. While most of the programs are based at specific higher education institutions in the United States, there are entries for programs at Canadian universities and statewide initiatives. Each one-page entry has an outline of the program followed by a paragraph with contact information. Entries are organized under three headings: (1) recruitment programs, covering 43 listings, each from a different institution; at least one example is totally on-line, and another is a distance education program aimed at graduate students seeking teacher certification in deaf education; (2) remediation programs, with 50 listings, including on-line and Web-based examples; (3) retention programs, with 56 listings, many aimed at first-year students, with at least… [PDF]

(1999). Achieving Gender Equity: A Basic Guide to Title IX and Gender Equity in Athletics for Colleges and Universities. Second Edition. This guide is designed to help college athletic administrators obtain a basic and working knowledge of the Title IX Education Amendments of 1972 in order to ensure that athletics programs are in compliance with the law. Separate sections of the report cover: (1) Title IX basics, outlining the components of the amendment and offering examples of how to be in compliance, including Office of Civil Rights policy clarifications; (2) current case law, which provides an in-depth look at critical developments in case law, particularly during the last four years; (3) athletics certification, which summarizes the Division I certification program and principles related to gender issues; (4) promotional ideas gathered from members, and a sampling of conference promotions; (5) "emerging" sports, which provides basic information on those sports that increase participation opportunities for female student-athletes. Included here also is an explanation of relevant National Collegiate… [PDF]

Carbado, Devon W. (2002). Afterword: (E)racing Education. Equity & Excellence in Education, v35 n2 p181-95 May. Presents an afterword to a collection of articles that illustrate how critical race theory shapes educational research and enables scholars to analyze educational outcomes that might otherwise remain hidden. Offers insight into the forward movement of critical race theory and education, suggesting that the articles collectively make a case for "racecentricity" (an explicitly race conscious approach to education) and demonstrate the potential of interdisciplinary approaches to education policy. (SM)…

Lucas, Tamara; Schecter, Sandra R. (1992). Literacy Education and Diversity: Toward Equity in the Teaching of Reading and Writing. Urban Review, v24 n2 p85-104 Jun. Argues that nonmainstream (nonwhite and nonmiddle class) students do not perform as well in school as do mainstream students because they are not equitably served by the educational system. Equity issues in the literacy education of minorities are explored, examining student characteristics, sociocultural factors, language issues, and instructional issues. (SLD)…

Gill, Walter (1992). Helping African American Males: The Cure. Negro Educational Review, v43 n1-2 p31-36 Jan-Apr. Looks at the current plight of the African-American male, exploring the role of the dominant culture, mass media, and low self-esteem. Describes a possible cure, citing five areas for action, calling for year-round school in some urban areas, exploring Afrocentric curricula, and considering rites of passage programs. (JB)…

Swartz, Ellen (1992). Emancipatory Narratives: Rewriting the Master Script in the School Curriculum. Journal of Negro Education, v61 n3 p341-55 Sum. Early efforts at multicultural education have largely been compensatory attempts to address inequities in cultural representation. What is needed is a rewriting of the entire master script of curriculum to eliminate implicit racism, classism, and sexism. Examples from U.S. history illustrate the scope of revision needed in education. (SLD)…

Henry, Annette (1992). African Canadian Women Teachers' Activism: Recreating Communities of Caring and Resistance. Journal of Negro Education, v61 n3 p392-404 Sum. Explores the relationships among family, community, and classroom teaching as they inform the perspectives of African-Canadian women teachers on teaching African-Canadian children. Interviews and observations of five teachers demonstrate how they fight for social justice and the academic achievement of their students. (SLD)…

Elgqvist-Saltzman, Inga (1992). Straight Roads and Winding Tracks: Swedish Educational Policy from a Gender Equality Perspective. Gender and Education, v4 n1-2 p41-56. Discusses Swedish educational reforms, policies, and research. Considers whether Sweden's gender-equality goal supports research that develops more gender-sensitive methodologies and concepts to upgrade women's knowledge, experiences, and values. Sweden's goal of giving men and women the same responsibilities for work, parenthood, and civil duties is far from being realized. (RLC)…

Chatman, Larry (1993). A Bright Future Awaits Minorities in Art Education. Art Education, v46 n4 p21-24 Jul. Argues that art education programs must actively recruit minority students for training in visual arts education. Describes a cooperative effort between an independent art college and a metropolitan school system to identify, recruit, train, and employ minority teachers in art education. Outlines a three-year plan that includes curriculum evaluation, sensitivity training, and an exhibit of artworks by minority artists. (CFR)…

Matthews, Frank; St. John, Eric (1999). New Game Plan. Black Issues in Higher Education, v16 n4 p22-31 Apr 15. In an interview, former Georgetown University (District of Columbia) basketball coach John Thompson offers comments on the debate over the use of standardized test scores to determine college athlete eligibility, the National Collegiate Athletic Association and its regulations, academic standards and graduation for college athletes, and the nature of a coach's responsibility to the student athlete. (MSE)…

(2005). Chronicle of Higher Education. Volume 51, Number 26, March 4, 2005. Chronicle of Higher Education, v51 n26 Mar. "Chronicle of Higher Education" presents an abundant source of news and information for college and university faculty members and administrators. This March 4, 2005 issue of "Chronicle of Higher Education" includes the following articles: (1) "Advanced Symptoms of Advanced Degrees" (Douglas, Lawrence; George, Alexander); (2) "Mathematics and Biology: New Challenges for Both Disciplines" (Steen, Lynn Arthur); (3) "Drilling into the Bedrock of Ordinary Experience" (Boynton, Robert S.); (4) "Priming the Pump for Student Aid and What Else Has Been Left Out of the Reauthorization Debates in Congress?" (Baum, Sandy); (5) "Don't Think Twice, It's all Right" (Wilentz, Sean); (6) "A God in Colchester" (Benton, Thomas H.); (7) "Clueless in Academe" (Fish, Stanley); (8) "The Cost of Empty Seats: The NCAA's Top Division, to Many Colleges' Distress, Is about to Make It Easier for Small Football…

Edelman, Marian Wright; Jones, James M. (2004). Separate and Unequal: America's Children, Race, and Poverty. Future of Children, v14 n2 p134-137 Sum. Fifty years ago, the Supreme Court ruled in \Brown v. Board of Education\ that: \Segregation of white and Negro children in the public schools of a State solely on the basis of race, pursuant to state laws permitting or requiring such segregation, denies to Negro children the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment–even though the physical facilities and other \tangible\ factors of white and Negro schools may be equal.\ Even with a half-century to digest this notion and implement and enforce policies to make equality a reality, the United States today is still a country of \separate and unequal.\ In fact, there is a growing gap between rich and poor children, and between black, white, and Latino children. In this article, the authors suggest a comprehensive plan that will address this widening gap. They believe that it is time to work collaboratively and strategically on behalf of the nation's children who are suffering in poverty, violence, hunger, and… [PDF]

(1995). Ten Years of the Board of Governors' Strategic Plan To Ensure Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Connecticut Public Higher Education, 1985-95. Report. This annual report discusses actions taken by the Connecticut Department of Higher Education's Minority Advancement Program (MAP) over the past 10 years to increase the numbers of disadvantaged high school students prepared for success in college, to increase student access and retention among underrepresented groups, and to increase the employment and advancement of underrepresented groups. It examines the three MAP programs: (1) the Connecticut Collegiate Awareness and Preparation Program (ConnCAP), which used enrichment, remedial, and counseling activities, along with an intensive summer camp program, to enhance the college enrollment rates of underachieving and disadvantaged students; (2) the Minority Enrollment Incentive Program, which used incentive grants to increase minority enrollment at Connecticut public colleges and universities from 8.9 percent in 1984 to 16.4 percent in 1994; and (3) the Minority Staff Development and Recruitment Program, which used enhanced minority… [PDF]

Fine, Michelle, Ed.; Weis, Lois, Ed. (1993). Beyond Silenced Voices: Class, Race, and Gender in United States Schools. This book presents the following 16 papers addressing race, class, and gender in U.S. education; institutionalized power and privilege; and policies, discourses, and practices that may silence powerless groups: (1) "Breaking through the Barriers: African American Job Candidates and the Academic Hiring Process" (Roslyn Arlin Mickelson, Stephen Samuel Smith, and Melvin L. Oliver); (2) "Gifted Education and the Protection of Privilege: Breaking the Silence, Opening the Discourse" (Mara Sapon-Shevin); (3) "Testing and Minorities" (Walter Haney); (4) "Sexuality, Schooling, and Adolescent Females: The Missing Discourse of Desire" (Michelle Fine); (5) "Empowering Minority Students: A Framework for Intervention" (Jim Cummins); (6) "The Silenced Dialogue: Power and Pedagogy in Educating Other People's Children" (Lisa D. Delpit); (7) "Joining the Resistance: Psychology, Politics, Girls, and Women" (Carol Gilligan); (8)…

Garibaldi, Antoine M. (1993). Improving Urban Schools in Inner-City Communities. Occasional Paper #3. This paper explores the recent two decades of school reform efforts and focuses on application of the Effective Schools movement's ideas in urban, economically depressed communities. Five common characteristics of effective schools are teacher and other staff who believe that all children can learn; safe, orderly, and work-oriented environments; principals who are instructional leaders; involved parents; and regular monitoring and feedback on academic progress. Transforming these principles into practice requires challenging instruction and demanding teachers. An evaluation of eight highly effective high schools in four states found that common characteristics included: (1) teachers describing their schools as pleasant environments where goals and rules were well articulated; (2) low teacher turnover rates; (3) principals who were instructional leaders; (4) teachers who felt that they had a meaningful role in school decision-making; (5) teachers who felt the support of… [PDF]

Lerner, Robert; Nagai, Althea K. (1998). Preferences at the Service Academies. Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Preferences in Admissions to the U.S. Military Academy and the U.S. Naval Academy. This study used statistical analysis to determine the extent to which racial, ethnic, and gender preferences are affect admissions policies of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point (New York) and the U.S. Naval academy at Annapolis (Maryland). The study used data for all applicants for the fall 1995 freshman class that included racial or ethnic group membership, gender, verbal and math scores on the Scholastic Assessment Tests (SAT), and high school class rank. Data are presented in text, figures, and tables for the following factors: racial and ethnic differences in admission rates; sex differences in admission rates; differences in admittee qualifications between whites and blacks, between whites and Hispanics, and between whites and Asians; and gender differences in admittee qualifications. A section on computing the odds of admission uses logistic regression to show effects of racial and ethnic group membership and of gender on admission chances. Data are also presented which… [PDF]

King, George (1987). Minority Attrition and Retention in Higher Education: Strategies for Change. Report of a Conference (San Francisco, California, May 2-3, 1986). The conference reported in this document provided a forum for California's public postsecondary education officials to address issues related to the underrepresentation of ethnic minority students. An introduction provides statements on the nature of the problem, reasons for the problem, possible solutions, conference objectives, and conference format. The body of the report is divided into five sections giving the conference findings on each of the main topics of discussion. Section 1 covers organizational environment including the need for culturally diverse campus climates, improved program integration and coordination, and the need for data collection. Section 2 discusses academic support services calling for increased service evaluation, establishment of goals, ethnically diverse staff, and service coordination. Section 3 addresses student support services and focuses on the need for cooperative approaches, more role models, and increased financial aid. Section 4 covers early… [PDF]