Monthly Archives: April 2025

Bibliography: Affirmative Action (Part 172 of 332)

(1985). Springfield Technical Community College Five-Year Plan Update, 1984-85. A summary is provided of the progress of Springfield Technical Community College (STCC) in meeting the major objectives of its 5-year plan. Chapter I focuses on academic affairs, providing an evaluation and review of academic programs; an examination of program and curriculum development activities; an analysis of curriculum/program development in terms of financial resources; and an overview of enrollment trends. In chapter II, programs and activities to enhance recruitment and retention of minority and nontraditional students are described, including general and developmental studies programs, developmental English and mathematics programs, the tutorial assistance program, academic advising system, counseling programs, and special student retention activities. Chapter III focuses on STCC's involvement with the community, covering the public school curriculum review project, community services, affirmative action, admission/public relations, and the Center for Business/Industry…

Endo, Rachel (2022). Beyond "Good-Faith" Efforts: Diversifying the Faculty Ranks in Teacher Education through Equity-Conscious Recruitment Practices. Action in Teacher Education, v44 n3 p181-195. This autoethnographic cross-case study articulates a set of field-tested strategies, focusing on how White-dominated teacher-preparation programs (TPPs) could recruit a greater number of teacher educators who are Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) by actively designing, implementing, and modeling equity-conscious recruitment practices. The conceptual framework describes the instrumental value that BIPOC teacher educators bring to Predominantly White Institutions (PWIs) by drawing on a sociocultural assets-based view of racially diverse professionals in historically White settings. Methods involved a directed approach to content analysis of 50 search-related documents across 10 faculty searches that the author facilitated between the years 2009-2018 that led to all-BIPOC hires. The findings focus on three major milestones during a typical faculty search with an emphasis on the contexts of TPPs: (a) planning for equitable and inclusive practices from start to finish through… [Direct]

(1984). AAUP Policy Documents & Reports. 1984 Edition. Policies and standards of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) are presented, along with a number of reports on significant topics. The materials, many of which were published in the "AAUP Bulletin," or, since 1979, in "Academe: Bulletin of the AAUP," cover the following topics: academic freedom, tenure, and due process; discrimination; college and university government; collective bargaining; professional ethics; student rights and freedoms; college and university accreditation; research and teaching; and collateral benefits. Specific issues include: faculty dismissal, renewal/nonrenewal of faculty appointments, notice of nonreappointment, imposition of tenure quotas, full-time nontenure-track appointments, status of part-time faculty, sex discrimination, affirmative action plans, problems resulting from financial exigency, faculty status of college librarians, arbitration of faculty grievances, late resignation and professional ethics,… [PDF]

(1978). A Study of Attitudes Toward Racial and Religious Minorities and Toward Women. Study No. S2829-B. Much of this study is devoted to finding out the views, prejudices, and perceptions of the white majority about the black minority in the United States. The survey was taken among a nationwide sample between October 6, and November 8, 1978. It included 1,673 whites and an oversample of 281 Jewish people, with subsamples of 86 Spanish Americans, 450 Catholics, and 843 white Protestants. In addition, a separate nationwide cross-section of 783 blacks was surveyed. The study also deals with issues generated by attempts to impose racial and religious quotas in education and economic life, the "Bakke" decision of the U.S. Supreme Court, and the future of affirmative action. White and black views toward Spanish-Americans are measured and analyzed along with an assessment of their own status from Hispanics themselves. Previous data on anti-Semitism trends are updated. Comparable data were also collected on attitudes toward Catholics. Finally, previous data on attitudes toward…

Biles, George E.; Tuckman, Howard P. (1986). Part-Time Faculty Personnel Management Policies. American Council on Education/Macmillan Series on Higher Education. A framework for integrating part-time college faculty into an existing institutional structure is presented. Suggestions are offered on ways that department and division heads can make personnel policies that meet both the part-timer's need for fairness, certainty, and structure, and the college's need for flexibility and order. Policies are recommended to minimize the risks resulting from poorly designed or nonexistent personnel policies for part-timers. Constraints imposed by institutional charters, and by public, private, unionized, and nonunionized status are also addressed. Potential points of conflict between full- and part-time faculty members are identified, as well as the divergent interests of part- and full-timers. Specific considerations concerning affirmative action, compensation, hiring, and promotion include: selection criteria, length of appointment, accruing seniority and access to full-time positions, general and fringe benefits, eligibility for tenure, teaching…

(1997). Shared Governance System. Reports and Recommendations 1996-97. This document contains reports and recommendations from the twelve permanent committees of the Shared Governance System of the City College of San Francisco (CCSF) in California. The report is divided into three sections, reflecting the system's tripartite division into collegial, advisory, and budget/planning areas. In each of the document's three sections, a description of the purpose of the committee precedes a summary of the committees' actions during the 1996-97 academic year. The first section deals with the collegial governance system, and includes information on academic policies, curriculum committee actions, the staff development committee, and the student preparations/student success committee. The second section details the college advisory governance system, examining the college advisory committee, affirmative action committee, communication committee, computer policies committee, and the health and safety committee. The last section deals with the budget and planning… [PDF]

(2005). Chronicle of Higher Education. Volume 51, Number 19, January 14, 2005. Chronicle of Higher Education, v51 n19 Jan. "Chronicle of Higher Education" presents an abundant source of news and information for college and university faculty members and administrators. This January 14, 2005 issue of "Chronicle for Higher Education" includes the following articles: (1) "Utopia College: A Distinctive Alternative" (Nemko, Marty); (2) "An Inspired Collection Honors a Founder of the Indie Movement" (Sterritt, David); (3) "The Newspaper Appreciation as Death Kit" (Romano, Carlin); (4) "Time Has Not Favored Racial Preferences" (Clegg, Roger); (5) "The City Shall Rise Again: Urban Resilience in the Wake of Disaster" (Vale, Lawrence J.; Campanella, Thomas J.); (6) "Lawrence and Alex's Great Publishing Adventure" (Douglas, Lawrence; George, Alexander); (7) "Fat Man, Thin Man, Bike Man" (Smallwood, Scott); (8) "In Syria, Building a Civil Society Book by Book: A Young Publisher Sets Out to Translate the Works of Western…

Roper, Dwight (1978). Preparing for the Bakke Decision: Chicanos, Higher Education and the Supreme Court. As the decision in the Bakke case drew near, Chicanos addressed the question of what they and higher education could do to insure increased minority admissions into graduate and professional schools. Commonly suggested proposals of changing formal admissions criteria and direct intervention by the law and government often cause more problems than they solve and, at best, address only a small part of the difficulties and dialogue between minority applicants and higher education. As an alternative to those simplistic suggestions, a combination affirmative action approach could include, but not be limited to, some variation of an open admissions system, changes in the traditional ways of selecting faculty members, moving the direct responsibility for minority admission to higher levels of administrative responsibility, precisely defining service areas for different minority populations, recognizing and using the political profiteering that accompanies present admission practices,…

(1977). Oregon State University Governmental Impact Study. Interactions between the government and Oregon State University were assessed with attention to the following areas: employment and personnel administration (regulations regarding equal opportunity, affirmative action, and nondiscrimination); students and student life (regulations regarding admissions, financial aid, records management, special student programs, and instructional activities); sponsored research (regulations regarding grant and contract research, the Agricultural Experiment Station, the Cooperative Extension Service, and the Sea-Grant Program); and facilities and physical plant (regulations regarding the health and safety of university students and staff, and access for the handicapped). Some specific topics of analysis are as follows: the state merit system, interpretations of the Federal Unemployment Tax Act and related legislation, students' rights, the Buckley Amendment (privacy of student academic records); types of student financial assistance programs,…

(1996). NABE News, Volume 19. NABE News, v19 n1-8 1995-96. Volume 19 of the newsletter of the National Association for Bilingual Education, which spans the period from September 1995 to August 1996, contains a variety of articles on issues and developments in bilingual education policy and programs, including: two way bilingual education; language information from the 1990 Census; cultural influence and learning styles among Korean students and Korean-Americans; American Indian and Alaska Native education; affirmative action; federal policy formation and appropriations; the English-only movement; English-as-a-second-language (ESL) teaching; educational technology and language-minority students; Asian-American student diversity; bilingual program staff development; cooperative learning; stabilizing indigenous languages; ESL for home use; Internet resources; Laotian students; program administration; teaching linguistically diverse populations; parent involvement and influence; Goals 2000; bilingual teacher education; local policy formation;… [PDF]

Kamien, Janet; And Others (1980). Is There Life After 504? A Guide to Building and Program Accessibility. Intended for administrators and trustees of cultural institutions, the booklet offers guidelines for evaluating buildings and programs in terms of accessibility to the handicapped, locating and making good use of advisors and consultants, training staff to deal successfully with disabled visitors, taking advantage of the available resources and expertise, working with a wide range of disabilities, and understanding various disabilities and their ranges. Chapters address the following topics (sample subtopics are in parentheses): commitment to accessibility; formation of an advisory board to represent the disabled constituency (selecting advisors, finding advisors, the advisor's role); building accessibility (steps for determining physical accessibility of facilities); exhibit accessibility (visitors using wheelchairs, visually impaired visitors, and hearing impaired visitors); orientation materials (types of materials, the Braille dilemma); program accessibility (communication, the…

Richette, Lisa Aversa (1981). Equity from a Legal Perspective. Research and Development Series No. 214K. The history of the development of equity–justice and fairness–can be traced through law and court cases. Early United States Supreme Court opinions (1873) on issues of newly asserted claims by women provide evidence of preconceptions concerning women and their stereotyped positions. Occupational exclusion was reinforced by law to maintain a caste system. An even more fundamental right denied to women was the right to vote. Again, in 1948, male judges relegated women to "appropriate" and "feminine" occupations. In 1908, enacted legislation to shield women from excessively long hours of labor in stressful work situations was upheld. Appeals for equity were muted by supporters of the Equal Rights Amendment, since women voters were promoted as having more sensitivity and integrity. Protective legislation based upon traditional stereotypes about women continued to be upheld into the seventies. Progress toward equity include the passage of Title VII of the Civil… [PDF]

Cylke, Frank Kurt, Ed.; And Others (1983). Approved Recommendations on Working Out National Standards of Library Service for the Blind. Standards are briefly outlined for four general areas. Administrative areas addressed are policies and procedures, legal basis, planning reports–statistical and narrative, budget, funding, personnel (personnel policies and procedures, positions and responsibilities, staff size, training and performance, job description, affirmative action, training and instruction, and volunteers), relationships with other libraries and agencies (sharing information, coordination of services, liaison activities and public education, directories of other agencies, and contacts with library schools), and physical facilities (the interior). Resource development areas include selection of materials, copyright, annotated bibliographies, titles produced, collection maintenance, quality control, technical and qualitative criteria, reproduction of titles and copies (cassette, braille, and large type), and collection maintenance. User service standards address user needs, temporary service, responsibility…

(1985). Collective Bargaining Agreement between Monmouth College and the Faculty Association of Monmouth College, July 1, 1985-June 30, 1988. The collective bargaining agreement between Monmouth College and the Monmouth College Faculty Association (an affiliate of the American Association of University Professors) covering the period July 1, 1985-June 30, 1988 is presented. Items covered in the agreement are: unit recognition; academic rank; equal employment, affirmative action, and nondiscrimination; academic freedom; appointment, continuance, tenure, and promotion procedures; dismissal for adequate cause; grievance and arbitration; faculty reduction; teaching load and scheduling; research, consulting, and other off-campus services; salary; hospital and medical insurance; disability and group life insurance; travel accident insurance; retirement plans; tuition benefits; summer school and overload compensation; compensation for small classes and for special nonrequired courses; faculty grants for creative activity; sabbatical grants and faculty improvement loans; leaves of absence without pay; dues deduction; personnel… [PDF]

(1987). Handbook of Accreditation and Policy Manual, 1987 Edition; A Handbook for Evaluators; and A Guide to Institutional Self Study and Reports to the Commission. This three-volume set outlines the policies, procedures, and requirements of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges' Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges. First, the "Handbook of Accreditation and Policy Manual" covers the following topics: (1) eligibility for accreditation and requirements for maintaining accreditation status; (2) standards for accreditation, including mandatory requirements for goals and objectives, educational programs, institutional staff, student services, community services, learning resources, physical resources, financial resources, governance and administration, and district or system relationships; and (3) commission policies on such issues as affirmative action, public access, institutional ethics, review of commission actions, nontraditional study, transfer, and college athletics. The first companion volume, "A Handbook for Evaluators," explains the role of the evaluator and evaluation team chair; the…

15 | 2364 | 20787 | 25040817

Bibliography: Affirmative Action (Part 173 of 332)

Douglas, Joel M., Comp.; Flanzraich, Lisa, Comp. (1983). Collective Bargaining in Higher Education and the Professions. Bibliography No. 11. A bibliography of writings affecting labor relations and college faculty, as well as the health professions, is presented. The point of reference was the calendar year 1982, although materials from other recent years are included. The faculty section covers the following topics: academic freedom, accountability, administration, affirmative action, arbitration and mediation, collective bargaining, community colleges, contracts and contract issues, court cases, discipline and dismissal, discrimination, dispute resolution, elections, evaluation, medical and nursing school faculty, faculty attitudes and organizations, financial exigency, fringe benefits, governance, grievance procedures, legal issues, librarians, long-range planning, National Labor Relations Board, non-faculty and part-time faculty, personnel administration, public sector labor relations, quality of worklife, retirement, retrenchment, salaries, strikes, students, tenure, unit determination, women faculty, and the…

(1982). Agreement 1982-1985 between Rider College and the Rider College Chapter of the American Association of University Professors. The collective bargaining agreement between Rider College and the Rider College Chapter (295 members) of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) covering the period September 1, 1982-August 31, 1985 is presented. Items covered in the agreement include: definitions and AAUP recognition; nondiscrimination; affirmative action; academic freedom; union privileges; appointments; faculty voice in academic elements of hiring; promotion and tenure; dismissal and suspension; annual reappointment and nonreappointment of nontenured unit members; department chairs; academic governance; personnel files; layoff; librarians; professional athletic staff; part-time faculty union members and seniority protection for those teaching more than half load; evaluation; past practices; management rights; agency rights; grievance and arbitration procedure; no strikes/lockouts; general work conditions; open classroom; workload; outside employment; patent policy; sick leave; research and…

Jennings, Clara (1979). The Female Administrator in Institutions of Higher Education. Can She Survive the Next Decade?. The purpose of this paper is threefold: (1) to identify survival strategies for women currently holding positions in higher educational administration; (2) to suggest ways that female administrators can serve as advocates for others who may wish to obtain similar positions; and (3) to discuss means by which women seeking jobs in higher educational administration can broaden their possibilities. The survival strategies outlined for female administrators focus on areas such as affirmative action, delegation of decision making responsibility, establishment of networks with other women administrators, participation in assertiveness training, participation in professional organizations, evaluation of one's own administrative practices, improvement of supervisory attitudes and skills, promotion of activities designed to increase women's professional opportunities, and continuing professional development. Advocacy activities suggested include the compilation of information on…

Casso, Henry J., Ed.; Roman, Gilbert D., Ed. (1976). Chicanos in Higher Education: Proceedings of a National Institute on Access to Higher Education for the Mexican American (Albuquerque, New Mexico, July 1975). In July 1975, a national institute was held in Albuquerque, New Mexico, to propose ways of improving Chicano access to higher education. The institute, dedicated to the memory of New Mexico educator Dr. Dolores Gonzales, brought together Chicano educators and representatives of public and private universities, state governments, and the Federal government. They examined the patterns of education and racism that encouraged Chicano students to drop out long before college and proposed educational and political reforms to make bilingual/bicultural education a reality. The proceedings of the institute propose higher education reforms such as open universities, flexible admission standards, Chicano colleges, and increased financial aid. Also discussed is the employment of Chicanos as faculty members and administrators in institutes of higher learning, and ways to improve Chicano participation in these areas. Other topics discussed are the current trends in student admissions and…

Yoder, Janice D. (1984). Surviving the Transition from Graduate Student to Assistant Professor. Potential pitfalls for women pursuing academic careers in psychology as they make the transition from graduate student to assistant professor are discussed, along with ways to avoid or minimize some of these difficulties. Basic statistics on women's representation in the profession are examined, including two common explanations of the data. Attention is focused on the role changes that accompany the transition from student to faculty member. It is argued that the professional role becomes increasingly incompatible with feminine sex-role expectations. A structural explanation for problems faced by women incorporates ideas about stereotypic sex-roles. The personal explanations center on reasons women themselves are not able to successfully climb the academic ladder. Major difficulties potentially faced by women include role conflicts, lack of support, and discrimination. Potential solutions involve adapting a personal strategy, changing the existing setting, and/or seeking out… [PDF]

Higgerson, Mary Lou (1996). Communication Skills for Department Chairs. Communication strategies needed for the specific responsibilities of college and university department heads are presented. Each chapter first describes communication strategies useful in handling an administrative task, and then uses real-life case studies to demonstrate their applications in typical situations. Readers are guided through a series of questions and exercises enabling them to participate in the needed analysis, decision-making, and problem-solving. Contents include communication issues and strategies, a series of cases, and case analysis exercises that apply to these tasks: structuring the department mission; enhancing the department climate; defining department ethics; conducting performance counseling; managing conflict; implementing change; working with the dean; building alliances; and promoting the department. An index of cases by higher education issue and administrative task covers such issues as: academic dishonesty, affirmative action, alumni relations,…

(1988). Agreement between Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education and the American Association of University Professors/American Federation of Teachers AFL-CIO, Local 4531, Temple Chapter. July 1, 1988-June 30, 1990. This document presents the agreement between Temple University and the Temple Chapter of the American Association of University Professors/American Federation of Teachers (AAUP/AFT) for the period July 1, 1988 through June 30, 1990. The text of the agreement covers the following 28 articles: recognition; definitions; no discrimination; affirmative action; rights of Temple; rights of AAUP/AFT; deduction of dues; grievance procedure; arbitration procedure; no strike/no lockout; promotion of faculty; tenure procedures; termination of service of faculty and discipline of faculty for just cause; department chairpersons; appointment, promotion, and termination of service of librarians; appointment, promotion and termination of service of academic professionals; work load; salaries (continuing faculty, librarians, academic professionals, salary minima, additional increases for promotion, compensation for department chairperson); faculty merit awards; fringe benefits (including medical,…

(1987). California Community College Reform. Final Report. Advance Copy. The proposals presented in this report were developed by the Joint Committee for Review of the Master Plan for Higher Education with the intention of strengthening the capacity of the California community colleges to meet the state's emerging economic and demographic needs. After section I provides a general introduction and statement of intent, section II addresses issues related to access to education and student success, with proposals concerning assessment, counseling, and placement. Section III focuses on mission and function, including proposals related to transfer and vocational education, remediation, English as a Second Language, adult education, and fee-based community services. Section IV presents proposals regarding faculty, administrators, and staff, which deal with credentials; recruitment; affirmative action; part-time faculty; tenure; collective bargaining; student services staff; personal, professional, and intellectual development; and institutional development….

(1985). Collective Bargaining Agreement by and between Hofstra University and the Hofstra Chapter of the American Association of University Professors, September 1, 1985-August 31, 1988. The collective bargaining agreement between Hofstra University and the Hofstra University Chapter of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) covering the period September 1, 1985-August 31, 1988 is presented. Items covered in the agreement include: definitions and unit recognition; faculty statutes and faculty policy series; the relationship between the AAUP and the university; appointment, reappointment, promotion, and tenure; working conditions; fringe benefits; compensation; reduction in force of faculty as a consequence of curricular curtailment or financial exigency; no strike, work stoppage, or lockout; grievance and arbitration procedure; merger or acquisition; released time; union security and checkoff; separability; interest succession; nondiscrimination; personnel files; affirmative action committee; affirmation of full disclosure; past practices; department heads; and adjunct faculty and special faculty status. Appendices include: (1) information on New…

(1982). Collective Bargaining Agreement by and between Hofstra University and the Hofstra Chapter of the American Association of University Professors, September 1, 1982-August 31, 1985. The collective bargaining agreement between Hofstra University and the Hofstra University Chapter (340 members) of the American Association of University Professors (AARP) September 1, 1982-August 31, 1985 is presented. Items covered in the agreement include: definitions and recognition of AAUP; faculty statutes and faculty policy series, the relationship between the AAUP and the university, appointment, reappointment, promotion, and tenure; working conditions; fringe benefits; compensation; reduction in force of faculty as a consequence of curricular curtailment or financial exigency; no strike, work stoppage, or lockout; grievance and arbitration procedure; merger or acquisition; released time; union security and checkoff; separability; interest succession; nondiscrimination clause; personnel files; affirmative action committee; affirmation of full disclosure; past practices; department chairs; and adjunct faculty and special faculty status. Appendices include: (1) the memorandum…

(1983). Agreement between Monmouth College and the Faculty Association of Monmouth College, July 1, 1983-June 30, 1985. The collective bargaining agreement between Monmouth College and the Monmouth College Faculty Association covering the period July 1, 1983-June 30, 1985 is presented. The 130 member chapter is affiliated with the American Association of University Professors (AAUP). Items covered in the agreement include: recognition of AAUP; academic rank; equal employment, affirmative action, and nondiscrimination; academic freedom; procedures in regard to initial appointment, continuance, tenure, and promotion; dismissal for adequate cause; grievance and arbitration; faculty reduction; teaching load, scheduling, research, consulting, and off-campus activities; salary, compensation for summer school and for small classes; hospital and medical insurance; disability insurance; group life insurance; retirement plan; tuition benefits; grants-in-aid-of-creativity; mini-sabbatical grant program; travel allowances; faculty improvement fund loans; course load reductions; leaves of absence without pay;… [PDF]

Driscoll, Eileen R. (1982). The Selection and Appointment of School Heads. A Manual of Suggestions to Boards of Trustees and Candidates. Third Edition. To assist in the selection of new private school heads, this manual provides advice to both boards of trustees and candidates. Advice directed to the board covers timing of the search and selection, announcement of the current head's resignation, search committee formation, the committee chairperson, staff assistance, search budget, job definitions and descriptions, sources of candidates, selection consultants, advertising, affirmative action, applicant screening, references, interviews (including with finalists), terms of appointment, final selection and job offer, and such final considerations as the search committee report and the transition to a new head. Advice to the candidate touches on preparation and training, use of networks, portfolio and resume, references, job openings, consultants, interviews, briefings on schools, preparations for moving, published information sources, the family's role, and terms of appointment. A short annotated bibliography precedes seven…

Bounds, Stuart M. (1978). A Participative Procedure for Educational Master Planning. A model procedure, implemented in 1976 at Thomas Nelson Community College (Virginia), for community based and continuous long-range planning is described in this report. The model involves extensive participation by all community segments and presents strategies for review, approval, and research in support of the plan. Planning components include reviewing the institution's legal basis and requirements such as federal environmental impact statements, affirmative action plans, safety requirements, state policies, and local ordinances; clearly articulating the planning philosophy; and systematically reviewing community college planning literature in order to generate a strategy paper. The data base necessary for planning includes information on the service area and the college in terms of demography, manpower and employment needs, public school enrollments and graduation projections, educational needs, and college history, philosophy and goals, educational programs and fiscal… [PDF]

(1979). Faculty Handbook, 1979-80. This faculty handbook was created to provide full-time faculty at Northland Pioneer College with the kinds of information they need about policies and procedures at the college. The handbook is organized into seven sections: (1) Administration, dealing with the philosophy of administration and containing a glossary of terms; (2) the Business Office, covering payroll, purchasing, bidding procedures, budget development, grants management and acquisition, and travel; (3) Public Information, discussing the development of semester schedules and the college catalog, news releases, and printing and publishing; (4) Facilities, clarifying procedures related to key issue and recovery, classroom requests, mail distribution, and classroom or office furniture relocation; (5) Student Services, explaining course challenge, withdrawal, repeating classes, grading procedures for final grades, the bookstore, and tutoring; (6) Personnel, outlining policies related to affirmative action, grievances, the…

(1973). Personnel Management: Two Year Colleges. This document is one of five manuals designed to improve management practices in Ohio two-year colleges. A chapter on organizing for personnel management discusses basic personnel functions, roles and responsibilities of administrators, and the need for a central statewide office of personnel affairs. A chapter on planning, policies, and procedures in personnel management discusses methods for determining objectives for personnel management and for translating goals and objectives into functional activities. A chapter on personnel functions discusses wage, salary, and fringe benefit determination; manpower planning and forecasting; personnel retrenchment; testing in personnel screening; employee orientation; retirement and pre-retirement counseling; instructional workload; tenure; the development and evaluation of various kinds of personnel; equal opportunity and affirmative action plans; standards of conduct and corrective action; grievances and appeals; associations, unions, and… [PDF]

15 | 2352 | 20599 | 25040817