A Technique for Measuring Language Production in Three, Four & Five Year Olds. The technique to be described here was developed to meet the need for a language production measure. It samples a variety of morphemic and syntactic patterns, and avoids the problems of imitation and of free speech analysis. The production test is administered in a sentence-completion format. A very brief incomplete story is told by the examiner in a form designed to elicit a particular target syntax. The test as developed contains 47 items covering 28 different structures, including present and past tense, auxiliary, possessives, negation, indirect object, conditional, relative clause, passive, and subjunctive. The final instrument was administered to 310 middle class children, and 163 lower class youngsters, all within the age range of 3/0 through 5/11. All children were individually tested by one of five white female examiners in rooms separate from the regular classroom. Data analyses were done by the three twelve-month groups of threes, fours, fives, as well as by six-month… [PDF]
(1973). Non-Student Use of School Property: Civil Liberties vs. Public Responsibility. A Legal Memorandum. The current status of the law concerning the right of persons not connected with school programs or activities to exercise their freedom of expression and assembly in the immediate vicinity of schools, insofar as they relate to picketing, leafletting, speech, and noise, may be summarized as follows. Classrooms and premises of public schools are under the control of the state, which has the power to regulate their use; interruptions of the educational process by outsiders may be prohibited; while peaceful picketing will be allowed, occupations of buildings to shut them down, the invasion of classrooms, and the deliberate making of noise that interferes with classes will not be permitted; school officials may specify under what conditions speakers, picketers, pamphleteers, or other demonstrators may function within a school building; persons seeking to exercise their rights to free speech or peaceable assembly prior to or after school hours in ways that are not actually or imminently… [PDF]
(1970). Analysis of Production Errors in the Phonetic Performance of School-Age Standard-English-Speaking Children. Final Report. This study is concerned with misarticulated speech sounds of children and the phonetic realization of these sounds. The articulation errors of 384 standard-English-speaking school children were analyzed in speech samples obtained by the National Speech and Hearing Survey and were samples of both free speech and of performance on the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation. Error rates and incidence of various types of errors (omissions, distortions, and substitutions) by grade level were noted. The major thrust of the investigation, however, was an attempt to explain the substitution errors in the sample using the constructs of distinctive feature theory and markedness theory. The hypothesis presented in and confirmed by this study is that when substitution errors occur, less complex phonemes will be substituted for more complex ones. The data analyzed in the present study suggest that substitutions are governed in part by a tendency toward ease of articulation with constraints imposed… [PDF]
(1971). An Analysis of the Variations from Standard English Pronunciation in the Phonetic Performance of Two Groups of Nonstandard-English-Speaking Children. Final Report. In this second of two studies conducted with portions of the National Speech and Hearing Survey data, the investigators analyzed the phonetic variants from standard American English in the speech of two groups of nonstandard English speaking children. The study used samples of free speech and performance on the Gold-Fristoe Test of Articulation from a group of 192 Black children (grades 1-6 from Niagara Falls, New York, and a group of 192 Mexican-American children (grades 1-6) from San Antonio, Texas. The study reports the frequencies of omission, substitution, and distortion. The present data is compared with the previously reported results obtained from standard American English speakers from Marshall, Iowa. The major conclusion is that all phonetic variations from standard American English can be attributed to one of the following sources of variation: (1) reduction in the complexity of segments, which usually decreases with age; (2) differing phonological rules between standard… [PDF]
(2005). 'Olelo's Partnership Efforts with Teachers and Youth: More than Media Literacy. Educational Perspectives, v38 n2 p38-42. 'Olelo Community Television has served the O'ahu community for over 16 years. It offers community members training in television production, and it provides access to Oceanic Cable channels 52 through 56–the five cable channels that 'Olelo currently manages. 'Olelo is a non-profit, public, educational and government (PEG) access organization that seeks to create a foundation for the exchange of ideas. 'Olelo's mission is to build stronger, healthier, more engaged communities based on the principle of free speech and through the use of cable television. Over the past four years, 'Olelo has partnered with schools and the University of Hawai'i to operate media centers in a variety of diverse communities. It has helped to establish nurturing educational environments where Hawai'i's youth, teachers, and community members can join together to learn about the power of television in communicating ideas. 'Olelo's community media centers and special services such as 'Olelo's Summer Media… [PDF]
(1992). Creating Community on College Campuses. SUNY Frontiers in Education Series. This book addresses the critical and difficult issues facing higher education in the 1990s including the need to improve the quality of teaching and learning, raise academic standards, protect freedom of expression, and enhance both the community of the whole and the individual and small groups that make up that community. The book also examines undergraduates' experience of community in both the academic and nonacademic realms while structuring the broad topic around three foci: (1) student diversity, particularly racial and ethnic diversity and women students; (2) individual and small-group rights and responsibilities in relation to institutional authority; and (3) student-faculty relations and the learning community. The book offers an understanding of community as a complex concept, one that incorporates the values of a democratic society and encourages learning and participation by all citizens of the community. Specific topics discussed include race and ethnicity, the climate…
(1968). No Time for Youth–Growth and Constraint in College Students. Student Life and Its Problems. Chapter Seven, by Marjorie M. Lazoff, \Residential Groups and Individual Development,\ describes living conditions, social environment, and reactions to them of several groups of undergraduate men at Stanford University. Chapter Eight, by Ving Ellis, \Students Who Seek Psychiatric Help,\ is based on interviews and questionnaire data from 493 undergraduate students who come to the psychiatric clinic at the University of California, Berkeley. Data is given on their families, intelligence, grade-point average, entry complaints, and personality inventory scores. Several case studies follow. Chapter Nine, by Nevitt Sanford and Susan Singer, \Drinking and Personality,\ reports a study relating drinking and abstaining behaviors to attitudes about drinking, and to several personality characteristics. Chapter 10, by Max M. Levin, \Changes in Authoritarianism,\ compares students whose authoritarianism scores changed much over four undergraduate years, with those whose scores changed little,… [PDF]
(2000). Cybercounselors v. Cyberpolice. The future of cybercounseling will be greatly affected by state efforts to regulate it. Cybercounseling will probably be found by some courts to violate state licensing laws. The risk of prosecution under those laws is substantial and undoubtedly has already stunted the growth of cybercounseling in the United States. Few, if any, state licensing laws expressly address on-line counseling, so arguments can be made that state laws currently do not prohibit it. These arguments may succeed in some states, and will be helped by carefully worded legal disclaimers and descriptions of services on cybercounselors' Web sites. The following three possible defenses for cybercounselors are discussed in this chapter: (1) the counselor and the client agreed that the services were not subject to the licensing laws of the client's state; (2) the client's state has no right to arrest and extradite a counselor who was physically in another state at the time the services were provided; (3)…
(2009). Thedocracy: Christian Universities and Muslim Students. Forum on Public Policy Online, v2009 n2. Few cultural institutions so potently foster free thought and speech, appreciation for others unlike self, and community service as higher education. As such, universities catalyze democracy. One calls them the \Messiah\ of that cause. Christian universities in particular, though not designed as political or religiously pluralist entities, assist democracy under theological warrant. This convergence of theology and democracy make Christian campuses a venue in \thedocracy\ for moderating social problems. This paper develops the thedocracy construct, then applies it to the politicized strain between Islam and America. Christian schools often fail to contribute either because American Muslims are off their radar, numbering under 1% of the U.S. population, or comity is perceived unnatural to their religious mission. This project analyzed admission policies among all 111 CCCU member institutions and found 16, or 1 in 7, limit enrollment to Christian applicants. Thedocracy is proposed… [PDF] [Direct]
(1992). School Officials and the Courts: Update 1992. ERS Monograph. During the past year, in cases involving the authority of school boards to make curricular decisions and provide for services, the courts have balanced school board authority against constitutional and statutory provisions related to privacy, free exercise of religion, and public records laws. Section 1, \School Boards and Board Members,\ outlines requirements for community service, the closing of schools; conflict of interest issues, condom distribution, textbook selection, and allegations of \biased curriculum.\ Section 2, \Administrators,\ scrutinizes teacher layoffs, reassignment, subordinates' free speech rights, and removal or alteration of records. Section 3, \Finance,\ assesses income tax deductions for private schooling;, facilities impact fees, and auditing requirements. Section 4, \Teachers and Other District Employees,\ considers \whistle blower\ statutes, espousal of creationism, First Amendment protection, sex discrimination, teacher dismissal, and application of…
(1986). School Law in Review–1986. Proceedings of the NSBA Council of School Attorneys Annual School Law Seminar (Las Vegas, Nevada, April 4-5, 1986). Volume 2. This volume of seminar presentations covers a broad range of legal issues affecting public schools. The first chapter summarizes employee free speech developments since "Connick v. Myers" (1983), a United States Supreme Court decision upholding a district attorney's right to dismiss a transferred assistant for circulating a controversial questionnaire to coworkers. "Connick" and "Pickering" (an earlier case balancing employee and employer interests) are analyzed for their effects on recent court actions involving employee criticism of employer policy, symbolic speech, political affiliations, sexual preference, and other issues. The second chapter discusses recent decisions concerning religion, such as school prayer, parochial school aid, equal access, home schooling, compulsory attendance, creationism, and religious objections to curriculum. The third chapter examines the application of the Fair Labor Standards Act to school boards, while the fourth…
(1997). Representative American Speeches 1996-1997. The Reference Shelf Volume 69 Number 6. This collection of representative speeches delivered by public officials and other prominent persons contains addresses to both large and small organizations, given both on ceremonial occasions and on less formal occasions. The collection contains school commencement addresses, addresses to government bodies, speeches to international organizations, addresses to professional organizations, and speeches given in churches and at conferences. It is divided into the following sections: (1) The Human Community; (2) Religion and Prejudice; (3) Race; (4) Arts and the Humanities; (5) Government; and (6) Foreign Policy. Some of the well-known persons represented in the collection are President William J. Clinton; Warren Christopher; Hillary Rodham Clinton; Senator Edward Kennedy; Senator Carol Moseley-Braun; Janet Reno; Jane Alexander; and Johnetta B. Cole. Several speeches in the collection discuss how to define free speech and describe the particular areas in which First Amendment rights…
(1993). American Studies through Folk Speech. Messana: Rassegna di Studi Filologici Linguistici e Storici, n14 p187-206. American slang reflects diversity, imagination, self-confidence, and optimism of the American people. Its vitality is due in part to the guarantee of free speech and lack of a national academy of language or of any official attempt to purify American speech, in part to Americans' historic geographic mobility. Such "folksay" includes riddles and conundrums, puns and plays on words, various kinds of jokes, sayings, proverbs, and proverbial similes, folk vocabulary and all types of slang, children's rhymes and jingles, word games, tongue twisters, and more. Folk speech is powerful language that can be rude and violent, but more often is playful, humorous, creative, lively, and ever-changing. Activities effective in learning American language through folk speech include telling jokes, riddles, and stories or reading them aloud; activities using and discussing proverbs; active and passive vocabulary learning through question-and-answer dialogues; written exercises using new… [PDF]
(1996). Clothing Professors with Immunity: Points of Law on Academic Freedom. Over the years the Supreme Court has given academic freedom a special First Amendment status. This study reviewed a selected group of recent cases at public universities, focusing particularly on several where rulings were based either on a professor's public comments or in-class verbiage, in an attempt to assess the current status of academic freedom. Cases cited include two where professors were disciplined for views expressed outside the classroom; in both these cases the courts upheld the professors' rights of protected free speech. In two other cases where professors interjected personal religious beliefs during classroom activities, the courts ruled that the university had a responsibility to ensure a secular environment, especially in regard to curriculum. In several"hostile environment" and sexual harassment cases cited, the picture has been mixed, with the rulings usually supporting classroom speech that is germane to course content and not protecting speech that… [PDF]
(1991). Model Policy on Student Publications Code. In 1989, the Iowa Legislature created a new code section that defines and regulates student exercise of free expression in "official school publications." Also, the Iowa State Department of Education was directed to develop a model publication code that includes reasonable provisions for regulating the time, place, and manner of student expression. Although students have the right of free speech, including the right of expression in official school publications, they may not express, publish, or distribute materials that are obscene or libelous or that encourage students to commit unlawful acts, violate lawful school regulations, or cause the material and substantial disruption of the school's orderly operation. The model policy statement appearing in this report delineates school liability and emphasizes students' First Amendment rights, the importance of journalistic skills and robust debate about controversial topics, and the necessity for a workable appeals process…. [PDF]