(1988). Preparing Minorities and Women as Researchers: Have We Learned Anything?. The concern over the numbers of minority and women educational researchers is based on the importance of including minorities and women in the educational research endeavor (and all other endeavors) and the epistemological premise that a researcher's perspectives on the topic affect the questions asked, data collected, and interpretation and analysis. It is important to ask new questions to guide the research about the schooling failures of minority group members (disproportionately to their numbers in the population), and preferably, these questions should be asked by members of the minority groups. Data on earned doctorates for 1976 (4,067 males and 1,735 females) and 1987 (3,037 males and 3,565 females) show the potential pool of educators is becoming more female. However, there has been a decline in the numbers of minority group members (e.g., 492 Blacks in 1976, 421 Blacks in 1987), except Hispanics (87 in 1976, 188 in 1987) receiving doctorates. "Learnings" include:…
(1987). Sexual Harassment: An Overview. Monograph. Volume 2, Number 1. Sexual harassment is a problem in high schools, on college campuses, and in the workplace, although unclear definitions and misinterpretations of sexual harassment have led many to believe that the amount of sexual harassment that occurs is minimal. Sexual harassment has been defined as a continuum of behaviors, with physical sexual assault at one extreme and nonverbal, sexually suggestive behavior at the other extreme. Studies suggest that more females than males are victims of sexual harassment. Sexual harassers are usually males in a position of authority who can force the cooperation of the victim by coercion. Sexual harassment leads to fear, anxiety, guilt, and anger for the victims; many victims feel they should have done something to prevent the harassment. Persons who feel they are being harassed should take immediate, firm steps to stop the behavior. They should document the incidents in case a suit is filed. They can complain to the appropriate officers in their… [PDF]
(1983). The Presentation of Statistical Analysis of Data as Evidence in Litigation Involving Sexual and Racial Discrimination. This research illustrates how statistical analysis of data was presented by the plaintiff's attorneys as evidence in litigation involving sexual and racial discrimination in the case Green v. City of Gadsden. Bar graphs depict the sexual and racial compositions of (1) members of the Gadsden Police Department (GPD), (2) members of the GPD in relation to their respective group within the Gadsden, Alabama population based on the 1980 census, (3) examinees taking the GPD written examination from 1980 to 1982, (4) examinees passing the GPD exam during the aforementioned years, (5) all applicants employed with the GPD from 1980 to 1982, (6) only applicants passing the GPD exam from 1980 to 1982 employed with the GPD during these years, as well as (7) all applicants offered employment with GPD from 1980 to 1982, and (8) only applicants passing the GPD test from 1980 to 1982 offered employment with the GPD during these years. Additionally, a table which exhibits several frequency…
(1980). Ethnicity and Human Rights: An Organizational and Individual Perspective. Despite the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations in 1948, the issue of the human rights of ethnic minority groups is widely ignored in the United States–both in policy and as an issue worthy of examination. In this country and abroad, violations of human rights continue to take place regularly; minority group members are denied many of the basic rights, such as the right to health, to food, to clothing and housing, to free expression, and to self determination. At present, there are three major organizations that address the concern for ethnicity and human rights worldwide: the Anti-Slavery Society, the Minority Rights Group, and Amnesty International. In addition, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights and its subcommission on slavery and native peoples deserves mention. As the social and demographic trends of urbanization and urban decay threaten the very existence of ethnic minority populations, it is imperative that more individuals and…
(1984). First Amendment Claims by Public Employees. The First Amendment free speech right is one of the most frequently asserted constitutional challenges to dismissal or discipline of a school district employee. In any employee's claim of violation of free speech right by a public employer, a threefold process of review should be made: (1) Was the conduct in question constitutionally protected in that it affected matters of legitimate public concern? (2) If so, was the school district's action in response to the conduct justified in light of the district's interest in the efficiency, integrity, and discipline of its operation? (3) Was the school district's action motivated by the employee's protected conduct or were there other, constitutionally neutral factors that would have caused the action in the absence of the protected conduct? The recent Supreme Court decision in "Connick vs. Myers," by establishing that First Amendment protection extends only to matters of public concern, provides the basis for summary dismissal…
(1988). An Aversive Issue…Which Refuses To Go Away. Chronic self-injury is a psychopathology which afflicts some persons with severe mental retardation. The self-injurious acts may be carried out to avoid completion of a task, or the behavior may be intrinsically reinforcing. Professional responses have included use of restraints, psychopharmacology, placement in more restrictive settings, and engaging the children in alternative activities. If all reasonable positive approaches have been tried and found to be unsuccessful, aversion techniques are called for, such as the SIBIS cloth helmet which delivers a shock to the arm following a self-injurious act. In many facilities, de facto elimination of the use of aversives has occurred due to the facilities' fear of lawsuits against them. A careful weighing of costs and benefits should be done on a case-by-case basis to ensure that the client's right to treatment and a better quality of life are not denied. A two-phase process is advanced to maximize the chance of treatment success and…
(1987). Program Development Trends and Issues: The Cleveland Leadership Academy. This paper focuses on public school program development to correct the effects of segregation. It suggests concrete measures and plans for the Cleveland Leadership Academy, which is designed to enhance instruction and access. Cleveland City School District's Remedial Order is a court-approved blueprint for desegregation that mandated management and leadership training for all school district staff, including staff administrators, supervisors, and principals. Five developmental programs promote the administrative leadership of both practicing and prospective administrators: (1) the Administrator Preparation Program provides comprehensive training for personnel who are seeking administrative promotional opportunities; (2) the Administrator Renewal Program furnishes specific leadership and management skills; (3) the Administrator Retraining Program addresses the needs of administrative underachievers; (4) the Future Leaders Preparation Program identifies and encourages potential…
(1982). Legal Theory in Support of Bilingual Education. A review of the national and state legislation dealing with bilingual education is presented in the context of an introductory history of the bilingual movement in the United States. This history falls into two periods; the first from 1840-1920, and the second from 1960 to the present. The goal of bilingual education, to teach English without sacrificing the home language and culture, is the backdrop for the examination of the laws governing it. First, federal bilingual policy mechanisms are examined from the initial constitutional mandate resulting from the Brown v. Board of Education case to action of the Reagan administration in 1981 withdrawing proposed Lau regulations. In each case the legislation is criticized in terms of its impact on equal educational opportunity for limited English speaking minority children. Following this section, the response of the Los Angeles Unified School District to the 1974 Supreme Court decision in the Lau case is presented and an outline of major…
(1974). Women's Record. Integrated Education, 12, 3, 49-51, May-Jun 74. Deals with sexism and racism in education, emphasizing the interrelations between the two with particular emphasis on the minority women, including material on textbooks and classrooms. (Author/JM)…
(1974). Job Opportunity for Females: Fairy Tales and Wishing Wells. California School Boards, 33, 10, 16-23, Nov 74. Presents facts and figures disputing many of the traditional sex stereotypes of working women. (WM)…
(1977). The Tinker Case and Its Interpretation. Journalism Monographs No. 52. In 1969, in the case of Tinker vs. the Des Moines Independent Community School District, the Supreme Court ruled that if student speech acts did not interfere, or threaten to interfere, with the operation of the school, the acts could not be banned. This study is an analysis of the Tinker decision and of the ways it has been applied to court cases involving the high school and college student press. The first section discusses the facts in the Tinker case, lower court decisions regarding it, the arguments before the Supreme Court, the Supreme Court's decision, and the theory behind the case. The second section discusses court cases since the Tinker decision that have involved student press rights and have dealt with the following questions left vague or unanswered by the Tinker decision: What is "material and substantial interference" with school activities? When do forecasts of interference justify sanctions? Does the Tinker decision authorize prior restraint? Does the…
(1975). Measured Steps toward Equality for Women in Ireland: Education and Legislation. Convergence, 8, 1, 91-8, 75. …
(1975). Needed: A Black Ideology and Agenda. Journal of Intergroup Relations, 4, 3, 16-21, Jul 75. Asserts that the probable reason for a lack of a black political ideology is the failure of blacks in America to realize who they are and what they must be about, and proposes that only two instruments can penetrate the present socioeconomic system — (1) strong economic power (which blacks will not in the foreseeable future obtain, it is stated here), and (2) strong political power. (Author/JM)…
(1975). Students' Rights A Long Time Coming. Journal of the International Association of Pupil Personnel Workers, 11, 4, 223, Sep 75. Discusses the history and development of laws protecting children's rights up to the recent Goss vs. Lopez decision on suspension. (EJT)…
(1975). Legal Problems – North and South. Integrated Education, 13, 3, 6-7, May-Jun 75. The focus of this testimony, presented to a public hearing before the New York City Commission on Human Rights in May 1974, is on the legal differences between attacks upon discrimination in the north and in the south; it is noted that the legal problems facing the north and the south have been becoming more and more the same. (Author/JM)…