(2012). Spotlight on Speech Codes 2012: The State of Free Speech on Our Nation's Campuses. Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (NJ1) The U.S. Supreme Court has called America's colleges and universities "vital centers for the Nation's intellectual life," but the reality today is that many of these institutions severely restrict free speech and open debate. Speech codes–policies prohibiting student and faculty speech that would, outside the bounds of campus, be protected by the First Amendment–have repeatedly been struck down by federal and state courts. Yet they persist, even in the very jurisdictions where they have been ruled unconstitutional; the majority of American colleges and universities have speech codes. FIRE surveyed 392 schools for this report and found that 65% maintain severely restrictive speech codes–policies that clearly and substantially prohibit protected speech. That this figure is so large is deeply troubling, but there is a small silver lining: It represents a decline in the percentage of schools maintaining such policies for the fourth year in a row. In another encouraging… [PDF]

Heins, Marjorie (2013). Academe's Still-Precarious Freedom. Chronicle of Higher Education, Feb. For years, libertarians had fought laws and policies barring Communists from teaching as direct assaults on the First Amendment, while supporters of loyalty programs had painted all Communists as mental slaves of Moscow. In 1952 the Supreme Court upheld New York's 1949 Feinberg Law, which required detailed procedures for investigating the loyalty of every public-school teacher and ousting anyone who had engaged in \treasonable or seditious acts or utterances\ or joined an organization that advocated the overthrow of the government by \force, violence, or any unlawful means.\ It was a typical cold-war-era loyalty law; hence, \Adler v. Board of Education,\ the Supreme Court's 1952 decision upholding it, had nationwide repercussions. In \Adler,\ a majority of the court found no First Amendment problem with the Feinberg Law. Embracing the anti-Communist fervor of the time, the court said that teachers had no right to their jobs; and because they worked \in a sensitive area\ where they… [Direct]

Perrotta, Katherine (2018). Ruffled Feathers: "The Great Speckled Bird" as a Record of Student and Youth Activism in Atlanta, Georgia and the Southeast, 1968-1976. American Educational History Journal, v45 n1 p39-54. The sixties and seventies were a time of great cultural, social, and political change in the United States. Events including civil rights demonstrations, anti-war protests, environmental movements, and gender rights sparked activism among students and young people across the country. In order for American youth to mobilize, they turned to alternative media outlets to disseminate information about their causes. "The Great Speckled Bird" (commonly referred to as "The Bird") was an example of such an alternative newspaper that was published in Atlanta, Georgia from 1968-1976 and reported on student and youth activism concerning the Vietnam War, LGBTQ issues, race, environmental matters, and corporate and political corruption. "The Bird" serves as an important historical record of student activism in Atlanta and the Southeast during the sixties and seventies. Through examination of the Georgia State University Labor Archive's digitized collection of… [Direct]

French, David; Lukianoff, Greg; Silverglate, Harvey A. (2012). FIRE's Guide to Free Speech on Campus. Second Edition. FIRE's Guides to Student Rights on Campus. Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (NJ1) Since its first publication in 2005, the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE) has distributed more than 138,000 print and online copies of its "Guide to Free Speech on Campus." In that time, FIRE's commitment to advocating on behalf of the essential rights discussed in the pages that follow has remained unwavering; however, threats to free speech on campus have evolved sufficiently over the past six years to necessitate a new, revised edition of this "Guide." Campuses have changed, too–in many cases, for the better, as students educated by this book have worked with FIRE to fight for student rights by reforming unconstitutional and illiberal speech codes and ending myriad abuses of student liberties. In addition to its more than 200 public victories and many more private ones, FIRE has impacted the legal landscape as well; several of the new cases cited in this "Guide" are the result of FIRE's coordinated challenges to illiberal and… [PDF]

Ambrose, Susan A.; Wankel, Laura A. (2019). Higher Education's Road to Relevance: Navigating Complexity. Jossey-Bass, An Imprint of Wiley The post-secondary educational system has undergone dramatic changes and experienced immense stress in the past two decades. Once regarded as the logical next step toward career opportunities and financial security, higher education is a subject of growing uncertainty for millions of people across the United States. It is more common than ever to question the return on investment, skyrocketing cost, and student debt burden of going to college. Prospective students, and many employers, increasingly view attending institutions of higher learning as inadequate preparation for entering the 21st century workforce. High-profile scandals–financial impropriety, sexual abuse, restrictions of free speech, among others–have further eroded public trust. In response to these and other challenges, leading voices are demanding strengthened accountability and measurable change. "Higher Education's Road to Relevance" illustrates why change is needed in post-secondary education and offers… [Direct]

Sarra Jouini (2019). The Role of Competitive Debating in Skills and Knowledge Building among ESL Learners in Tunisia. Online Submission, Journal of Teaching and Education v9 n1 p67-75. The political scene in Tunisia has drastically changed since the 2011 revolution. It has paved the way for free expression to become an essential component applicable to everyday life. It was thus fundamental to introduce competitive debating as a tool necessary to mediate and organize free speech inside educational practices. Although debating is not officially integrated into the Tunisian national curriculum, it has been adopted by ESL teachers because it has the power to radically transform English language instruction and reception. Indeed, debating has become an absolute necessity in building analytical and reflective learners who are also socially and politically conscious. While a plethora of anecdotal evidence exists on the importance of debating, no previous work has closely examined the role of competitive debating in Tunisia in creating better-skilled and more knowledgeable ESL learners. First, this paper investigates a case study of 18 Tunisian ESL learners aged 15-18 who… [PDF]

Merrigan, Kathleen M. (2012). Free Speech or Bias: A Study on the Impact of Hate Speech in Higher Education. ProQuest LLC, Ph.D. Dissertation, Capella University. The phenomenon of hate speech on a college campus is an extremely complex issue as the prevalence and impact are intertwined within a multifaceted social construct. What is termed appropriate within one subculture or group may be seen as derogatory, offensive, or harassing to another group. Race, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and disability status all provide substance and context for the development of a socially constructed identity and corresponding worldview. Through a series of structured observations, a field questionnaire, and individual interviews, this observational case study employed a qualitative design derived from the social constructivist worldview. Students noted anger and emotional pain when discussing how they were impacted when hate speech was directed toward them; however, they were more impassioned in their reactions to witnessing or observing incidents of hate speech inflicted on others. The policies and procedures created on a college campus for speech… [Direct]

Barker, Tess; McLittle, Amanda L. (2018). Walls, Halls and Doors: First Amendment Issues for Public Spaces in Housing. Journal of College and University Student Housing, v44 n3 p80-95. Residential communities are a critical component of many students' experience on a college campus, especially during their first year. Residential communities have been associated with a variety of positive outcomes, including persistence, openness to diversity, satisfaction, critical thinking, and personal development (Astin, 1977 & 1993; Pascarella & Terenzini, 1991; Pike, Kuh & Gonyea, 2003; Terenzini, Springer, Pascarella & Nora, 1995). An important part of the students' residential experience is being able to represent who they are and what they value. This is often done within the confines of the private residence hall room or apartment, but just as frequently in the externally-facing venues physically attached to the private living space: bulletin boards, whiteboards, doors, and windows. While this form of communication is protected by the first amendment as freedom of expression, more and more housing programs are being challenged by the need to balance… [Direct]

Schwartz, Sherry (2010). Mock Trial: A Window to Free Speech Rights and Abilities. Social Studies, v101 n6 p242-249. This article provides some strategies to alleviate the current tensions between personal responsibility and freedom of speech rights in the public school classroom. The article advocates the necessity of making sure students understand the points and implications of the first amendment by providing a mock trial unit concerning free speech rights. This unit not only teaches the rules of civility in a courtroom, it also presents a free speech case based upon one that actually happened in a public school classroom. Direct involvement in this case provides a safe environment for students to grapple openly with free speech limits. (Contains 1 figure and 11 notes.)… [Direct]

Nathanial Bork (2022). Failure to Communicate How American Progressive Neoliberal Campus Policies Contribute to Conservative Mistrust of Higher Education and Skepticism towards Research on Anthropogenic Global Warming. ProQuest LLC, Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State University. When conservatives believe American universities implement policies that limit their free speech rights and demean their social identities, their support for the institution can decline. Negative partisanship and political polarization push consumption of agreeable media and distrust of antagonistic media, which means conservative media and social media are a major source of information about the contemporary university system for that population. I hypothesize that this is an important variable, among many, in understanding why conservatives reject environmental research on topics such as Anthropogenic Global Warming (AGW). To explain this phenomenon, I begin by reviewing the current research on conservative skepticism of AGW. I add to this literature through a treatment effect experiment I conducted, which reaffirms the findings of others that those on the political right perceive themselves as under threat on campus, which impacts their experiences in the classroom and their views… [Direct]

Ben-Porath, Sigal (2016). Safety, Dignity and the Quest for a Democratic Campus Culture. Philosophical Inquiry in Education, v24 n1 p79-85. In his excellent paper, Callan (2016) differentiates intellectual safety, which fosters smugness, indifference and lack of effort, from dignity safety, which is needed for participation, learning and engagement. He suggests that college classrooms that reject the first and espouse the second would be ones that focus on "cultivating open-mindedness in a context of disagreement and fostering the civility that would secure dignity safety for all" (p. 75). This is an important goal, and Callan makes here a significant contribution to the current discussion–both scholarly and public–on free speech, academic freedom and dignity safety. In what follows, I: (1) expand on the suggestion that dignity safety is a threshold condition, contextualizing its role in providing access and on its place in the continuum of safety requirements, (2) consider the overlaps between dignity safety and intellectual safety, and subsequently reject nobility as an appropriate basis for creating a… [PDF]

Muftau, Rufai (2016). Regime Changes and Uprisings in the Middle East and Parts of North Africa: Some Lessons to Be Learnt. Journal of Education and Practice, v7 n2 p107-117. The event leading to the death of Mohammed Bouzazi in Tunisia in 2009 brought to light the dehumanized conditions which an average Tunis had been subjected to at the hands of the Tunisian government. The death of Bouzazi lead to street protests and demonstrations by thousands of demonstrators, calling for political reforms, free speech, improved conditions of living, etc, in Tunisia. As a result of this, the regime of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali came to an end. With this success, citizens of other neighbouring countries in North Africa that had similar problems went to the streets asking for reform changes in their countries. These countries include Egypt, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain, etc. What later on followed is now history. Therefore, in this work, an overview of the events that led to the uprisings in the affected countries would be looked into. The aftermaths of these uprisings are no doubt what one should ponder upon. This is with a view to analysing the lessons to be learnt from… [PDF]

Herbeck, Dale A. (2018). Freedom of Speech and the Communication Discipline: Defending the Value of Low-Value Speech. Wicked Problems Forum: Freedom of Speech at Colleges and Universities. Communication Education, v67 n2 p245-253. Heated battles over free speech have erupted on college campuses across the United States in recent months. Some of the most prominent incidents involve efforts by students to prevent public appearances by speakers espousing controversial viewpoints. Efforts to silence offensive speakers on college campuses are not new; in these endeavors, one can hear echoes from the late 1980s and early 1990s. There is, of course, a meaningful distinction between organized efforts by students to silence speakers and policies adopted by colleges and universities to protect students from objectionable speech. It is, however, important to note that these efforts share a common motivation: They involve questions about the reach of the First Amendment in situations that involve structured or unstructured efforts to silence speakers or suppress ideas that some members of the community deem offensive. To assess the desirability of these efforts, it is necessary to consider the value of the speech being… [Direct]

Blacher, Michael; Weaver, Roger (2013). The Internet, Free Speech, and Schools: Why the Courts Have It Wrong and Why Parents and Schools Need to Get It Right. Independent School, v72 n2 Win. On the morning of December 16, 1965, in Des Moines, Iowa, a 13-year-old junior high school student named Beth Tinker got dressed and went to school. She wore a black armband to protest the war in Vietnam. The school promptly suspended her for wearing a symbol of political dissent. So began one of the nation's most celebrated cases involving student free speech, commonly known as "Tinker." Four years later, the United States Supreme Court famously declared that students do not "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate." Schools could no longer discipline students for expressing their opinion unless it involved a "substantial disruption" or met other, limited restrictions. Though independent schools are typically not bound by the constraints of the First Amendment (California private secondary schools are the notable exception), "Tinker" and its progeny still resonate. The desire of students to… [Direct]

Latopolski, Kara Elizabeth (2021). Freedom of Expression on the University Campus: An Examination of Policy Rhetoric at Public Universities. ProQuest LLC, Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana State University. Freedom of expression has historically been an issue in the United States on college and university campuses. With the recent rise of movements such as Black Lives Matter and Times Up, it is critically important that policies that govern student behavior reflect the constitutionally guaranteed right of students to engage in free speech. This study seeks to examine and compare policy and statement rhetoric that act as guidelines for freedom of expression on the public university campus. This study is significant because it will assist higher education administrators in framing a conversation surrounding freedom of expression policies at their respective higher education institutions. This study is also significant because there has been no similar comparative study that examines the rhetoric of higher education policies surrounding freedom of expression. This study utilizes Chouliaraki and Fairclough's (1999) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework to explore and examine policy… [Direct]

Sabol, F. Robert (2017). Art Education: A Civil Right Denied?. Art Education, v70 n4 p9-11. The first amendment to the U.S. Constitution suggests that all speech is constitutionally protected. The right of free speech has been broadly defined by the court system, legislatures, and stakeholders in the field of education. Speech has been defined in many ways, but it is most commonly agreed on that speech, in its purest sense, is a basic form of communication. The visual arts are a unique language or form of speech and, like all languages and forms of communication, require instruction consisting of the opportunity to learn (OTL) and time to acquire, develop, and master the basic knowledge and skills needed to use this unique language. This article discusses how, as a form of speech, the visual arts and what is said through them are protected by the U.S. Constitution as a right among citizens of the United States. In order for the arts to contribute to understanding of the human condition, students must be given guaranteed access to the highest quality of art education… [Direct]

Oleen-Junk, Nicholas A. (2018). Social Justice Consciousness and Moral Development: Exploring Differences in Hierarchical Complexity among University Students. ProQuest LLC, Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin – Madison. Scholars in the helping professions have become increasingly concerned with how the fruits of their labor can promote social justice (e.g., Vera & Speight, 2003; Swank & Fahs, 2013, North, 2009). At present, there is a lack of theoretical convergence around what social justice consciousness, aptitude, awareness, or orientation actually mean at the level of individual educational outcomes. This dissertation is an attempt to situate moral reasoning ability within the diverse conceptual network of measurable outcomes in social justice education. As such, this mixed-methods study explored the intersection between the complexity of moral reasoning about social justice and several educational outcomes associated with social justice consciousness. Using the clinical method, 32 undergraduate students were presented with hypothetical moral dilemmas involving issues of feminism, multiculturalism, protest, and free speech on a college campus. Participants' performances were evaluated… [Direct]

Callan, Eamonn (2016). Education in Safe and Unsafe Spaces. Philosophical Inquiry in Education, v24 n1 p64-78. Recent student demands within the academy for "safe space" have aroused concern about the constraints they might impose on free speech and academic freedom. There are as many kinds of safety as there are threats to the things that human beings might care about. That is why we need to be very clear about the specific threats of which the intended beneficiaries of safe space are supposed to be relieved. Much of the controversy can be dissolved by distinguishing between "dignity safety," to which everyone has a right, and "intellectual safety" of a kind that is repugnant to the education worth having. Psychological literature on stereotype threat and the interventions that alleviate its adverse effects shed light on how students' equal dignity can be made safe in institutions without compromising liberty. But "intellectual safety" in education can only be conferred at the cost of indulging close-mindedness and allied vices. Tension between… [PDF]

Trujillo-Jenks, Laura (2011). The Cheerleaders' Mock Execution. Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership, v14 n4 p1-9 Dec. The fervor of student speech is demonstrated through different mediums and venues in public schools. In this case, a new principal encounters the mores of a community that believes in free speech, specifically student free speech. When a pep rally becomes a venue for hate speech, terroristic threats, and profanity, the student code of conduct could become the principal's best weapon. This case explores case law, codes of conduct, organizational culture and climate, and leadership in the context of a controversial cheerleader sketch at a pep rally. A brief literature review can be found in the teaching notes with suggestions for current and future school administrators…. [Direct]

(2011). Spotlight on Speech Codes 2011: The State of Free Speech on Our Nation's Campuses. Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (NJ1) Each year, the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE) conducts a rigorous survey of restrictions on speech at America's colleges and universities. The survey and accompanying report explore the extent to which schools are meeting their legal and moral obligations to uphold students' and faculty members' rights to freedom of speech, freedom of expression, and private conscience. This year's report examines the restrictions on speech in force at a large sample of American colleges and universities and identifies emergent trends within the data. The report also addresses recent developments regarding free speech in the university setting, drawing from FIRE's research on university policies and from cases that FIRE has handled over the past academic year. Highlights from this year's research include: (1) Grambling State University's e-mail policy prohibits "the creation or distribution of any disruptive or offensive messages, including offensive comments about race,… [PDF]

Taylor, Teresa (2017). A Grand Bargain on Quality Assurance?. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, v49 n5 p66-70. The higher education community faces a wave of challenges. Concerns about affordability and costs have led to questions about the value of higher education to students and society. State and federal funding has been cut or has failed to grow as need has ballooned. Pressures to innovate clash with calls for preserving tradition. Values of academic freedom and free speech butt against the need to help all students feel safe and included in campus life. Problems related to completion rates and opportunity gaps continue to fester. A new phase of postsecondary evolution in America is fully underway, putting strain on postsecondary systems that were largely built for another era. In this context, accrediting agencies–once thought to be above reproach by federal policymakers and generally ignored by the public–have been thrust in the spotlight. Many find the accreditation process arcane and opaque, adding to the belief that not enough is being done to promote student success and ensure… [Direct]

Blacker, David (2009). An Unreasonable Argument against Student Free Speech. Educational Theory, v59 n2 p123-143 May. The U.S. Supreme Court's recent opinion in \Morse v. Frederick\ (2007), perhaps better known as the \Bong Hits 4 Jesus\ case, contains a widely reported concurrence by Justice Clarence Thomas. Challenging well-established precedent, Thomas argues that students should have no constitutional rights in school. In this essay David Blacker argues that, while philosophically interesting, Thomas's argument is unreasonable on legal hermeneutic grounds and should therefore be rejected, even by those who may be sympathetic to its conclusions. Toward his own argument, Blacker provides, first, an account of what is reasonable and unreasonable in the juridical context of the students' rights debate and, second, an explanation of how Thomas's argument fits into the \unreasonable\ category. Still further toward these ends, Blacker analyzes the \Morse\ case in light of the current constitutional framework for student free-speech rights (with a heuristic). He concludes with speculation about the role… [Direct]

Bione, Tiago; Cardoso, Walcir; Grimshaw, Jennica (2018). Who's Got Talent? Comparing TTS Systems for Comprehensibility, Naturalness, and Intelligibility. Research-publishing.net, Paper presented at the EUROCALL 2018 Conference (26th, Jyv√§skyl√§, Finland, 2018). The current study compared five free Text-To-Speech (TTS) systems, selected based on characteristics such as availability and capabilities. Tasks were completed by 37 English learners to evaluate these systems in terms of their comprehensibility, naturalness, and intelligibility. Our findings indicate that IBM Watson and Google Translate are the best TTS systems, according to the evaluation criteria employed. [For the complete volume of short papers, see ED590612.]… [PDF]

Abbasi, Abdul Malik; Ahmed, Samreen Riaz; Farooqi, Alia; John, Stephon (2019). Exploring Factors of Speech Anxiety in Second Language Classroom. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, v10 n5 p97-102 Oct. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting on English speech of undergraduate students at the SMIU, Karachi. The study prospects two aspects as outcomes of the study, one to discover what are the major issues and hindrances and another one to find their solutions for developing techniques and skills to gain confidence while speaking English as a second language in ESL classroom and in public. It will further investigate as how to help develop a wonderful speech free from speech anxiety. The study administered "Likert Scale" as a tool for data collection. Forty participating students were recruited from the department of Computer Science, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi. Speech anxiety is a common phenomenon amongst the students in the second language classrooms. Second language i.e., English, however, has become the lingua franca of the world. It is no longer the language of only native Britishers and Americans, rather, it is a widely spoken language… [PDF]

Smit, D. M. (2015). Cyberbullying in South African and American Schools: A Legal Comparative Study. South African Journal of Education, v35 n2 Article 1076 May. Bullying conjures up visions of the traditional schoolyard bully and the subordinate victim. However, bullying is no longer limited to in-person encounter, having come to include cyberbullying, which takes place indirectly over electronic media. In this electronic age, cyber platforms proliferate at an astonishing rate, all attracting the youth in large number, and posing the risk that they may become subject to cyberbullying. Far from being limited to those individual learners being cyberbullied, the effects of this phenomenon extend to the learner collective, the school climate, and also the entire school system, management and education, thus requiring an urgent response. This article first provides a general overview of cyberbullying and its impact on learners, schools and education. This is done through a comparative lens, studying the extent of the phenomenon in both the United States and South Africa. The focus then shifts to the existing legislative frameworks within which… [PDF]

Doerr, Mark, Ed. (2011). How to Deal with Those Bleeping Ideas: Free Speech in the Classroom. FACTC Focus, 2011. Faculty Association of Community and Technical Colleges \FACTC Focus\ is a publication of Faculty Association of Community and Technical Colleges (FACTC) with the purpose of presenting diverse views on faculty issues. Included in this issue are: (1) Courage and Expression (Phil Venditti); (2) Don't Stifle: Teach (Sarah Zale); (3) Academic Freedom: An Elegant Idea (Bill Autry); (4) Teaching Tolerance (Margot Boyer); (5) Do Not Block These Ideas (Dennis Knepp); (6) A Little Respect, Please (Patrick Murphy); and (7) The Corporate Think Machine Invades The American Classroom (Paul K. Haeder). [For the 2010 edition, see ED526788.]… [PDF]

Amin, Eman Abdel-Reheem (2022). Using Repeated-Reading and Listening-While-Reading via Text-to-Speech Apps in Developing Fluency and Comprehension. Online Submission, World Journal of English Language v12 n1 p211-220. One of the challenges in teaching a foreign language is: finding appropriate ways to enable students to develop their reading fluency and comprehension. Repeated reading and listening-while-reading are two significant strategies that enhance students' fluency and comprehension. This study aimed to develop fluency and comprehension of EFL college students. During the treatment, the teacher trained the students to use some free Text to Speech apps that support oral repeated reading RR and listening while reading LWR activities. Pre-post tests were used to assess students' reading fluency and comprehension. Data obtained from the tests were analyzed statistically through SPSS software. Results indicated development in students' reading fluency and comprehension. Conclusions suggested the use of RR and LWR through Text to speech apps to assist the reading skills of higher education students. It is recommended that TTS Apps are promising tools that can be integrated into reading instruction… [PDF]

May, Matthew S. (2011). Hobo Orator Union: Class Composition and the Spokane Free Speech Fight of the Industrial Workers of the World. Quarterly Journal of Speech, v97 n2 p155-177. From 1909 to 1910, the public performance of soap-box oratory began to effect dramatic changes in the composition of migrant workers throughout the Pacific Northwest. Municipal authorities in Spokane attempted to curb the formation of a union of hobo orators by outlawing public speech-making within the city fire limits. The ensuing confrontation has come to be known as the first major Industrial Workers of the World free speech fight. Despite the ostensible concern with freedom of expression, I argue here that the cycle of struggles initiated in this confrontation should be understood as a novel effort to transform a highly mobile population of casual laborers into an orator union. Through the analysis of these events, I offer in this essay one possible model for integrating the insights of Operaismo Marxism into the critical cultural historiography of American public address. (Contains 87 notes.)… [Direct]

O'Connor, Kimberly W.; Schmidt, Gordon B. (2015). May It Please the Court: Two Legal Cases to Teach Students about Social Media Based Terminations of Employment. Journal of Management Education, v39 n6 p806-811 Dec. Recent data suggest that 83% of individuals, aged 18 to 29 years, frequent social media sites (Drouin et al., 2015). This statistic confirms the need for universities to teach important issues regarding personal social media usage to students. At the forefront of these issues is how personal social media usage can affect students' future employment. Significant legal issues can arise when human resource (HR) departments use social networking sites to inform HR decisions regarding employee discipline or termination. This resource review focuses on the following two court cases that management educators can use to teach students about social media-based terminations of employment: (1) "Graziosi v. City of Greenville"; and (2) "Sanzone & Spinella v. Triple Play Sports Bar and Grille." These cases were chosen because they can be used in the classroom to discuss the various legal protections that exist for both public and private sector employees, which include… [Direct]

(2010). Spotlight on Speech Codes 2010: The State of Free Speech on Our Nation's Campuses. Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (NJ1) Each year, the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE) conducts a rigorous survey of restrictions on speech at America's colleges and universities. The survey and resulting report explore the extent to which schools are meeting their legal and moral obligations to uphold students' and faculty members' rights to freedom of speech, freedom of expression, and private conscience. This year's report examines the restrictions on speech that are in force at a large sample of American colleges and universities and identifies emergent trends within the data. The report also addresses recent developments regarding free speech in the university setting, drawing from FIRE's research on university policies and from cases that FIRE has handled over the past academic year. Some highlights from this year's research include: (1) New York University prohibits "insulting, teasing, mocking, degrading or ridiculing another person or group"; (2) Keene State College in New Hampshire… [PDF]