(2003). Are There Civic Returns to Education? NBER Working Paper Series. The hypothesized effects of educational attainment on adult civic engagement and attitudes provide some of the most important justifications for government intervention in the market for education. This study presents evidence on whether these externalities exist. It assesses and implements two strategies for identifying the effects of educational attainment. One is based on the availability of junior and community colleges; the other, on changes in teen exposure to child labor laws. The results suggest that educational attainment has large and statistically significant effects on subsequent voter participation and support for free speech. It also finds that additional schooling appears to increase the quality of civic knowledge as measured by the frequency of newspaper readership. (Contains 41 references.) (SM)… [PDF]
(2000). Leaders in the Crucible: The Moral Voice of College Presidents. The stories about college presidents in this volume are intended to support the presumption that moral leadership is a fundamental criterion and expectation of those who serve as college presidents. The chapters are: (1) \The Moral Leadership of College Presidents\; (2) \Presidential Perspectives: The Shape of Their Voice\; (3) \Architects of the College Mission\; (4) \Shaping Student Character\; (5) \Critical Issues in the Academy: Free Speech, Academic Freedom, and Diversity\; (6) \Hopes for Democracy\; (7) \The Milieu of Social and Political Issues\; (8) \The University and the World\; (9) \Ideological Battles and the Soul of the Academy: The Burden of the Presidential Pulpit\; and (10) \The Presidency in the Crucible.\ (Contains 209 references.) (SLD)…
(2004). Communication in the Chinese Classroom. Education, v125 n1 p63 Fal. This study investigates cultural (idiosyncratic, linguistic) aspects of interpersonal & cross-cultural interactions in a Chinese learning environment. It explains the relationship between the Chinese academic community (CAL) in a university in Beijing, China and American professors (AAS) and how the CAL negotiates meaning through verbal communication in a formal setting. Analyses of the interactions among Chinese students, professors, and university administrators and with American professors in the classroom observed confirm the stereotype that political principles affect free speech and the Chinese attitude toward collectivism–a devotion to national sovereignty rather than to individual values–and identify the Chinese student as an inquisitive learner, open to acquiring knowledge from non-traditional sources….
(2007). U. of Delaware Abandons Sessions on Diversity. Chronicle of Higher Education, v54 n12 pA1 Nov. The University of Delaware spent years refining its residence-life education program. One week of public criticism unraveled it. Late last month, the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, a free-speech group, accused the university of promoting specific views on race, sexuality, and morality in a series of discussions held in dormitories. The program was designed to build understanding among diverse students, but some participants complained that it told them how to think and pried into their beliefs with questions like "When did you discover your sexual identity?" In an October 29 letter to Delaware's president, the group, known as FIRE, called the program "systematic thought reform" and urged the university to suspend it. Three days later, Delaware complied. For decades, residence-life programs have organized group sessions on racism, sexism, and homophobia. Research shows those exercises can help broaden students' cultural awareness and diminish… [Direct]
LANGUAGE CONTROL IN A GROUP OF HEAD START CHILDREN. TWENTY HEAD START PRESCHOOL CHILDREN WERE GIVEN THREE LANGUAGE TASKS DESIGNED TO MEASURE THEIR LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT–(1) A PRODUCTION TASK REQUIRED THE CHILDREN TO ENGAGE IN FREE SPEECH. THE CHILDREN WERE ASKED TO ANSWER A QUESTION, TO DESCRIBE A SERIES OF PICTURES, AND TO RETELL A STORY. THE FREE SPEECH OF THE CHILDREN IN RESPONSE TO THESE SUB-TASKS WAS ANALYZED IN TERMS OF THE RANGE AND FREQUENCY OF SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES USED, THE NUMBER OF KERNEL AND TRANSFORMED SENTENCES USED, AND THE COMPLEXITY OF THE SYNTAX. THE DATA FROM THIS TASK IS NOT YET AVAILABLE. (2) AN IMITATION TASK REQUIRED THE CHILDREN TO REPEAT 20 SENTENCES USING 10 DIFFERENT SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES. EACH STRUCTURE WAS USED IN TWO SENTENCES. OF A POSSIBLE 400 CORRECT RESPONSES, 281 CORRECT RESPONSES WERE MADE. THE LENGTH OF THE SENTENCE WAS FOUND TO BE NEGATIVELY RELATED TO NUMBER OF CORRECT RESPONSES FOR ONE SET OF THE STRUCTURES. THERE WAS EVIDENCE OF MODIFICATION OF SENTENCES BY THE CHILDREN TO CONFORM THEM TO THEIR… [PDF]
(1994). Rights and Responsibilities of Participants in Networked Communities. This report is based on a November 1992 workshop and a February 1993 public forum which discussed some of the social issues raised by the emergence of electronic communities. The workshop examined user, provider, and other perspectives on different types of networked communities, including those on the Internet, commercial information services, and grass-roots networks. The following questions were addressed in the workshop: (1) What policies, laws, regulations, or ethical standards apply to the use of networked services; who sets them; how are they developed; and how are they enforced? (2) What are users' expectations regarding privacy and protection of their proprietary rights? (3) What are the rights, responsibilities, and liabilities of providers or operators of networked services or of users of these services? and (4) What problems arise from connecting systems offering these services to systems that operate under different policies? The forum was organized around a set of…
(1996). Recent Legal Decisions in Education: A Casebook of Appellate Court Decisions–1985-1995. This casebook contains excerpts of 86 legal decisions handed down by appellate courts during 1985-95. The book was developed to inform school administrators about recent legal decisions in educational matters. In the area of general administration, cases cover issues of central governance, attendance, church/state relationship, curriculum, and desegregation. Cases pertaining to pupils include the topics of general student rights, drugs, free speech, rights of handicapped students, and search and seizure. Litigation pertaining to employed personnel deal with general personnel matters, discrimination, teacher dismissal, and teachers' due process rights. Liability cases comprise the final section. The bulk of the text is comprised of the excerpted court decisions. A list of cases and concepts derived from each decision are included. (LMI)… [PDF]
(1977). A Rationality Standard for the First Amendment. This discussion summarizes the general principles that may be applied in determining the limits of free expression and proposes new criteria based on libertarian values. Among the general principles summarized are the bad-tendency test, the clear-and-present-danger test, the balancing test, the incitement test, and the hypothetical absolute test. A new theory of free speech, the rationality standard, can permit a wide scope of expression and yet can resist attrition by interpretation. This doctrine asserts that all advocacy warrants unqualified protection, unless it is presented in such a context that the listener does not have an opportunity to decide rationally whether or not to heed the speaker's appeal. Conditions to which this standard may be applied include mind control and subliminal advertising. (KS)… [PDF]
(1976). Freedom of Speech Newsletter, February 1976. The "Freedom of Speech Newsletter" is the communication medium, published four times each academic year, of the Freedom of Speech Interest Group, Western Speech Communication Association. Articles included in this issue are "What Is Academic Freedom For?" by Ralph Ross, "A Sociology of Free Speech" by Ray Heidt, "A Queer Interpretation fo the First Amendment: 'Homosexual' Acts Between Consenting Adults" by Sally Miller Gearhart, and "The Climate of Communication" by Herman Cohen. Also included are minutes of the November convention meeting and the text of a resolution commending Justice William O. Douglas, which was submitted to the S.C.A. Resolutions Committee, December 1975, by the chairman of the Commission on Freedom of Speech. (MKM)…
(1974). Student Activism: A Bibliography of Empirical Research. Exchange Bibliography No. 709. This bibliography organizes the empirical research literature concerning student activism that was produced in the decade following the Berkeley Free Speech Movement. It is organized into eight sections. Section 1 focuses on studies of \radical\ (leftist, antiestablishment) activists while Section 2 focuses on conservative student activists and Section 3 on black student protestors. Section 4 contains references to two types of studies–those concerned primarily with measuring the scope of student protest (what proportion of campuses experienced protest) and those concerned with relating the occurrence of protest to characteristics of institutions of higher education. The next three sections are concerned with studies of attitudes–student, faculty, and public–toward protest. The final section contains citations of reviews of the empirical literature. (Author/IRT)… [PDF]
(1971). Inquiry. A Project of the Wisconsin Bar Foundation. This manual consists of comprehensive outlines of instruction programs to teach high school students about the U.S. laws and legal systems. The outlines are intended to supplement earlier program materials published by the Wisconsin State Bar and are keyed to instructional units in the master schedule. The teaching approach is one of continuous interchange between instructor and student. Included in each outline are a general goal statement, activities and exercises, supplementary materials, and suggestions for outside reading. Outlines are presented on the following topics: Disruption and Free Speech; Sample Current Laws; the Student Buyer; Landlord-tenant; the City, Ecology, and the Establishment; the Student at School; the Student at Home; Bill of Rights; Jobs and Business; Cars and Legal Problems; and Selective Service Law. (Author/RM)… [PDF]
(1973). The Campus Press: Freedom and Responsibility. This document investigates the collegiate press. Part one–The Campus Press–observes the development, expectations and present status of the campus press. Conclusions indicate the need for an independent student newspaper. Part two reviews the law and the campus press, particularly legal distinctions between public and private colleges and universities and between campus press and public press, legal consequences for three ways of operating a university newspaper, responsibilities of the campus press, consequences of selection of staff, and legal consequences of using the institution's name. Appendices for part one include a 28-item bibliography, the University of California agreement, and articles of incorporation of the Daily Californian. Appendices for part two examine limitations of free speech and review important cases. (MJM)… [PDF]
(1973). Theoretical Value in Teaching Freedom of Speech. The exercise of freedom of speech within our nation has deteriorated. A practical value in teaching free speech is the possibility of restoring a commitment to its principles by educators. What must be taught is why freedom of speech is important, why it has been compromised, and the extent to which it has been compromised. Every technological advance in the area of communication over the past 100 years has had the effect of compromising and diluting the peoples' freedom of speech. Linked to this we find that the average citizen covets the privilege of being heard while denying the liberty to others. In addition, our young, the most \media frustrated\ generation of all, engage in the \new heckling,\ which is countreproductive to communication. (EE)… [PDF]
(1998). Teaching Direct and Reported Speech from a Critical Language Awareness (CLA) Perspective. Educational Review, v50 n2 p181-90 Jun. Grade 11 students analyzed direct, indirect, and free indirect speech in texts before and after eight classroom activities based on Critical Language Awareness. The activities influenced marked improvement in their ability to critically read reported speech. (SK)…
(1980). Student Rights in Newfoundland and the United States: A Comparative Study. Official policies concerning students' rights in Newfoundland and in the United States are examined, and standards of justification for students' rights are discussed. A questionnaire was sent to each school district superintendent in Newfoundland and to 100 selected superintendents in the State of Wisconsin. The response rate from Newfoundland was 66%; from the United States, 56%. The superintendents were asked to indicate policies concerning students' rights to free speech, free press, association membership, personal appearance and behavior, reasonable punishment, privacy, due process, and academic matters. Results showed that, in spite of the many U.S. Supreme Court rulings on student rights, only in the area of due process do over 50% of the Wisconsin school boards have an officially adopted policy. In Newfoundland, even fewer school boards have official policies. The study concludes that many current standards of justification for students' rights–i.e., the student as a…