(1974). That 51 Per Cent: Ford Foundation Activities Related to Opportunities for Women. This manuscript is one of a series of reports on activities supported by the Ford Foundation. Under a recently adopted policy the foundation has expanded its concern for women's rights to include affirmative action considerations in grant-making negotiations. Among the factors now weighed when assessing grant applications are the opportunities that prospective grantee organizations provide to minorities and women, and the scope of their efforts to correct any inequities. After nearly a year of study, discussion, and consultation with experts in various fields, funds were committed for programs directed toward the solution of problems of sex-based inequality. This paper describes the main lines of foundation activity within the following areas of concern: (1) legal rights and equal opportunity; (2) educational needs; (3) women in the work force; (4) women in the professions; (5) research on women in society; and (6) overseas activities related to women. Included in the appendices are… [PDF]

(1971). Guide to Conducting a Consultation on Women's Employment with Employers and Union Representatives. This document reports on a series of business-industry-union consultations initiated and coordinated by the Women's Bureau of the U.S. Department of Labor. Meetings were scheduled in five selected cities. These forums were structured around three main features: (1) a keynote slide-talk, which allowed for speed and effective presentation of a maximum amount of background information concerning women's employment, (2) a panel of government representatives, who described Federal, State, and local (if any) laws and programs prohibiting sex discrimination in employment and wage payments, and (3) a panel of employers and union representatives, who discussed affirmative action plans and programs for improving women's job status. Approximately 770 participants were at the five conferences: 200 each in Boston and Kansas City, 150 in Detroit, 140 in Atlanta, and 80 in Boise. Industry representation ranged from two-fifths to four-fifths of the conferees in all the cities except Detroit, where… [PDF]

(1972). Latino and Anglo in Holland, Michigan. A Comparison of Their Economic, Housing and Educational Characteristics Based on Data from the 1970 U.S. Census. The report is a comparison of the economic, housing, and educational status of Latin Americans and Anglos based on the 1970 U.S. Census. This report provides factual data to organizations and institutions in need of it. This includes firms adopting affirmative action employment programs, private and public institutions, and social agencies which need such documentation to support funding applications. Another purpose of the report is to further motivate the social conscience of the community to reduce inequalities between Latin and Anglo and to promote integration and reconciliation. The report is presented in a question and answer form. The 22 questions cover such areas as: (1) What percent of Holland, Michigan, residents in the labor force speak Spanish? (2) Is Holland an integrated community? (3) How does the average income of Latin families contrast with that of the entire community? (4) Does the typical value of homes owned by Latin families differ much from the estimated value… [PDF]

Swail, Watson Scott (2003). Retaining Minority Students in Higher Education: A Framework for Success. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report. Jossey-Bass Higher and Adult Education Series. In the last decade, the rates of enrollment and retention of many students of color have declined. Access and completion rates for African American, Hispanic, and Native American students have always lagged behind white and Asian students, as have those for low-income students and students with disabilities. Because students of color often make up a much smaller percentage of students in studies, their experiences and needs are often lost and go undetected. As the authors note, the United States will become significantly less white over the next 50 years, so these issues are becoming more urgent. We must have institution-wide programs to improve the graduation rates of minority students. Pre-college preparation, admission policies, affirmative action, and financial aid are important factors, but campus-wide support, from the chancellor's office to the classroom, is critical to success. This ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report is intended as a reference for key stakeholders regarding… [PDF]

Hubbard, Philip G. (1999). My Iowa Journey: The Life Story of the University of Iowa's First African American Professor. Singular Lives: The Iowa Series in North American Autobiography. This autobiography recounts the life story of an African American educator at the University of Iowa from 1965 to 1991, as its first African American professor and then as its first African American administrator. The book recounts his childhood and family relations, his student years at the university and his graduation as an electrical engineer, his employment as a teacher, and his experiences of discrimination. The professor's major accomplishments during his tenure as an administrator as establishing policies that focused on human rights and which transformed the makeup of the student body are defined, as well as its faculty and staff, by seeking to eliminate discrimination based on race, religion, or other nonacademic factors and by substituting affirmative action for the traditional old-boy methods of selecting faculty and administrators. The book is organized into four sections which cover (1) the early years (his childhood and moving to Iowa); (2) the engineering years…

Holsendolph, Ernest (2005). My Brothers' Keeper. Diverse: Issues in Higher Education, v22 n18 p22-25 Oct. This article describes a University of West Georgia program that focuses on creating a brotherhood of successful Black male students. The students, all freshmen, live together, counsel together and reinforce one another in the effort to learn, achieve–and graduate. Called the West Georgia Learning Community, the students are learning to trust one another, almost as brothers, and then are learning to care about one another's success. These are the rudiments of cooperation that so many other students take for granted. What makes these young men unique is that they represent a cross section of the school's Black population. They were not selected by grades or academic records. They are 25 volunteers out of the 174 African-American men admitted in the class of 2009. The West Georgia Learning Community comprises one of the latest attempts in an anti-affirmative action environment to bridge a problem that has concerned educators not only in Georgia but across the country over the past two… [Direct]

Banks, James A. (2004). Remembering "Brown": Silence, Loss, Rage, and Hope. Multicultural Perspectives, v6 n4 p6-8. The author was in the seventh grade at the Newsome Training School in Aubrey, Arkansas when the Supreme Court handed down "Brown v. Board of Education" on May 17, 1954. His most powerful memory of the "Brown" decision is that he has no memory of it being rendered or mentioned by his parents, teachers, or preachers. In his rural southern Black community, there was a conspiracy of silence about "Brown". It was completely invisible. The silence, loss, rage, and hope that "Brown" evoked still simmer in Black and White communities throughout the United States. Schools throughout the nation are now resegregated. Blacks and Whites often remain silent to maintain the peace. Blacks feel that much of their culture has been lost and eradicated from the schools in their communities. There is White rage about affirmative action and massive immigration and Black rage about their plight in America. "Brown" gave people hope that America might one day… [Direct]

Lundin, Janet, Ed.; Smith, Theodore, Ed. (1984). University and College Opportunities Handbook. Information about college preparation programs, opportunities for leadership experiences, funding sources, and resource organizations is presented to help schools develop preparatory programs for youths currently underrepresented in higher education. The following qualities of an effective university and college opportunities (UCO) program are considered: instruction, instructional support, counseling/advising, parental involvement/support, career awareness, district support, and data collection. Youth leadership programs provided by resource organizations and UCO offices are described, and the name, address, and phone numbers of the contact person are identified. Information is included on: federal and state legislation authorizing funding for UCO programs, the UCO network of support/information exchange; Title IV-C programs of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, and UCO program evaluation concerns. The UCO Network School District Profile and a list of publications and… [PDF]

Shocklee, Georgia (1981). Sex Equity: Is It Feasible?. This guide presents a model and plan to expedite implementation of sex equity in vocational education through the elimination of sex stereotyping and sex bias. Aimed at vocational education administrators, the guide is organized into the four steps of the plan. Step 1 provides a rationale for the decision to implement a model sex equity program, including how to get help from administrators, state equity coordinator, local equity coordinator, instructors, and advisory committees. Step 2 explains why and how to conduct a needs assessment of instructional staff, students, and employers, while step 3 details the plan of action: training of school personnel, recruitment, and placement. Step 4 addresses evaluation of the sex equity program, including enrollment, completions, and job placement. Supplementary materials in the publication include survey forms, summary of vocational education legislation, key words, definitions, examples of language usage, guidelines for evaluating textbooks… [PDF]

Bowen, Gordon E. (1975). Employment Outlook for 1975 College Graduates in New England. Regional Report Number 75-5. Based on interviews with placement officers at more than 24 colleges in New England and information sought from corporate placement officials and college seniors, the job outlook for many 1975 New England college graduates seemed favorable according to early spring indications. Campus recruiting, as measured by the number of firms scheduling campus visits, was fairly active in late 1974 but worsened as the economic downturn continued in 1975. In areas of occupation, demand for most engineers was relatively favorable, there was a strong demand for accounting majors, and some encouragement for general business graduates, but liberal arts and science graduates faced a less favorable outlook. There were favorable opportunities in the health field, while teaching jobs continued to be scarce; other fields offered mixed opportunities. Other fields/topics discussed in this report are agriculture, communication, computer sciences, conservation, library science, oceanography and ocean… [PDF]

Benton, Thomas H. (2006). Love Me; I Celebrate Diversity. Chronicle of Higher Education, v53 n16 pC1 Dec. According to this author, by now everyone in America has learned to celebrate diversity. People do so to signify that they are a good person, they are hip, trendy, and "down with the program." He claims, however, that in academe, the word "diversity" still functions as a rhetorical trump card, always uttered with the tonal implication that the speaker is taking some kind of brave moral stand. The author examines the consequences of the mantra of diversity losing its oppositional stance and becoming just a ritual profession of faith. He further argues that academe can deal with its avowed concerns with social justice more effectively and honestly than it presently does, and, in the process, it might be able to save affirmative action. Lastly, he contends that for an educational setting to become truly diverse, it must take many variables into account, particularly class, or it will, in the end, just become a magnifier of social inequality and a source of… [Direct]

Meader, Ellen Waterson (1998). College Student Attitudes toward Diversity and Race-Based Policies. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. This study used data from the Midwest Colleges Study to examine the personal characteristics and environmental features that affect the development of college students' attitudes toward diversity and race-based politics. Specifically, it evaluated how college students' demographic characteristics, precollege backgrounds, perceptions of discrimination, and college environment differentially affected these attitudes. Astin's Input-Environment-Output impact model was used as the study's framework. The study found that a few personal characteristics (parent educational level, gender, and attending a white high school) influenced student attitudes. However, environmental factors appeared to influence students attitudes to a greater extent. Students most supportive of diversity included black students who were involved on campus, white students who were members of organizations concerned with black issues, white students who lived on campus, and white students who did not have mostly… [PDF]

Kress, June (1982). The Current Attack on Women's Rights: A Political-Economic Perspective. The right-wing attack on women's rights in the United States manifests itself in the regulation of reproductive rights, the family, and the workplace and corresponds to the changing needs of capital in an era of social and economic crises. Against this background, anti-abortion legislation, the Family Protection Act, and discrimination in the workplace are supported by a national network of power and corporate wealth funded by industrialists and financiers. Currently, more women are entering the work force to supplement family income or as single heads of households. Women remain subjugated, however, by a bourgeois morality that suggests they are primarily wives and mothers and secondarily workers; as a result, low wages for women are legitimized. Until this bourgeois morality is challenged in the United States, women will continue to be exploited and capital will retain a free hand to move them in and out at will. The attack on women is only a small part of the national network of…

Jason, Hilliard; Westberg, Jane (1981). Workshops in Educational Administration for Administrators/Teachers in PA Programs. An Educational Resource Document. This document provides guidelines for persons who intend to supervise, plan, and implement workshops in educational administration for administrators and teachers in physicians assistants (PA) programs. The guidelines are also suitable for workshops for administrators and teachers in other health professions instructional programs, such as medical or nursing schools. Introductory materials provide brief overviews of the need for workshops in educational administration, cautions about such workshops, and overall planning and implementation considerations. The first of two major sections considers steps in planning a workshop: identifying the audience, assessing learning needs, selecting workshop leaders, formulating goals, selecting the workshop strategies and format, selecting instructional resources, and making arrangements for the workshop. The second section focuses on these areas of conducting and evaluating the workshop; creating and refining goals and strategies, fostering…

Schenck, John Phillip (1977). Sex Fairness in Vocational Education. Information Series No. 120. A review and analysis of programs and strategies which help program planners and curriculum developers eliminate sex bias in vocational education are presented in this state-of-the-art paper. It is noted that vocational educators are only now beginning to report in any volume on the subject of sex fairness and that there is little doctoral research in this area. The following topics and issues are discussed: sex fairness in vocational education as a warranted assumption, impact on careers of sex-role stereotyping and sex bias in vocational education, forces promoting sex fairness in vocational education (including socialization, instructional materials, vocational interest inventories, world of employment), and forces promoting the eradication of sex unfairness in vocational education (including legislation). Recommendations are made to maximize reduction of sex unfairness in vocational education. These include the following: enforce appropriate laws, provide overt support, take… [PDF]

Garfin, Molly, Comp. (1977). Collective Bargaining in Higher Education. Bibliography No. 5. (Incorporating Other Than Faculty Bibliography Vol. 3). The fifth in a series of annual bibliographies, this collection represents an attempt to survey the literature of the field regarding faculty and nonfaculty in public and private colleges and universities. Primarily a source of current references for the year 1976, it also includes pre-1976 references in fields that are of particular interest but were not included in earlier bibliographies. Materials covered include books, periodical articles, research reports, unpublished reports, judicial and administrative agency decisions. Searches were made of the major journals in the field, as well as material relevant to arbitration awards, court decisions, elections, and National Labor Relations Board and Public Employment Relations Board rulings. A section called "Resources and Periodicals" offers further information on sources. Many organizations listed in the section "Useful Addresses" contributed data on meetings, speeches, and research reports. Subject areas… [PDF]

Sniegoski, Stephen J., Ed. (1980). Proceedings of a Conference on the Role of Education in the Re-Industrialization of the United States (San Francisco, California, March 30, 1980). These proceedings of a conference on the role of education in the reindustrialization of the United States consist of the conference introductory remarks, the texts of five conference presentations, reactor comments and concluding remarks, an executive summary, and a list of conference participants. The first conference report describes the South Carolina Technical Education System, which focuses on improving industrial training by developing special programs, employee-upgrading courses, and occupational programs. The need for greater cooperation between education and the world of work through improved linkages between employers and employee trainers is the subject of the second presentation. Discussed next is the importance of the small business to the American economy. Effective human resource development and management as a path for increasing employment opportunities for minorities, youth, women, and the handicapped is the key issue examined in a presentation on… [PDF]

de los Santos, Alfredo G., Jr. (1978). Hispanics in the Community/Junior Colleges: Donde Estamos en el Ano 1978. After presenting an overview of the history of the community college from the late 1800's to the present, and a discussion of the philosophic bases and accepted functions and purposes of the community college, this article presents a picture of Hispanic students in community and junior colleges in 1978. General demographic data on Hispanics in the United States are presented, focusing on age distribution, language and educational participation, and Hispanic professionals in post-secondary education. The section dealing with Hispanics in community and junior colleges considers enrollment trends, graduation rates, degrees awarded, and Hispanic faculty members. Subsequently, the reasons for the non-participation of Hispanics in the educational systems of this country are considered, concentrating on the changes that are needed in recruitment, admissions processes, student financial assistance, programs and services, and faculty and student support personnel in order to alter this… [PDF]

(1972). Women in 1971. This publication summarizes the activities during 1971 of the Citizens' Advisory Council on the Status of Women in achieving its goal to suggest, arouse public awareness and understanding, and stimulate action with private and public institutions, organization, and individuals working toward improving conditions of special concern to women. Areas of concern were: (1) appointments of women to policy posts, (2) the Equal Rights Amendment, (3) Supreme Court decisions, (4) education, (5) equal employment opportunity, (6) child care, (7) maternity benefits for employed women, and (8) National Women's Political Caucus. Some recommendations by the Council were: (1) State commissions on the status of women should review local public school systems to determine the degree of sex discrimination, (2) The Federal Government should use its influence to secure a higher priority for after-school care, making full use of existing public school facilities, (3) A woman should be appointed to the… [PDF]

Bonjean, Charles M., Ed. (1974). Social Science Quarterly; Volume 55, Number 2, September 1974. Education: Problems and Policies. This double length issue contains twenty articles by political scientists, sociologists, and economists on the current problems and policies in education. The first three articles offer overviews of the areas best represented by the essays in this issue: the economics of education, the politics of education, and the sociology of education. Five articles discuss current financial and economic problems in education. Special emphasis is given to the Rodriguez decision and \no wealth discrimination\ within the school districts. Seven articles discuss the politics of education and include topics such as teacher activism, institutionalizing conflict response, and various aspects of political socialization and the educational system. Five articles focusing on sociological issues in education include topics such as the development of a professional self-concept in graduate students, the effects of conflict in obtaining desegregation, the impact of busing on white flight in Florida, the…

Aashna Poddar; Adam Stanaland; Andrei Cimpian; Duygu Yilmaz; Melis Muradoglu; Sophie H. Arnold (2024). Why a Culture of Brilliance Is Bad for Physics. Grantee Submission, Nature Reviews Physics v6 p75-77. Women and people of colour are underrepresented in physics in many parts of the world, to the detriment of the field. How do academics' beliefs about the role of 'brilliance' in career success contribute to these representation gaps, and what can be done to address them?… [Direct] [Direct] [Direct]

Elvessa Marshall; Gail Crimmins; Gemma J. M. Read (2024). Gender Quotas Are Not Enough: The Need for Multiple Strategies to Address Gender Equity in Australian Universities. Gender and Education, v36 n6 p581-598. The paper examines a 'circulatory' system of gender inequity in Australian universities where gender bias prevents women from accessing senior decision-making roles and stultifies their capacity to act as gender change agents. It has been mooted that equity quotas for senior roles can derail this circuit of male privilege in academia. Yet a plastic reading of the shape of gender equity policy and practice in Australian universities over the last 40 years reveals an increasing acceptance of individualism, which positions women's liberation as being achievable through self-responsibilisation. If these discourses remain unchallenged, gender quotas for senior roles alone will likely only benefit those entrepreneurial women admitted to senior positions, rendering the causes of gender inequity hidden and exonerated. Using a novel methodology that combines a 'plastic' with a complex systems lens of policy manoeuvres, we suggest gender quotas, accompanied by strategy designed to develop… [Direct]

Dawn Richards Elliott; Jonathan C. Rork; Zackary B. Hawley (2024). Rethinking Racial Diversity Benchmarks in Higher Education. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, v17 n3 p297-306. Many institutions of higher learning aim to promote greater racial diversity to harness learning benefits and foster a sense of inclusion. Nevertheless, the institutional pursuit of racial diversity is difficult to benchmark. The current constitutional boundary limits the use of race to promote the diversity in college admissions to a "narrow," "holistic," and "case-by-case" strategy laden with definitional ambiguity. This ambiguity is deepened by constraints, such as institutional history, demographics, geography, and institutional rank, that often go unaccounted for in popular diversity measures. This article creates an expected diversity measure that describes the amount of racial diversity one would expect accounting for the home state of their incoming class. This initial step serves as an example that universities may follow when using their own internal data to account for a richer set of diversity constraints and to better monitor progress toward… [Direct]

Brunner, Brigitta R. (2006). Student Perceptions of Diversity on a College Campus: Scratching the Surface to Find More. Intercultural Education, v17 n3 p311-317 Aug. American universities have made efforts in the past to create a more diverse student population, and this diversity has been linked to strategic benefits for both students and society. However, little research has examined students' perspectives on these issues. In an attempt to address this issue, this paper reports an exploratory research using focus groups to examine students' thoughts about diversity and its place on an American college campus. Student from communications classes at a large Southeastern university were invited to take part in the focus group sessions. The focus group data were transcribed and analyzed thematically, meaning each transcript was compared with the others on a continuous basis. The data suggest that college students, no matter what their background, generally view diversity as something positive. Furthermore, this research suggests that more than 40 years after the beginning of Affirmative Action initiatives in the US, the diversity discussion is… [Direct]

Hughes, Carolyn; McDonald, Meghan L. (2008). The Special Olympics: Sporting or Social Event?. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities (RPSD), v33 n3 p143-145 Fall. Storey (2008), in his eloquent and timely critique of the Special Olympics and his call to close it down, focuses on the failure of the Special Olympics to achieve the goal of social integration and sustained social interaction among people with intellectual disabilities and their peers without a disability label. The authors wholeheartedly agree with Storey's condemnation of the perhaps unintended consequences of the Special Olympics, including: (1) fostering negative stereotypes of and infantilizing people with disabilities; (2) encouraging inappropriate behavior such as hugging, pitying, and paternalism; and (3) fostering attitudes of \us\ versus \them\ and service provider versus service recipient–all of which serve to hinder rather than promote social integration. Storey also argues that by diverting large amounts of charitable and federal funding, the Special Olympics further promotes segregation by limiting funds for integrated recreation and creating a dual recreational… [Direct]

Frances, Carol; Mensel, R. Frank (1981). Women and Minorities in Administration of Higher Education Institutions: Employment Patterns and Salary Comparisons 1978-79 and An Analysis of Progress toward Affirmative Action Goals 1975-76 to 1978-79. Journal of the College and University Personnel Association, v32 n3 p1-77 Fall. An ACE follow-up study of women and minorities in academic administration includes the presentation of employment patterns and salary compensation findings for the 1978-79 academic year, a longitudinal analysis of the changes experienced by women and minorities between 1975-78, and explanations for low percentages of women and minorities. (MLW)…

Hankin, Joseph N. (1986). Affirmative Action and Inaction: The Status of Minorities and Women at Public Two-Year Colleges in New York State and the Nation. Rockefeller Institute Working Papers, Number 24, Fall 1986. A study was conducted to determine the extent to which women and minorities were employed as administrators and faculty members at two-year colleges. State directors of two-year colleges and individual institutions provided data representing 770 public two-year colleges in 48 states. Study findings included the following: (1) the percentage of female and minority administrators rose from 25.66% in 1975 to 39.16% in 1983; (2) faculties showed a more modest increase from 39.23% in 1975 to 42.86% in 1983; (3) 145 public two-year community colleges had no minority administrators, 30 had no female administrators, and 21 had neither a minority nor a female administrator; (4) there were no minority faculty members at 63 campuses and no women faculty members at one college; (5) 23 of the colleges with no minority faculty members had no minority administrators either; and (6) although New York compared favorably to the rest of the nation in terms of the employment of female administrators…

Gittleman, Maury; Wolff, Edward N. (2000). Racial Wealth Disparities: Is the Gap Closing? Working Paper No. 311. Most studies of the economic progress of African Americans have focused on income or narrower measures, such as learning, to assess the extent to which any gains relative to other ethnic groups can be attributed to factors such as declining racial discrimination, affirmative action policies, changes in industrial composition, or a narrowing of the educational gap between African Americans and the rest of the population. This analysis explores how African Americans have fared in terms of wealth, a less well-known factor. The main source of data is the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) (1984, 1989, and 1994). During the study period, the ratio of average wealth between African Americans and Whites remained almost constant. The analysis suggests that it will be very difficult for African Americans to make up significant ground relative to Whites with respect to wealth. If the racial income gap were closed, it would take 72 years for the racial wealth gap to close. The implications… [PDF]

(1977). The Regents of the University of California, Petitioner, vs. Allan Bakke, Respondent. On Writ of Certiorari to the Supreme Court of California. The main question of this case is whether Allan Bakke was denied the equal protection of the laws in contravention of the 14th Amendment, solely because of his race, as the result of a racial quota admission policy. A statement of the case which reviews pertinent data such as the admission procedure of the medical school, Bakke's interview and rating, the special admission program, the proceedings in the trial court and an appeal are given. It is concluded that the special admission program violated Bakke's right to the equal protection of the law. The medical school's quota was said to up root individual constitutional freedoms and replace them with a destructive system of group rights. Furthermore, the court makes a distinction between quotas and the concept of affirmative action. It is concluded that Bakke's personal right to equal protection was violated. The California Supreme Court correctly decided this case when it considered this action to be a case of racial…

Marshall, Catherine (1984). From Culturally Defined to Self-Defined: Career Stages of Women Administrators. Women's participation in school administration is low and actually declining, despite legislation, affirmative action, and special programs. This article views the research guiding educational policy as useful, but concerned with ancillary issues. After a literature review of sex discrimination, administrator gender differences, role conflicts, and norms favoring men, this article addresses the informal criteria and organizational processes that favor men and hinder women. It describes a retrospective, ethnographic study of 25 women in educational administration careers. Data analysis reveals three career development stages. Women administrators begin as culturally defined, molding identities, behaviors, attitudes, and choices according to society's expectations. (In a school environment, this means women remain teachers, and administrators are male.) If women teachers develop supports and incentives, they may pass through transition (a difficult resocialization process) and… [PDF]