Moore, Jamillah (2000). Increasing Access to the University. In June 1995, California Governor Pete Wilson issued an executive order to end "preferential treatment and to promote individual opportunity based on merit." In response to the governor's order, the Regents of the University of California introduced a special resolution that barred the University from using race, religion, ethnicity, or national origin as criteria for admission to the university or to any program of study. The goal of this paper is to provide background information surrounding the new admissions policy to the University of California and its impact upon underrepresented students seeking access. After tracing some student demographics, the paper offers a history of admissions to the University of California from its inception in 1849, through establishment of the Regents of the University in the late 1800s and the setting of qualifications for admissions, to changes in the 1960s that reshaped California higher education, to the policy resolution in 1974…

Fraser, James W. (1992). The Forum. Preparing Teachers for Democratic Schools: The Holmes and Cargegie Reports Five Years Later–A Critical Reflection. Teachers College Record, v94 n1 p7-40 Fall. This critical review of the 1986 Holmes and Carnegie reports, discusses arts and sciences, minority recruitment, teacher empowerment, and clinical experiences as covered in the reports. Four responses to the review are included. (SM)…

Collison, Michele N-K (1999). Influential Books: Reading Is Fundamental. Black Issues in Higher Education, v16 n13 p87-89 Aug 19. Fifteen nonfiction books by and about people of color that have had a broad mainstream impact are cited and annotated. (MSE)…

Fong, Katheryn M. (1973). FCC Oral Arguments of the Chinese Media Committee. Monitoring of television programs has revealed that few programs present Chinese characters. The Chinese which are represented in television shows perpetuate stereotypes: either pig-tailed hatchet-killers or the clever, intelligent Charlie Chan. The networks have ignored both the large body of Chinese myths and the contribution of Chinese in American, e.g., building the railroads. Broadcasters have failed to perform public ascertainment within ethnic communities and rationalize this shirking of responsibility by reviving the placid stereotype of Charlie Chan. This stereotype keeps Chinese in their place in white society by not allowing Chinese to behave aggressively or outspokenly. San Francisco has the largest Chinese community in proportion to its total population (8.2%), but even here no responsible programing on China has been shown. Correspondence between the Chinese Media Committee and CBS Television is appended in regard to two CBS programs, "Anna and the King" and… [PDF]

Triplett, Tom (1995). Legal Issues and Constraints Affecting Finance Reform for Education and Related Services. This paper examines the federal and state constitutional and statutory issues that affect the capacity of governments to raise revenue for education and other children's services, including mandates and key legislation that limit revenues, expenditures, and borrowing. The paper is divided into three major sections: (1) legal issues affecting revenues raised by state and local governments; (2) legal issues affecting expenditures for education and related services; and (3) a summary and suggestions for policymakers. A conclusion is that there are legal limitations affecting the scope of finance reform. However, the limitations can be avoided, or at least mitigated, by careful drafting of state laws and regulations. Policymakers should consider the following building blocks for a reform package: (1) update and amend education clauses in state constitutions to reflect policymakers' educational goals; (2) design comprehensive reform that is not limited to education finance; (3)… [PDF]

Nettles, Michael T.; Perna, Laura W. (1997). The African American Education Data Book. Volume I: Higher and Adult Education. Executive Summary. This executive summary presents highlights drawn from the data compiled in "The African American Education Data Book, Volume I: Higher and Adult Education," the first broad national survey of the educational status, performance, progress, and financial support of African Americans in higher education and adult education. The report concludes that tremendous barriers to African American achievement remain and that many social challenges will have to be overcome before educational equality is achieved. The report notes that there are significant differences in the rates at which African American men and women enter, persist, and complete higher education degrees, and that as a result of these disparities, African Americans are less likely to fill work force positions that require college degrees. Other factors mentioned are low family incomes, which restrict entry to the full range of colleges and universities; the inadequate results of efforts to reduce attrition rates; the… [PDF]

Bensimon, Estela Mara (1993). Creating an Institutional Identity out of "Differences": A Case Study of Multicultural Organizational Change. This case study examines the efforts of one small private liberal arts college to exchange a monocultural organizational structure for one that is grounded in the racial, ethnic, and cultural diversity of the student body. The paper is based on interviews with faculty, administrators, students, and trustees and provides a detailed description of organizational changes that have taken place at the college between 1987, when a new president took office, to the fall of 1991. Emphasis is placed on the aspects of organizational structure that assisted or hindered the development of the college's identity as a multiracial and multicultural campus. The study shows that the ongoing transformation of the college into a multicultural institution entailed: (1) a new mission statement; (2) the appointment of women and minorities to the president's cabinet; (3) the appointment of African Americans and Latinos to the faculty; and (4) multicultural curricular transformation. The paper concludes… [PDF]

Burge, Penny L.; Lasonen, Johanna (1991). Women in Workplace: Vocational Education and Segregated Division of Labor. The United States and Finland show a clear gender stratification in work life. The uneven, gender-biased division of labor has been maintained, even though about half of the total U.S. and Finnish labor force are women. In both countries, female students tend to make traditional occupational choices that prepare them for low-paying fields where career development and mobility are restricted. Legislation promoting gender equity and equal rights has been enacted to correct both the gender-segregated division of labor and uneven job advancement. Along with influences from legislative mandates, attitudes of vocational teachers can play a major role in attracting and retaining students in nontraditional programs. A group of 923 Finnish comprehensive vocational institute teachers (494 male, 425 female) were asked to respond to a gender-role attitude scale of 36 items related to the topics of macrolevel social change issues, perceptions of male and female familial roles, stereotypes of…

Whorl, Kevin; And Others (1991). Equity in Vocational Technological Education, Arizona Annual Report, 1991. This report provides a comprehensive summary of vocational equity activities and impact for 1990-91. It includes data from 1980-90 as a means of charting trends and progress in nontraditional enrollment. Section I is a summary of statistical data and information on the status of female and male participation in Arizona's vocational education programs. Data are provided on secondary vocational students and Arizona certified vocational education teachers. Section II is a compilation of impact data (number served) from single parent and homemaker projects and vocational equity projects funded with 1990-91 Carl D. Perkins monies. Section III lists resources (videos, posters, newsletters, directories, guides, handbooks) that are available from the vocational equity office. Section IV contains abstracts of all single parent and displaced homemaker and vocational equity projects funded for fiscal year 1991-92. Each contains title, contact, location, telephone number, intent, objectives,…

Angel, Dan, Ed.; Barrera, Adriana, Ed. (1991). Rekindling Minority Enrollment. New Directions for Community Colleges, Number 74. New Directions for Community Colleges, n74 Sum. A variety of community college programs and services designed to enhance minority student participation and success in higher education are described in this volume. Issues related to minority student recruitment, retention, and transfer to four-year institutions, and to minority staff professional development are explored in the following 15 articles: (1) \Minority Participation in Community Colleges: A Status Report,\ by Adriana Barrera and Dan Angel; (2) \Community College Access: Barriers and Bridges,\ by Raul Cardenas and Elizabeth Warren; (3) \Model Programs in Minority Access,\ by Roy G. Phillips; (4) \Minority Student Recruitment,\ by Anne E. Mulder; (5) \Minority Student Recruitment: A Connecticut Model,\ by Ronald A. Williams and Mary Anne Cox; (6) \Minority Student Retention,\ by James C. Henderson; (7) \Minority Student Retention: The Prince George's Community College Program,\ by David P. James; (8) \Minority Student Retention: ENLACE,\ by Mauro Chavez and Margarita… [PDF]

Head, Ronald B. (1990). Minority Enrollment Report, Fall Semester 1989. Research Report Number 1-90. Each year, Piedmont Virginia Community College (PVCC) examines longitudinal data on fall term minority enrollment to identify trends which may be of interest to those involved in planning student recruitment and retention activities. The study is designed to gather longitudinal minority enrollment data and to examine trends which may assist those involved in planning student recruitment and retention activities. The findings of the 1989 study include: (1) 508 minority students enrolled at PVCC during fall 1989, representing 11.4% of the student body; (2) Blacks represented 9.18% of the student body and 80.5% of the minority student population; (3) of the remaining minority students, 62 were Asian or Pacific Islanders, 21 were Hispanic, 3 were American Indians or Alaska Natives, and 13 classified themselves as \other\; (4) between fall 1988 and fall 1989, minority student enrollment increased 8.5% compared to a 6.1% total student enrollment increase; (5) 30.8% of all Black students… [PDF]

Shenker, Joseph; And Others (1987). Building Partnerships: The Opportunities Ahead. The Report of the Panel on the Future Health and Vitality of the County Community Colleges. Drawing from visits to all 19 two-year colleges in New Jersey and meetings with trustees, faculty, administrators, students, and other interested citizens, this report presents a series of recommendations for ensuring the future health and vitality of the state's county community colleges. First, introductory information is presented on the formation, work, and composition of the panel created to study the colleges. Subsequent chapters provide background and recommendations concerning: (1) the fundamental services comprising the colleges' mission; (2) the governance structure of the county community colleges; (3) state appropriations to the colleges and the current funding formula; (4) student characteristics and satisfaction, and the need to improve the representation of disadvantaged and minority students at the college; (5) remedial education; (6) liberal arts and humanities education; (7) student retention/attrition; (8) the role of the colleges in the economic development of…

(1986). The Mexican-Americans and Texas Higher Education. A Report Presented to the Texas Select Committee on Higher Education (Austin, TX, June 13, 1986). The underrepresentation of Mexican Americans in Texas higher education is a major challenge facing the state's leaders. In Texas the growing Mexican American population will constitute the majority of the labor force in 20 to 30 years. The only way to insure a healthy and productive economy for Texas in the future is to invest now in the education of this labor force. The educational attainment of Mexican Americans is falling in proportion to their share of the population growth since 1965. Participation rates for Mexican Americans on college and university faculties are also falling. These trends must be reversed. Community colleges are in a position to offer valuable educational services if their leaders recognize and respond to the needs of the Mexican American community. Statewide articulation policies are needed to guarantee that students can transfer without penalty from 2- to 4-year institutions. Remedial and compensatory programs and the open admission policy should…

Graesser, Cheryl C.; Rose, Clare (1982). Assessing the Status of Women Students and Employees in Vocational Education in California. Project PASSEVE. The Project to Assess the Status of Women Students and Employees in Vocational Education assessed number and distribution of women students and employees in vocational programs, their perceptions of equal access, and extent of efforts to address sex equity. Its main activity was a survey of 3,609 vocational students, 455 faculty, 126 counselors, and 61 principals from 42 secondary districts and 9 regional occupational centers/programs (ROC/Ps). An 85-item survey assessed attitudes toward sex equity and satisfaction with district efforts to achieve sex equity. Major findings were that (1) although respondents felt males were less well accepted in traditionally female classes than the reverse, 1978-79 enrollment figures indicated more males enrolled in traditionally female classes than the reverse; (2) students, faculty, and counselors had less positive perceptions about sex equity efforts than did vocational administrators; (3) employers were perceived as more reluctant to hire a… [PDF]

(1977). Employment Opportunity in the Schools. Job Patterns of Minorities and Women in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, 1975. The national statistics reported here were compiled from the responses of 7,300 school systems to the Elementary-Secondary Staff Information Survey, number EEO-5. (This survey is conducted to fulfill the annual reporting responsibility of public elementary and secondary school systems required by the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972–Title VII.) The data in this report have been aggregated into statistical tables and presented in four summaries of public school employment as follows: (1) United States summary, (2) United States summary by student enrollment size (25,000 or more; 10,000-24,999; 2,500-9,999; and 250-2,499), (3) state summaries, and (4) trend analysis for the United States. For the first three of the above summaries, the information is presented using the following four-table formats: (1) employment by race/ethnic group/sex, (2) race/ethnic group employment by sex, (3) participation rates of full-time elementary secondary staff, and (4) occupational…

Barksdale, Milton Kendall (1977). Graduate and Professional School Admissions: Social and Legal Considerations. In some respects, "discrimination" is at the heart of the college admission process, and in the selection of students for graduate or professional programs, the application of admittance criteria becomes a matter with potential moral and legal ramifications. The practice of setting aside specific places for less-prepared applicants (generally those who had suffered from discrimination and had received an inferior education) has resulted in denying access to other applicants with sufficient qualifications. The court cases of Marco Defunis and Allan Bakke, which challenge these admission policies and techniques, are discussed in this paper. Other cases are cited that are concerned with financial aid as well as admission criteria. The significance of litigation involving charges of discrimination and the attention given to the concept of due process is assessed. The ultimate effect cannot be known, but there will develop a greater concern for detailed records on the part of… [PDF]

Ruina, Edith (1980). Work in Technology and Science: Linking Education and Employment. This publication reports on a project designed to increase the awareness and appreciation of educators, and through them the awareness of middle and high school students, of the advantages of preparing for careers in technology and science. These are fields in which Boston high school students generally, and minority students particularly, have been underrepresented. In this project–Technology and Science Careers for Minorities (TSCM)–the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Work in Technology and Science (MIT/WITS) group served as the catalyst for Boston public schools and local technological companies. Through workshops, site visits, career materials, and classroom programs, Boston educators from 16 schools developed knowledge about careers and their prerequisites. They also realized that these careers represent excellent possibilities for minorities and that teachers, counselors, and administrators are in critical roles for expanding students' perceptions of career options…. [PDF]

(1980). Employment Goals of the World Plan of Action: Developments and Issues in the United States. Report for the World Conference on the United Nations Decade for Women, 1976-1985. This report focuses on economic, social, and legal development affecting women's employment in the United States during the first half of the United Nations Decade for Women. The first section reports on the economic roles of women in the U.S. as their participation in the labor force reached historically high levels during the last half of the 1970s. The employment status is detailed for such selected subgroups of the women's labor force as working mothers and wives, women who maintain families, Hispanic women, and Black women. Segregation is also addressed. Section 2 presents an analysis of policy developments and issues relevant to the World Plan of Action. It discusses measures and programs to reduce discrimination in employment as well as policies affecting the opportunities and economic regards for women who have changing and multiple roles. The final section highlights the initiatives of voluntary, nongovernmental organizations. Examples include training and employment… [PDF]

(1978). Black Share of Non-Faculty Jobs Down at Most State Universities–Up at Kentucky State. Blacks' share of non-faculty jobs in Kentucky institutions of higher education is examined in this second in a two-part series on employment in the state university system. The first report in this series was entitled "State University Faculties Stuck on Tokenism in Kentucky." Sections examine: tokenism in non-faculty jobs at state universities; blacks in executive jobs; blacks in technical and professional jobs; black percentage decline at white universities; high-paying jobs and faculty tokenism; women in the job market; and the effort of instltutions to improve their employment policies for blacks. Tables provide information on numbers and percentages of blacks hired in various positions and employment figures on females hired in various positions. Appendices cover employees, by sex, race/ethnicity (1975 and 1977); and new hirees for 1977 for the following positions: executive, administrative and managerial; professional non-faculty; technical and paraprofessional;…

Tesolowski, Dennis G.; Wichowski, Chester P. (1981). Florida Public Occupational Education Admission Standards and Practices Study. A two-phase study was conducted in order (1) to develop a profile of admission standards and practices which were being used by forty public occupational education programs in Florida; and (2) to enhance the state-of-the-art encompassing admission procedures by identifying the degree of equity associated with 19 admission standards as perceived by 173 randomly selected persons who had a relationship with occupational education or advocacy groups. The research design incorporated analysis of variance (ANOVA) on repeated measures and a rank ordering procedure to determine if there was a difference in the degree of equity associated with the 19 items and to ascertain which admission practices were the most and least equitable. A one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) procedure was applied to compare groups' degree of equity ratings. Results in phase 1 of the study identified eleven admission standards or practices which were being used to admit students to public… [PDF]

(1977). Expanding Nontraditional Opportunities in Vocational Education. Addressing the need to expand nontraditional opportunities for students in vocational education, this document contains three separate training packages intended for use in inservice and preservice training of vocational teachers, counselors, and administrators. The focus of each package is reflected in each of the following titles: \Approaches to Expanding Nontraditional Opportunities for Vocational Education Students\; \Barriers to Expanding Nontraditional Opportunities for Vocational Education Students\; and \Legislation Addressing Equal Opportunity in Vocational Education and Employment.\ Emphasis is on opportunities for secondary and postsecondary students, primarily women. Each package is designed to stand alone as a training aid or to be used in a sequence. Training packages are intended to serve as an outline and/or scripts for training leaders and as texts for the program participants. Following the textual material each part contains a list of suggested questions and…

Dunkle, Margaret C.; Sandler, Bernice (1975). Sex Discrimination Against Students: Implications of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 mandates that sex discrimination be eliminated in federally assisted education programs. Title IX has significant implications for a variety of issues including recruiting, admissions, financial aid, student rules and regulations, housing rules, health care and insurance benefits, student employment, textbooks and curriculum, single-sex courses and women's studies programs. This document examines the overall implications of Title IX as well as the specific issues that affect virtually every school and college in the country. It attempts to provide insights into the scope and nature of practices that discriminate against students on the basis of sex, and the changes in these practices that might well be required for an institution to be in compliance with federal law. (Author/KE)… [PDF]

Wilson, Roger (1988). States and Civil Rights: Is the American Dream Still Deferred?. Journal of State Government, v61 n2 p81-86 Mar-Apr. States must ensure that all citizens, regardless of race, have real opportunities to gain the education and skills needed to achieve the American Dream. If state policies, especially economic policies, fail to acknowledge the growing numbers of poor Black undereducated and unskilled urban youth, that dream of equal opportunity will continue to be deferred. (Author/BJV)…

Smart, John C., Ed. (1998). Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research. Volume XIII. The 10 papers in this handbook consider higher education theory and research. Following an opening essay, "Recollections and Reflections," by C. Robert Pace, which offers reflections on higher education as a field, on its evolution, and it future research needs, papers include: "Reflections on the Study of Effective College Teaching and Student Ratings: One Continuing Quest and Two Unresolved Issues" (Kenneth A. Feldman); "Differentiation and Diversity in Higher Education Systems" (Jeroen Huisman); "Reviewing and Rethinking Administrative Costs" (Gary Rhoades); "State Efforts to Keep Public Colleges Affordable in the Face of Fiscal Stress" (Michael Mumper); "Discriminant Analysis in Higher Education Research" (Carl J. Huberty and Laureen L. Lowman; "Faculty Demography: Exploring the Effects of Seniority Distributions in Universities" (James C. Hearn and Melissa S. Anderson); "Feminist Teaching in Higher…

Castro, Maria (2000). The Allied Health Professions: Opportunities for Minority Students. Career Guidebook. The term "allied health" refers to a cluster of health professions encompassing as many as 200 occupational titles (exclusive of physicians and nurses) involved with the delivery of health or related services pertaining to the identification, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of diseases and disorders; dietary and nutritional services; and rehabilitation and health systems management, among others. This guidebook was developed to encourage minority students to pursue allied health careers and to provide information to those considering such careers. The guide covers definitions of allied health occupations, the need for minority groups in allied health professions, and steps in preparing for a career in allied health. It also describes 23 of the allied health professions and the educational requirements for each. The guide provides lists of 23 allied health professional associations, and colleges and universities serving minority students and offering allied health… [PDF]

Sadker, David (1999). Gender Equity: Still Knocking at the Classroom Door. Educational Leadership, v56 n7 p22-26 Apr. Subtlety and complacency mask ongoing gender bias in today's classrooms. Updates are presented concerning career segregation; single-sex classrooms; safety and health problems; dropout rates; gifted programs; male/female stereotypes; classroom interactions; SAT scores; math, science and technology gender gaps; political reversals; and female college enrollments. (10 references) (MLH)…

(1999). News and Views. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, n25 p8-84 Fall. Presents a collection of articles that offer information on such issues as the progress of black student matriculations at the highest-ranking U.S. colleges; black historians teaching black history; Blacks in academic accounting; banishing the stereotype that African Americans cannot do mathematics; campus crime rates at black colleges; and the growing digital divide for black and white college students. (SM)…

(1997). Alternative Diversity Criteria: Analyses and Recommendations. A Report by Advisory Committee on Criteria for Diversity. This report presents conclusions and recommendations of a study of possible criteria to define educationally underserved populations in Texas in light of the 1994 Court decision (Hopwood v. Texas) ending the use of racial quotas. The study identified qualitative variables related to social and cultural factors and 10 quantitative criteria (such as socioeconomic background, first-generation college status, and financial status of student's school district). The study came to eight major conclusions including that: (1) there is no single criterion or combination of criteria that will produce the same level of minority participation as prior to the Hopwood decision; (2) institutions using selective admission procedures may have decreased minority applications; and (3) the use of standardized tests (such as the Scholastic Assessment Tests (SAT) and the American College Testing (ACT) program) unduly limits admissions of underserved populations. Twenty-one specific recommendations are… [PDF]

Giroux, Roy F., Ed.; Mezei, Katherine E., Ed. (1990). Exemplary Practices in Staff and Program Development. In June 1988, the heads of Staff Development of each institution of the Ontario Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology were invited to submit brief descriptions of 5 to 10 outstanding programs or practices designed to develop human resources within the college. This directory of exemplary practice provides a selection of the colleges' submissions. After a brief introduction that emphasizes the importance of both sharing and celebrating effective and innovative practices in a time of dwindling resources, descriptions, and a contact person, are presented for the following: (1) exemplary programs and practices for student retention, including retention strategies, and activities fostering student success and articulation; (2) exemplary practices in faculty and staff development, including programs for part-time teacher's, mentoring, employee recognition, employment equity, sabbaticals and retirement, curriculum development, and support staff; (3) exemplary practices that serve… [PDF]

Wittstruck, John R.; And Others (1988). Challenges and Opportunities: Minorities in Missouri Higher Education. An overview is provided of the issues related to the participation and retention of minorities in higher education in Missouri and the nation. Part I argues that significant interventions are needed to increase minority enrollment in postsecondary education in order to avert serious social and economic consequences. This section cites demographic, educational, and labor market trends that support this contention and presents the Missouri State Higher Education Executive Officers' recommendations regarding necessary interventions. Part II offers birth rate and college-age population projections by racial/ethnic group for the years 1990 to 2050, emphasizing the rapid growth of the minority population in the United States, especially within the traditional college-age group. Part III examines national and statewide enrollment and retention trends among minorities, stressing that past gains in minority participation in higher education, both as students and faculty, have eroded at a… [PDF]